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STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS TISSUE Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the main structures of the nervous system.

A

Brain
Spinal Cord

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2
Q

100 billion neurons

A

Brain

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3
Q

100 million neurons

A

Spinal Cord

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4
Q

CNS Parts

A

Brain
Spinal Cord

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5
Q

PNS Parts structural (5)

A

Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Sensory Receptors
Ganglia
Enteric Plexus

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6
Q

Cranial Nerves how many

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves numbered I-XII that emerge from the base of the brain

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7
Q

Spinal Nerves how many

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord each serving a specific region of the body

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8
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Specialized cells that monitor change in the internal and external
environment.

Example: Photoreceptors in the retina of the eye.

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9
Q

Ganglia

A

Small masses of nervous tissue consisting of neuronal cell bodies that
are located outside the brain and spinal cord.

Example: Dorsal root
ganglion

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10
Q

Enteric Plexus

A

are located in the walls of the
GI Track that help regulate the digestive system.

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11
Q

Three basic function of the Nervous system.

A

a. Sensory function afferent

b. Integrative function: Information processing

c. Motor function (Efferent)

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12
Q

What is Sensory function of afferent

A

internal and external stimuli and carry information into brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Integrative function:

A

1) Perception = awareness of sensory input

2) Analyzing and storing information to help lead to appropriate responses

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14
Q

Motor function (Efferent)

A

brain may elicit motor response to muscles or
glands (effectors)

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15
Q

Nervous tissue consists of two cells

A

Neurons
Neuroglia

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16
Q

Neurons cells

A

Provide most of the unique functions of the nervous system

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17
Q

Neuroglia cells

A

Function to provide support, nourishment, and protection

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18
Q

Parts of a Neuron [3] structural

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Axon terminals

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19
Q

Axon emerge from what structure?

A

cone-shaped axon hillock

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20
Q

Structural Classes of Neurons 3 types

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

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21
Q

Multipolar

A

Most common type in brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

1) Have one dendrite and one axon
2) Example: In retina of eye and inner ear

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23
Q

Unipolar

A

1) Have fused dendrite and axon
2) Sensory neurons of spinal nerves

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24
Q

What are the Functional Classes of Neurons 3 types

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Interneurons (association neurons)

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25
Sensory (afferent) Neurons
Convey impulses into CNS (brain or spinal cord)
26
Motor (efferent) nerons
Convey impulses from brain or spinal cord out through the PNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
27
Interneurons (association neurons)
1) Located within the CNS 2) Transmit impulses between neurons, such as between sensory and motor neurons
28
Neuroglia Cell characteristics
(a) Support, nourish, and protect neurons (b) Critical for homeostasis of interstitial fluid around neurons (c) Cells smaller but much more numerous than neurons (d) Make up about half the volume of the CNS (e) Functions: 1) Do NOT generate or conduct nerve impulses 2) Support, nourish and protect neurons 3) In case of injury or disease, neuroglia can multiply to fill in space formerly occupied by neurons
29
Types of Neuroglia Cells: Oligodendrocytes
produce myelin in CNS (CNS)
30
Types of Neuroglia Cells (6)
1) Astrocytes 2) Oligodendrocytes 3) Microglia 4) Ependymal 5) Schwann cells 6) Satellite cells
31
Types of Neuroglia Cells: Microglia
Protects CNS cells from disease (CNS)
32
Types of Neuroglia Cells: Ependymal Cell
Ependymal cells form CSF in the ventricles (CNS)
33
Types of Neuroglia Cells: Schwann Cell
Produce myelin around PNS neurons (PNS)
34
Types of Neuroglia Cells: Satellite cells
Support neurons in PNS ganglia (PNS)
35
Types of Neuroglia Cells: Astrocytes
Form a blood-brain barrier (CNS)
36
Myelination
(a) A myelin sheath surrounds most axons (b) Insulates the axon and speeds up the nerve impulse (c) Myelin increases from birth to maturity (d) Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in myelin along the axon (e) Diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis and Tay-Sachs destroy myelin sheaths
37
What is the Clusters of neuron cell bodies in pns and cns
Ganglion: PNS Nucleus: CNS
38
Bundles of axons
Nerve: PNS Tract: CNS
39
What is White matter made of
Primarily myelinated axons
40
Gray matter
Cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia
41
Can PNS neurons regenerate?
Yes; with intact Schwann cells funtional
42
CNS neurons Regeneration?
1) Very limited even if cell body is intact 2) Inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth-stimulator cues
43
Action Potential are?
nerve impulses, allow for communication between neurons
44
A resting membrane potential charge?
polarizated
45
Channels that allow ions to leak through
Leakage
46
channels open and close on command
Gate
47
What is the Action potentials series of events
STIMULUS 1.Triggers resting membrane to become more permeable to Sodium (Na+) 2. Causes enough Na+ to enter cell so that cell membrane reaches threshold (~ –55 mv) Depolarizing phase 3. Voltage gated Na+ channels open ~ as more Na+ enters cell, membrane potential rises and becomes positive Repolarizing phase 4. Voltage gated K+ channels open ~ as more K+ leave cell, membrane potential is returned to resting value 5. Hyperpolerizing occurs to -70mV
48
Types of conduction
Continuous conduction Saltatory conduction
49
Continuous conduction
a) Unmyelinated axons, currents flow across adjacent portions of the plasma membrane b) Slower form
50
Saltatory conduction
Myelinated axons, Nodes of Ranvier allow impulses to “leap” from
51
Synaptic Transmission are?
Triggered by action potential (nerve impulse) Synapses allow neurons to communicate with other neurons or effectors
52
Neuromuscular junction
(neuron-muscle fiber)
53
Neuroglandular junction
(neuron-gland)
54
Components of synapse:
1) Presynaptic neuron: Sending neuron (releases neurotransmitter) 2) Synaptic cleft: Space between neurons 3) Postsynaptic neuron: Receiving neuron (has receptors that bind to neurotransmitter)
55
Synaptic Transmition Cycle
56
Neurotransmitters 5 types
(a) Acetylcholine (ACh): Common in PNS (b) Amino acids (c) Modified amino acids 1) Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (d) Neuropeptides such as endorphins (e) Nitric oxide (NO)
57
Central Nervous Tissue location and function
(a) Consists of the brain and spinal cord (b) Source of thoughts, emotions, and memories
58
Peripheral Nervous Tissues
Includes all the nervous tissue outside the central nervous system 1) Include the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory nerves Somatic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system Enteric Nervous System
59
Somatic Nervous System
1) Sensory neurons: Convey info from head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors for special senses (vision, hearing, taste smell) to CNS 2) Motor neurons: Conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles (voluntary control)
60
Autonomic nervous system
1) Sensory neurons: Convey information from receptors in the visceral organs (stomach and lungs) to CNS 2) Motor neurons: Conduct impulses from CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary control)
61
PNS ANS Motor neruons are divided into wat 2
Sympathetic: “fight or flight” Parasympathetic: “rest and digest”

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