Bovine Musculoskeletal Diseases

Question 1

what are the signs of septic arthritis in calves?

Answer 1

severe lameness
visibly swollen joint
fever
pain on palpation/manipulation
look for co-morbidities

Question 2

how can you treat septic arthritis in calves?

Answer 2

joint lavage- acute
systemic antibiotics
pain management

Question 3

what is congenital contracture of the forelimbs?

Answer 3

contracture of forelimbs at the fetlock

Question 4

where are fractures of the legs usually?

Answer 4

metacarpus/metatarsus

Question 5

when is the prognosis better for fractures?

Answer 5

lighter animal
closed
non-physeal/non-articular

Question 6

what are the common locations of stifle injuries?

Answer 6

cranial cruciate ligament
medial collateral ligament

Question 7

how does an obturator nerve injury present?

Answer 7

inability to adduct limbs

Question 8

why does sciatic nerve injury happen?

Answer 8

forced extraction of calf or prolonged recumbency

Question 9

what can you sample to diagnose white muscle disease?

Answer 9

blood or liver levels of selenium or glutathione peroxidase

Question 10

how do cows get Clostridium chauvoei?

Answer 10

spores ingested from soil
encyst in muscle and remain dormant

Question 11

what are the etiologies of septic arthritis in calves?

Answer 11

failure of passive transfer
umbilical infections
sepsis

Question 12

what are the agents of septic arthritis in calves?

Answer 12

E. coli
Salmonella
Trueperella
Mycoplasma secondary to respiratory disease

Question 13

what is the prognosis of septic arthritis in calves?

Answer 13

poor

Question 14

how can you treat congenital contracture of the forelimbs?

Answer 14

physical therapy if tips of toes touch the ground
splinting
surgery
pain management

Question 15

what do cast changes and duration of casting for fractures depend on?

Answer 15

age of animal

Question 16

what is a hygroma?

Answer 16

serum accumulation over boney prominences that receive inadequate bedding
lateral hock or dorsal carpus

Question 17

what should you do for hygromas?

Answer 17

remove from injuring surface and provide adequate bedding
infected hygromas require antibiotics and flushing

Question 18

what is the etiology of stifle injuries?

Answer 18

slippery floors
mounting
overstocking

Question 19

what does an acute cranial cruciate ligament injury present as?

Answer 19

joint effusion
reluctant to bear weight
may hear clunking sound or feel crepitation

Question 20

what is a medial collateral ligament injury to the stifle like?

Answer 20

result of limb abduction at stifle
pain on palpation of medial aspect
excessive abduction on limb manipulation

Question 21

how can you treat stifle injuries?

Answer 21

rest
anti-inflammatories
hobbles

Question 22

what are the peripheral nerve injuries?

Answer 22

radial nerve
obturator nerve
sciatic nerve
tibial nerve
peroneal nerve
femoral nerve

Question 23

what does the radial nerve do?

Answer 23

motor extensor of forelimb

Question 24

what are the signs of a radial nerve injury?

Answer 24

unable to advance limb
dropped elbow
toe drag

Question 25

when is the obturator nerve often injured?

Answer 25

during forced extraction of calf

Question 26

what does the sciatic nerve do?

Answer 26

extends hip, flexes stifle and distal limb

Question 27

what does a tibial nerve injury present as?

Answer 27

forward knuckling of fetlock straight hock

Question 28

what does a peroneal nerve injury present as?

Answer 28

knuckling with dorsum of digit on the ground

Question 29

when do femoral nerves get injured?

Answer 29

calf: forced extraction by hind limbs cow: slipping with legs extended caudally

Question 30

how can peripheral nerve injuries be treated?

Answer 30

anti-inflammatories deep bedding if down secure footing if up isolation hobbles for hind end

Question 31

when should you consider culling a cow for peripheral nerve injuries?

Answer 31

48 hours

Question 32

what are the forms of white muscle disease?

Answer 32

cardiac form musculoskeletal form

Question 33

what does the musculoskeletal form of white muscle disease present as?

Answer 33

tongue/pharynx: poor suckle with secondary pneumonia skeletal muscles: generalized weakness

Question 34

how can you treat white muscle disease?

Answer 34

selenium supplementation

Question 35

how do cows get Clostridium septicum?

Answer 35

direct inoculation of muscle by penetrating wound injection through dirty hide

Question 36

what do anaerobic conditions in muscle lead to in clostridial diseases?

Answer 36

vegetative growth and release of exotoxins

Question 37

what are the signs of Clostridium chauvoei?

Answer 37

sudden death toxemia hemorrhagic, swollen muscle with gas fever, depression, anorexia

Question 38

what are the signs of Clostridium septicum?

Answer 38

sudden death toxemia swollen muscles with pitting edema fever, depression, anorexia

Question 39

how can you treat clostridial diseases?

Answer 39

high doses of penicillin open affected muscle to introduce oxygen