brain anatomy 1

Question 1

There are 3 layers that cover the encephalon and the spinal cord, what are they named? From outside to inside

Answer 1

dura, arachnoid, pia mater

Question 2

What is the encephalon?

Answer 2

The brain

Question 3

What is the cortex?

Answer 3

the outside layer of the brain

Question 4

What is the falx cerebri?

Answer 4

het tussenschot tussen de twee hersenhelften (hemispheres). Here the dura is thicker

Question 5

What is the tentorium cerebri?

Answer 5

Het tentorium cerebelli is een verlenging van het harde hersenvlies die de kleine hersenen scheidt van de onderste delen van de occipitale kwab. The dura is thicker at this part

Question 6

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

Answer 6

Between the arachnoid and the pia matter

Question 7

What are subarachnoid trabeculae?

Answer 7

Arachnoid trabeculae. The arachnoid trabeculae are delicate strands of connective tissue that loosely connect the two innermost layers of the meninges – the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. They are found within the subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal fluid is also found.

Question 8

Which arteries are involved in the circle of Willis? from front to back

Answer 8

Anterior communicating artery
Anterior cerebral arteries
Internal carotid arteries
Posterior communicating arteries
Posterior cerebral arteries

Question 9

What is the function of the circle of Willis?

Answer 9

The main function of the circle of Willis is to provide a collateral blood flow between the anterior and posterior arterial systems of the brain. Additionally, it offers alternate blood flow pathways between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. This way the circle protects the brain from ischemia and stroke in cases of vascular obstruction or damage.

Question 10

What is the central and the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 10

central nervous system: brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system: spinal and cranial nerves

Question 11

What do oligondrendocytes do?

Answer 11

Oligodendrocytes are cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of myelin.

Question 12

What is the difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann cells?

Answer 12

oligodrendocytes produce myelin in the CNS and schwann cells in the PNS

Question 13

What is the function of astrocytes?

Answer 13

Physical support: Astrocytes provide structural support to neurons by forming a framework for the nervous tissue

Question 14

What is the function of microglia?

Answer 14

microglia play a critical role in the immune defense of the central nervous system

Question 15

What are fossae?

Answer 15

In the context of the brain, the term “fossae” typically refers to specific depressions or grooves on the surface of the brain

Question 16

What are foramina in the brain?

Answer 16

The skull hosts many holes (foramina) to
allow the passage of cranial nerves and vessels.

Question 17

Name the 3 fossae and where they sit

Answer 17

• anterior fossae (holds part of the frontal lobe)
• medial fossae (does the same for the temporal
  lobes)
  -occipital fossae (holds the occipital lobe and cerebellum)

Question 18

Name the 3 section planes of the brain and where they sit

Answer 18

• coronal (in het midden door de breedte)
• sagittal (in de lengte)
• horizontal (horizontaal gesneden)

Question 19

What is the role of the meninges?

Answer 19

The meningeal role is mainly protective.

Question 20

In what 2 layers is the dura matter further divided?

Answer 20

• the osteal layer (more toward the skull)
• meningeal layer (more toward the brain)

Question 21

What is the function of granulations in the subarachnoid space?

Answer 21

These small structures are important for te drainafe of CSF.

Question 22

Which 2 arteries serve blood to the brain?

Answer 22

1. the carotid artery (more ventral)
2. the vertebral artery (more dorsal)

Question 23

When entering the cranial region the vertebral arteries (2 branches) converge into which artery?

Answer 23

When entering the cranial region the vertebral arteries (2 branches) converge into the basilar artery.

Question 24

From the circle of Willis 3 cerebral arteries depart, which ones?

Answer 24

• anterior
• medial
• posterior cerebral artery

Question 25

Where do the anterior, medial and posterior cerebral artery send blood to?

Answer 25

• anterior sends to the medial part of the encephalon
• medial sends to the lateral part
• the posterior sends to the occipital part

Question 26

The brain uses not only blood to survive but also nutrients and salts from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This transparent fluid full of sodium, calcium, magnesium and glucose is produced in the ……

Answer 26

choroid plexus (pia matter invagination that you find at the level of the ventricles)

Question 27

What are ventricles?

Answer 27

Ventricles are cavities filled by CSF that play a role in distributing the CSF to the whole NS

Question 28

Name the pathway that CSF undertakes

Answer 28

• CSF is produced in the Plexus choroideus
• it flows trough the ventricles and subarachnoid space via the apertura mediana and lateralis
• it flows trough the cavum subarachnoid
• the csf is absorbed into the sinus via villi and granulations

Question 29

Name all of the 4 ventricles and the important structures

Answer 29

• 2 lateral ventricles (1 per hemisphere)
• 1 third ventricle (connects the two leteral together)
• a 4th ventricle (a thomboid shape)
  between the lateral and the third the foramen of Monro is present for communication.
  in between the 3rd and the 4th the cerebral aqueduct is present to spread the csf all the way trough the brain and spinal cord.
  after the 4th ventricle we see the central canal

Question 30

What is the role of sinuses?

Answer 30

to let csf and blood be drained outside the ns

Question 31

In what disease does an inhibition of drainage of csf result?

Answer 31

hydrocephalus (a disease seen in some kids)

Question 32

Where is the csf drained after it arrived at the sinuses?

Answer 32

Via the sinuses the CSF is sent, normally
through the sigmoidal sinus to the
jugular vein to leave the CNS.

Question 33

Name the place of the 4 most important sinuses

Answer 33

• superior sagittal sinus: als een boogschieter naar voren en dan bovenop
• inferior sagittal sinus: als een boogschieter naar voren maar dan eronder
• transverse sinus: door de breedte van het hoofd aan de onderkant
• sigmoidal sinus: beetje gek naar beneden vanaf de transverse sinus