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Brain, Behaviour and Cognition > Brain anatomy 101 > Flashcards

Brain anatomy 101 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS include?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous system include?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

What does somatic nervous system do?

A

Links the spinal cord and organs and controls voluntary behaviours

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4
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

serves internal organs and glands, controls involuntary functions

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5
Q

What involuntary functions does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate

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6
Q

What else does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

The flight or fight response

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7
Q

What nervous system in the autonomic nervous system controls the fight or flight response?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

What is the sympathetic response?

A

Arouses the body, it stimulates, organises and mobilises energy resources, spends energy

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9
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in the sympathetic response?

A

Acetylcholine -> activates sympathetic adrenal-medullary system which released -> Epinephrine (adrenalin) which metabolised glucose -> Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which increases heart rate and blood pressure

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10
Q

What does the Neurotransmitter acetylcholine do?

A

It activates and stimulates the sympathetic adrenal-medullary system

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11
Q

What does the stimulation of the adrenal medulla cause?

A

The release of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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12
Q

What is Epinephrine?

A

Adrenalin

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13
Q

What is Norepinephrine?

A

Noradrenaline

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14
Q

What is the parasympathetic response?

A

Relaxes the body, most active after an emotional event, conserves energy

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15
Q

What is the parasympathetic system known as?

A

Rest and digest

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16
Q

What part of the peripheral nervous system controls the sympathetic and the parasympathetic states?

A

Autonomic

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17
Q

What is the other component of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system

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18
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Controls voluntary actions and movements

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19
Q

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A

Allows for sensory input and movement control and processes sensory information from external stimuli and reflex movements

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20
Q

How does the somatic nervous system manage reflex reactions?

A

A sensory receptor senses a stimulus this then transmits signal to the PNS via nerve fibres, the spinal cord then decodes the signal, the signal then travels to the efferent nerve fibres to the effectors, the effector muscles then respond by contracting

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21
Q

What areas of the spine are involved in the reflex motions and at what point?

A

The Dorsal Horn - decodes the signal after the sensory neuron transmits it via the nerve fibres
The Ventral Horn - the signal travels down the ventral horn after the signal is decoded

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22
Q

Summarise the roles of the Autonomic Nervous system

A

Regulates involuntary responses, controls the function of internal organs such as the heart, stomach, lungs and intestines

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23
Q

Summaries the roles of the Somatic Nervous system

A

Regulates voluntary systems and movements, connects the brain to the motor neurons such as those found in the skeletal muscles

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24
Q

What is another component of the nervous system outside of the PNS?

A

The CNS - central nervous system

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25
Q

What does the CNS include?

A

The brain and Spinal Cord

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26
Q

What are the three main functions of the spinal cord?

A

Conduit for motor information, conduit for sensory information, a centre for coordinating certain reflexes

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27
Q

What is the anatomy of the spinal cord?

A

The inner layer is grey matter, the outer layer is white matter, the dorsal horn a site where afferent nerve fibre meet, ventral horn is a site where efferent nerve fibre synapse

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28
Q

What is the result of an injury to the upper spinal cord?

A

Can cause paralysis in most of the body and can affect all of the limbs (called tetraplegia or quadriplegia)

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29
Q

What is the result of an injury to the lower spinal cord?

A

May cause paralysis affecting the legs and lower body, called paraplegia

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30
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Towards the side, away from the brain

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31
Q

What does Medial mean?

A

Towards the middle away from the side

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32
Q

What does Ipsilateral mean?

A

On the same side

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33
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

On the opposite side

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34
Q

What does anterior/rostral mean?

A

In front of; towards the front of the brain but the top of the spinal cord

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35
Q

What does posterior/caudal mean?

A

Behind; towards the back of the brain and the bottom of the spinal cord

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36
Q

What does the superior/dorsal mean?

A

Above; towards the top of the brain but the back of the spinal cord

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37
Q

What does inferior/ventral mean?

A

Below; towards towards the bottom of the brain but the front of the spinal cord

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38
Q

How much of the body weight is the brain?

A

2%

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39
Q

How much of the blood supply does the brain receive?

A

16%

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40
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Neuronal cell bodies

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41
Q

What is white matter?

A

Neuronal axons

42
Q

What develops first?

A

Build up from grey matter and white matter

43
Q

What are the three gross divisions?

A

Cerebellum, Brain stem and Cerebral cortex

44
Q

Within the fine divisions what are the major divisions?

A

Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain

45
Q

What are the four corresponding ventricles to the major divisions?

A

Lateral, Third, Cerebral aqueduct, fourth

46
Q

What are the corresponding five subdivisions?

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

47
Q

What are the principal structures of the forebrain, lateral?

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and the limbic system

48
Q

What are the principal structures of the third forebrain?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

49
Q

What are the principal structure of the Mid brain

A

Tectum, Tegmentum

50
Q

What are the principal structures of the Metencephalon hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum and Pons

51
Q

What are the principal structures of the myelencephalon

A

Medulla Oblongata

52
Q

Where is the Medulla oblongata?

A

In the lower part of the brain stem

53
Q

What does the Medulla Oblongata do?

A

Controls functions such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure and vomiting

54
Q

Where is the pons?

