Small Ruminant Surgery

Question 1

what are surgery options for urolithiasis?

Answer 1

urethral process amputation
walpole’s solution
perineal urethrostomy
tube cystostomy

Question 2

what are calcium carbonate stones from?

Answer 2

excess calcium

Question 3

what are most grains high in?

Answer 3

magnesium
phosphorous

Question 4

what should the Ca:Ph ratio be?

Answer 4

1:1 to 2:1
never lower

Question 5

what is the bladder like on ultrasound with an obstruction?

Answer 5

enlarged spherical bladder +/- free abdominal fluid
+/- >7cm

Question 6

what is the urethral process?

Answer 6

1-2 cm extension of thee urethra off the distal end of the glans penis in sheep and goats

Question 7

what is walpole’s solution?

Answer 7

acidifying agent pH 4.5

Question 8

where do you incise for perineal urethrostomy?

Answer 8

where perineum begins to curve cranioventrally

Question 9

when does an animal with a tube cystostomy urinate after surgery?

Answer 9

average 11.5 days
range 4-36 days

Question 10

what is the goal of disbudding?

Answer 10

destroy the corium from which the horn grows

Question 11

how much lidocaine can a small ruminant have?

Answer 11

<10 mg/kg

Question 12

what is the procedure of cosmetic dehorning?

Answer 12

incise skin around horn base
undermine substantial amount of skin
gigli wire off horn
bone rongeur level
suture skin closed

Question 13

what analgesia can be given for cosmetic dehorning postop?

Answer 13

flunixin meglumine
meloxicam

Question 14

what is the ideal length for tail docking?

Answer 14

to tip of vulva or caudal aspect of tail fold

Question 15

what is a contributing factor for rectal prolapse?

Answer 15

obesity

Question 16

what are struvite stones?

Answer 16

magnesium ammonium phosphate
form in alkaline urine

Question 17

what can cause urolithiasis?

Answer 17

age at castration
limited availability of water
dietary imbalances

Question 18

what dietary imbalances can cause struvite stones?

Answer 18

high magnesium
high phosphorous
low calcium

Question 19

what are roughages usually high in?

Answer 19

calcium

Question 20

where are pigs usually blocked?

Answer 20

sigmoid flexure and/or distal penile urethra

Question 21

where are cattle usually blocked?

Answer 21

distal sigmoid flexure

Question 22

what is seen on bloodwork in an acute blockage without rupture?

Answer 22

mild hemoconcentration
mild/moderate prerenal and postrenal azotemia

Question 23

what is a valid option to manage urethral rupture?

Answer 23

perineal urethrostomy

Question 24

what are considerations with perineal urethrostomy?

Answer 24

recurent obstruction possible
post-surgery stricture at site of stoma
place ureethrostomy in ventral half of perineum to limit urine scald and allow for repeat procedure
average survival post-op 1 year

Question 25

what are approaches for tube cystotomy?

Answer 25

ventral paramedian low paralumbar fossa ventrolateral

Question 26

how often is obstruction relieved with a tube cystotomy?

Answer 26

80%

Question 27

what are disadvantages of disbudding/dehorning?

Answer 27

loss of self-defense disrupts herd/flock hierarchy

Question 28

when is general anesthesia recommended for disbudding/dehorning?

Answer 28

cosmetic dehorning

Question 29

what is the technique for mastectomy?

Answer 29

inverted cloverleaf

Question 30

what vessels need to be ligated for mastectomy?

Answer 30

external pudendal caudal perineal abdominal vein

Question 31

what are options for pain mitigation following tail docking?

Answer 31

local block meloxicam

Question 32

what can cause rectal prolapse?

Answer 32

diarrhea tenesmus straining to urinate dystocia chronic coughing short docks

Question 33

what are treatment options for rectal prolapse?

Answer 33

purse string suture counterirritant injection amputation