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BRAIN Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain Protection:
Cranial Meninges

A

(a) Dura mater: Outer most layer
(b) Arachnoid mater: Middle layer
(c) Pia mater: Inner layer

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2
Q

Only____of the body’s weight, but requires ____ of the body’s oxygen supply.

A

2%
20%

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3
Q

Circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to brain and surrounding structures; stems from the two internal carotid arteries.

A

“Circle of Willis”

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4
Q

Blood brain barrier allows passage of

A

lipid soluble materials such as O2, CO2, alcohol, anesthesia

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5
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

a. Circulates through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord, central canal,
and through cavities in the brain called ventricles.

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6
Q

Brain Stem contains the

A

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

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7
Q

Diencephalon contains the

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain;”

Functions for balance and equilibrium and coordination

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9
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest, most superior part

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10
Q

Three major regions : Brain Stem

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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11
Q

Medulla Oblongata Characteristics

A

Regulates the rate and force of the heart and the diameter of the vessels

Medullary rhythmicity area regulates breathing

Nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception lie in the posterior part of the medulla.

Associated with cranial nerves VIII-XII

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12
Q

Pons Characteristics

A

“Bridge” medulla to the midbrain and above

Ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts

Contains nuclei
a) Motor relay from cerebrum to cerebellum
b) Helps control breathing
c) associated with cranial nerves V-VIII

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13
Q

Midbrain Characteristics

A

Connects the pons to the diencephalon

Associated with cranial nerves CN III and IV

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14
Q

Midbrain Characteristics:
Cerebral peduncles

A

Large tracts that contain axons of motor neurons from cerebrum to rest of brainstem and spinal cord

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15
Q

Midbrain Characteristics:
Red nuclei

A

Coordinate muscular movement

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16
Q

Midbrain Characteristics:
Superior colliculi

A

involved in scanning eye movement and responses to visual
stimuli

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17
Q

Midbrain Characteristics:
Inferior colliculi

A

response to auditory input and startle reflex

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18
Q

Diencephalon:
Thalamus

A

1) Major sensory relay center
2) Contributes to motor functions
3) Plays role in consciousness

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19
Q

Diencephalon:
Hypothalamus

A

1) Lies inferior to thalamus and superior to the pituitary gland; important for homeostasis
2) Control of pituitary and hormone production
3) Control and integration of the ANS
4) Regulation of emotional and behavior patterns
5) Regulation of eating and drinking
6) Control of body temperature
7) Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep and awakening patterns

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20
Q

Diencephalon:
Pineal Gland (part of the endocrine system)

A

Secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body’s
biological clock

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21
Q

Cerebellum

A

Tree-like appearance (seen in sagittal section) of white matter and gray nuclei

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22
Q

Cerebellum Functions

A

(a) Receives wide range of sensory input from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes, equilibrium
receptors in inner ears and visual receptors
(b) Compares actual movements with intended ones
(c) Helps to smooth and coordinate skeletal muscle contractions
(d) Helps execute skilled motor activities
(e) Regulates posture and balance essential for skilled motor activities

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23
Q

Cerebrum Structure:
Longitudinal Fissure

A

Divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

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24
Q

Cerebrum Structure:
Corpus Callosum

Study These Flashcards
A

Broad band of white matter containing axons that connects the right and left
spheres internally

25
Cerebrum layers: Cortex
superficial grey matter
26
Cerebrum layers: White Matter
myelinated and unmyelinated axons to communicate between hemispheres (Corpus Callosum), within the same hemisphere, and to the brain stem (and body)
27
Cerebrum layers: Basal Ganglia
Assist in motor control, emotions, behavior, executive function (cognitive processes)
28
The folds of cerebrum are called
gyri (gyrus)
29
The shallow grooves are called
sulci (sulcus)
30
Precentral gyrus anterior to the central sulcus:
Primary motor area
31
Postcentral gyrus posterior to the central sulcus:
Primary somatosensory area
32
Central sulcus is what
separates frontal and parietal of the hemisphere
33
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex: Sensory Areas Primary somatosensory area:
Postcentral gyrus
34
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex: Sensory Areas Primary visual area:
Occipital lobe
35
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex: Sensory Areas Primary auditory area:
Temporal lobe
36
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex: Sensory Areas Primary gustatory (taste) area:
Base of postcentral gyrus
37
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex: Sensory Areas Primary olfactory (smell) area:
Medial aspect of temporal lobe
38
Motor areas initiate movements
(a) Located anterior to the central sulcus (b) Primary motor area: Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe in each hemisphere 1) Each region controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles on the opposite side of the body
39
Somatosensory association area
Integrates and interprets somatic sensations: storage of memories of past sensory experiences Posterior
40
Premotor area
Generates nerve impulses causing a specific group of muscles to contract in a specific sequence
41
Wernike’s area
Interprets meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words and translation of words to thoughts.
42
Broca’s Speech area
(1 Interact with the premotor area and primary motor area to regulate breathing and speech muscles. (2 Located in the left hemisphere in 97% if persons.
43
Limbic System Characteristics
Called “emotional brain”: plays primary role in pain, pleasure, anger, affection and in behavior Controls the nervous system's involuntary behavior related to survival
44
Lateralization
Brain controls opposite side of the body: All sensory and motor pathways cross in CNS
45
Left hemisphere
important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning
46
Right side Hemisphere
more involved with spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of language, generating images of sight, sound, taste, and smell
47
CN I:
Olfactory: Special sensory-smell
48
CN II:
Optic: Special sensory-vision
49
CN III:
Oculomotor: Motor-control of eye movements
50
CN IV:
Trochlear: Motor-control of eye movements
51
CN V:
Trigeminal: Mixed (1) General sensory: Touch, pain, pressure, hot, cold on face (2) Motor: To muscles used for chewing
52
CN VI:
Abducens: Motor-control of eye movements
53
CN VII:
Facial: Mixed (1) Special sensory (taste) from anterior 2/3 of tongue (2) Motor to muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and some salivary glands
54
CN VIII:
Vestibulocochlear: Special sensory – ear (1) Vestibular branch: Sensory for equilibrium (2) Cochlear branch: Sensory for hearing
55
CN IX:
Glossopharyngeal: Mixed (1) Sensory for posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, and palate (2) Sensory for blood pressure: Located in the carotid bodies (3) Motor to pharyngeal muscles (swallowing), salivary gland (parotid)
56
CN X:
Vagus: Mixed (the major parasympathetic nerve) (1) Sensory from pharynx, ear, diaphragm, visceral organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities (2) Motor to palatal and pharyngeal muscles (swallowing and voice); to viscera in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
57
CN XI:
Accessory: Motor to voluntary muscles including sternocleidomastoid and trapezius (move head, shoulders)
58
CN XII:
Hypoglossal: Motor to tongue (swallowing and speech)

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