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Brain, Behaviour and Cognition > Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychopharmacology?

A

Study of substances that can influence the brain and behaviour

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2
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

Compound drugs that are not natural to the body that can produce a psychological effect

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3
Q

What psychological components do these drugs effect?

A

Mood, sensation, thinking and behaviour

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4
Q

How do psychoactive drugs alter behaviour?

A

They act on neurotransmitters in different ways

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5
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

Is the study of how the body interact with administer substances for the entire duration of exposure

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6
Q

What does pharmacokinetics focus on?

A

Considers how the body handles and eliminates the drug

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7
Q

Does it matter how drugs are administered?

A

No because they all need to cross biological membranes (mostly lipids)

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8
Q

What changes depending on the way the drug is administered?

A

How much of the drug reaches the target site and how quickly it has an effect

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9
Q

What is the name for administering drugs orally or through the nose?

A

Buccal admininstration

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10
Q

What does trans-dermal method of administration mean?

A

Skin patches, drug is administered through patches on the skin

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11
Q

What is the process of absorption of the Buccal method?

A

Dissolves in the stomach fluid and pass through the stomach wall to reach the blood capillaries

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12
Q

When are most drugs, administered through the buccal method, absorbed?

A

They are not fully absorbed until they hit the small intestines.

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13
Q

Drugs that are orally administered have to be resilient to what?

A

Stomach acid and enzymes, enzymes in the liver that may alter the effects of the drugs

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14
Q

What are other methods of drug administration?

A

IV, Inhalation, Tropic and trans-dermal

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15
Q

What are the pro’s and cons of IV drug administration?

A

Pro- rapid and accurate, depending on the injecting method it can be more slow and even dispersion of the drug (intramuscular injection)
Cons- issues with street drugs

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16
Q

What are the pros and cons of inhalation drug administration?

A

Pro- Rapid action of absorption
con- Method can cause damage to the lungs

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17
Q

What is the time course of drugs impacted by?

A

The dose of the drugs, metabolising and rate of elimination

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18
Q

In which does the absorption of the drug travel?

A

Movement is always high to low concentration

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19
Q

What does BBB stand for?

A

Blood brain barrier ( a network of blood vessels and cells)

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20
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

Limit the exchange of substances between the blood and the brain

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21
Q

Is the BBB impermeable?

A

No but it is selectively permeable

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22
Q

What else does the BBB do ? hint diffusion

A

Reduced diffusion of water soluble molecules

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23
Q

Is the BBB completely gaurded?

A

It is not complete, some areas are not protected

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24
Q

What is the chemical trigger zone in the brain stem?

A

The vomiting centre causes you to vomit if it detects a toxic substance

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25
Q

What is a unique barrier to women?

A

The placental barrier?

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26
Q

How are water soluble drugs excreted?

A

Via urine

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27
Q

How are most fat soluble drugs excreted?

A

The liver contains different enzymes which change the substance to water soluble and then excrete it

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28
Q

What drug is excreted via the lungs?

A

Alcohol

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29
Q

What drugs are excreted through sweat?

A

Alcohol and cocaine

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30
Q

How is drug clearance rate measured?

A

Measured in half-life

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31
Q

What is the half life of Marijuana (THC) ?

A

3-4 days

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32
Q

What can be the longest half life of THC?

A

10-12 days

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33
Q

What is the half life of Methamphetamine?

A

12 hours

34
Q

How long can methamphetamine be detected for?

A

1-4 days after use

35
Q

What is the half-life of cocaine?

A

1 hour

36
Q

How long can cocaine be detected for?

A

Up to 4 days of use

37
Q

What is the half life of heroin?

A

3-8 MINUTES

38
Q

What is heroin broken down into?

A

Morphine

39
Q

What is the half-life of morphine?

A

3.6 hours

40
Q

How long can morphine be detected for?

A

Up to 4 days of use

41
Q

What is the half-life of GHB?

A

20-53 minutes

42
Q

What percentage of GHB will remain in the system after 2 hours?

A

5%

43
Q

What are Pharmacodynamics?

A

The effects that drugs have on the body

44
Q

What are agonists?