A

The upper part of the brain stem

55
Q

What is the location of the pons?

A

Connects the rest of the brain to the cerebellum, bridges the spinal cord and the brain

56
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Controls muscle movement and carries sensory-motor information from the PNS, arousal and automatic functions and is also involved in the sleep/wake cycle

57
Q

What does the tectum contain?

A

The Superior Colliculi

58
Q

What is the superior colliculi a part of?

A

It forms a part of the visual system

59
Q

What does the superior colliculi control?

A

Eye movements such as fixations, saccades and smooth pursuits

60
Q

What else does the tectum contain?

A

The inferior colliculi

61
Q

What does the inferior colliculi form a part of?

A

The auditory pathway

62
Q

What does the inferior colliculi control?

A

Pitch perceptions and startle response

63
Q

What does the tegmentum contain?

A

The periaqueductal grey, the reticular formation, the red nuclei an the substantia Nigra

64
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

The back of the brain

65
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls motor movements coordination, balance and equilibrium, automated movement sequences, fine movement and muscle tone. Also involved in automatic language processing

66
Q

Where is the thalamus located?

A

At the top of the brain stem

67
Q

What is the thalamus comprised of?

A

Thalamic nuclei

68
Q

What are the functions of the Thalamus?

A

Takes part in sensory pathways, motor pathways and cortico-cortical loops; fundamental role in attention an is involved in alertness/consciences

69
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located?

A

Below the thalamus

70
Q

What does the hypothalamus contain?

A

Mamillary bodies and connect to the pituitary gland

71
Q

What are the four functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls the autonomic nervous system, role in maintaining homeostasis, central for regulation of hormones via control of pituitary gland, regulates basic behaviours such as fight or flight, hunger and sexual behaviours

72
Q

What does the Limbic system include?

A

The hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, cingulum, mamillary bodies and olfactory bulb

73
Q

What are not included in the limbic system but have a lot of influence in the function of it?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

74
Q

What shape is the amygdala?

A

Almond shape

75
Q

What are the three main functions of the Amygdala?

A

Central for emotional responses, Involved in fear conditioning and responds to emotionally salient stimuli and attaches emotional content to memories which reinforces their storage

76
Q

What the main 2 functions of the hippocampus?

A

Responsible for learning and long term memory storage and consolidation and can produce new brain cells

77
Q

What are the three main structures within the basal ganglia?

A

Globus Palidus, Caudate nucleus and Putamen

78
Q

What is the basal ganglia connected to?

A

The brain stem, thalamus and cortex

79
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Controls the higher order motor movement, habit learning and eye movement

80
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Is the outer layer of neural tissues of the cerebrum of the brain, it is folded providing a greater surface are in the confined volume of the cranium

81
Q

What functions is the occipital lobes responsible for?

A

Controls the processing of visual information, the calcarine fissure is the centre point of the primary visual cortex and higher order vision is further processed in the visual associations cortices

82
Q

What is the temporal lobe composed of?

A

The superior temporal cortex (Heschel’s gryus) which is the seat of the primary auditory cortex
Wernicke’s area- lateralised to the left hemisphere

83
Q

What is Heschel’s gryus responsible for?

A

Auditory perceptions and higher order hearing

84
Q

What is the Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Language control and speech comphrension

85
Q

What are the inferior temporal lobes responsible for?

A

Organising and integrating visual-sensory input

86
Q

What does the temporal lobe pay a key role in?

A

Semantic memory and cognition

87
Q

What is the last brain region to evolve?

A

The frontal lobes

88
Q

What does the posterior proportion of the frontal lobe control?

A

Controls pre-motor and motor cortices that control motor function

89
Q

What functions is the pre-frontal cortex involved in?

A

Executive function, attention, social cognition and emotional regulation, language production (Broca’s area) and semantic control

90
Q

What falls under the umbrella term of ‘executive functions’?

A

Planning, reasoning, decision making, response inhibition, working memory, problem solving and initiations

91
Q

What are the notable structure of the cerebral cortex?

A

The anterior cingulate cortex and the corpus collosum

92
Q

What function does the anterior cingulate cortex serve?

A

It is involved in emotional processing and self-referential processing

93
Q

What purpose does the corpus collosum serve?

A

It is a white matter bundle which joins the two hemispheres and allows for communication between them

94
Q

How many ventricles of the brain are there?

A

4

95
Q

What are the four ventricles of the brain?

A

Lateral, third, fourth, and cerebral aqueduct

96
Q

What is the function of the the brain ventricles?

A

Serves as protection for the brain, supports the brain against gravity, enables chemical stability and provisions of nutrients

97
Q

What are the Meninges of the brain?

A

A protective sheet wrapping around the whole CNS

98
Q

What are the three layers of the Meninges of the brain?

A

Dura matter, Arachnoid and Pia matter

99
Q

What are the functions of the three layers of Meninges?

A

Dura matter - holds it together
Arachnoid - cushions it
Pia matter- allow for nourishment

100
Q

What is a sublayer of the arachnoid layer and what is it’s function?

A

The subarachnoid space is filled with cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF)

Brain, Behaviour and Cognition (10 decks)

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