A

Substances that bind to the same receptors as a neurotransmitter and have a similar effect on neuronal function as that neurotransmitter

45
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Substances that bind to a receptor site but do not have any physiological effects

46
Q

What are the 5 categories of drugs?

A

CNS stimulators, CNS depressants, Analgesics, Hallucinogens, psychotherapeutics

47
Q

What are 3 examples of the CNS stimulant drugs?

A

Amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine

48
Q

What 2 examples of CNS depressants?

A

Alcohol and Barbiturates

49
Q

What are the examples of analgesics?

A

Codeine and Morphine

50
Q

What is an example of hallucinogens?

A

LSD

51
Q

Give two examples of psychotherapeutics?

A

Prozac and Thorazine (Chlorpromazine)

52
Q

What effect do stimulants have physiologically?

A

Increase activity, alertness and mood

53
Q

What 3 substances have similar effects on the neurotransmitter Dopamine?

A

Caffeine, nicotine and cocaine

54
Q

What physiological effects do depressants have?

A

Reduce arousal and stimulation

55
Q

How do depressants reduce arousal?

A

They affect the CNS by slowing down the messages between the brain and the body

56
Q

What does excessive alcohol consumption lead to?

A

Leads to respiratory depression, seizures and potential death

57
Q

What is Valium’s chemical name?

A

Benzodiazepine

58
Q

What is benzodiazepine used to treat?

A

Moderate to severe anxiety, panic attacks and epileptic seizures

59
Q

What are the side effects of valium?

A

Slow brain function, slowed pulse and breathing, poor concentration, confusion, fatigue and slurred speech

60
Q

What is another word for Opioid drugs?

A

Narcotic Analgesics

61
Q

What physiological effects do opioid drugs have?

A

Depressant qualities but their main effect is to reduce pain

62
Q

What is the body’s natural pain killer?

A

Endorphins

63
Q

What is the difference between Opiates and Opioids?

A

They are essentially the same, some are pure, some are synthetic

64
Q

What is a direct agonist?

A

It resembles the brain’s natural neurotransmitters enough to activate receptor sites

65
Q

What are indirect agonists?

A

Enhances the release or effect of a specific neurotransmitter

66
Q

What are antagonists?

A

They compete with neurotransmitters for binding on the receptor site but do not cause any physiological changes or disruptiosn

67
Q

What are the effects of Psychedelics?

A

Effect on perceptual and conscious processing, can cause distortion, and can be natural or synthetic

68
Q

What is the hallucinogenic structure of LSD similar to?

A

Serotonin

69
Q

What is thought to the be the cause of hallucinations cause by hallucinogens?

A

The shared binding of the 5-HT (2A) receptor type is responsible for the hallucinations particularly in the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex

70
Q

What is MDMA?

A

Acts as both a stimulant and psychedelic, producing an energizing effect, distortions in time and perception and enhanced enjoyment of tactile experiences

71
Q

What three neurotransmitters does MDMA enhance the activity of ?

A

Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine

72
Q

What is the side effect of MDMA releasing large amounts of serotonin?

A

Causes the brain to become significantly depleted of serotonin

73
Q

What did research on rodents on MDMA suggest?

A

MDMA can damage nerve cells that contain serotonin

74
Q

What did research on MDMA exposed primates suggest?

A

Showed reduced serotonergic neurons 7 years later suggesting implicating that MDMA can have long lasting effects

75
Q

What are the 3 psychological disorders that are treatable by drugs?

A

Anxiety, Depression and Schizophrenia

76
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Unsettling feeling of concern or worry, multiple neurotransmitters implicated

77
Q

What are the treatments for anxiety?

A

Benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, SSRI’s

78
Q

What is depression caused by?

A

A decrease in serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission

79
Q

What are the drug treatments for depression?

A

SSRI’s, SNRI’s, atypical anti-depressants, tricyclics, MOAI’s

80
Q

What is the etiology of schizophrenia?

A

Abnormal dopamine function contributes to symptoms

81
Q

What are the treatment methods for schizophrenia?

A

Anti-psychotic drugs

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