Brain and Cranial Nerves (8) Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
most superficial layer of the scalp
A
skin of the scalp
2
Q
directly deep to the scalp
A
epicranial aponeuorosis
3
Q
aponeurosis is _______ made up of ______
A
broad tendon-like sheath of dense CT
4
Q
deep to the epicranial aponeurosis is the _____ and _______
A
loose CT and the periosteum of the cranium
5
Q
deep to the loose CT and the periosteum of the cranium is the _________
A
dura mater
6
Q
what is dura mater?
A
it is the outermost layer of the 3 meningeal layers of the spinal cord and brain
7
Q
deep to the dura mater:
A
arachnoid mater
8
Q
deep to the arachnoid mater is the _____ that covers the ____
A
pia mater covers the cerebral cortex
9
Q
pia mater is directly adjacent/right up against the _______
A
nervous tissue, the cerebral cortex
10
Q
between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater is the _______
A
subarachnoid space
11
Q
the subarachnoid space is where the __________ is found
A
cerebral spinal fluid
12
Q
the adult brain consists of the 6 major regions
A
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- mesencephalon (midbrain)
- diencephalon
13
Q
the brainstem is made up of:
A
medulla oblongata
pons
mesencephalon (midbrian)
14
Q
the cerebrum has 2 hemispheres called the cerebral hemispheres (left and right). it is an important center for _________. it provides what?
A
sensory information processing
conscious control of out skeletal muscles, outgoing motor signals
conscious thought process
15
Q
the cerebrum is important for what type of storage and functions?
A
memory storage
intellectual functions
16
Q
the left and right cerebral hemispheres are split by the __________
A
longituindal fissure
17
Q
deep to the cerebral hemispheres:
A
corpus callosum
18
Q
the corpus callosum is a connecting tissue that ________
A
connects the cerebral hemispheres
19
Q
the corpus callosum is made up of bundles of ______ and alot of _____
A
bundles of fibers and alot of white matter
20
Q
1 area of the corpus callosum _______ with the adjacent area in the other hemisphere
A
communicates
21
Q
the cortex is the ______ matter
A
gray matter
22
Q
the cerebral cortex (gray matter) is where _______ are found
A
neuronal cell bodies
23
Q
protrusions/formations called gyri/gyrus are found in the ______ matter
A
gray matter / cerebral cortex
24
Q
sulci/sulcus in the grey matter are :
A
crevices/valleys between gyri in the cerebral cortex
25
neuronal cell bodies in the CNS are called
nuclei
26
the left hemisphere controls the _______ side of the body
right side
contralateral side
27
the right hemisphere controls the ______ side of the body
left side
contralateral side
28
each cerebral hemisphere receive ______ info. from the contralateral side of the body
sensory information
29
the cerebrum has 4 major regions
it correlates to the bones of the skull
1. frontal lobe
2. temporal lobe
3. parietal lobe
4. occipital lobe
30
between the anterior and posterior regions of the cerebrum (straight down the center) is called the:
central sulcus
31
the central sulcus is a delineation point for the ____________ in the cerebrum
pre-central region
post-central region
32
the pre-central gyrus has the ______ cortex. and anterior to this is the ______ coretx.
primary motor cortex
pre-motor cortex
33
the pre-motor cortex is an important area for motor signals to be sent to the efferent pathways down the spinal cord to _____ muscles
skeletal
34
anterior to the pre-motor cortext is the _______. this is an important area for executive functions, motor learning, coordinating functions for other parts of the brain
pre-frontal cortex
35
the pre-central gyurs has these three cortex:
primary motor cortex
pre-motor cortex
pre-frontal cortex
36
the post central gyrus has these two important areas:
somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association
37
posterior to the central sulcus is the :
primary somatosensory cortex
38
the primary somatosensory cortex ___________ sensory info. that comes in
coordinates and integrates
39
posterior the the primary somatosensory cortex is the:
somatosensory association area (another area from processing associating all the info. coming in)
40
in the occipital lobe, we have another association area called _________ for _______
the visual association area for visual processing
41
the visual cortex in the ______ brings in visual information from the _______ nerve. this information then gets sent to the visual association area for processing.
occipital lobe
optic
42
the temporal lobe is an area for ________ sensory processing
auditory
43
deep within the temporal lobe is the _______ cortex. this provides sense of smel;
olfactory cortex
44
deeper under the temporal lobe is the _____ cortex for the sense of taste
gustatory cortex
45
what are association fibers in the brain?
they are fibers that allow for the different regions of the cerebral cortex to communicate with each other within the same hemisphere
46
the cerebellum is an important area for _________-
balance, coordination, and smooth controlled motor functions
47
the cerebellum has _______________ type of information coming in from ___________ areas
1. proprioreceptive information comes in from dorsal columns regarding where our bodies are in space and how its oriented
2. information from visual cortex to the optic nerve
3. information from the auditory cortex gets coordinated to help with balance
48
the medulla oblongata is the most ______ segment of the brain stem. it helps connect the ____________
inferior
helps connect the brainstem with the spinal cord
49
the medulla oblongata is also the origination point for some __________ as well as plays a role in visceral functions, making it very important in ________
cranial nerves
cardiovascular control
50
the pons are superior to the medulla oblongata and is a point of orientation for these 4 of the cranial nerves:
cranial never 5, 6, 7, 8
51
the mesencephalon is the midbrain and is the most ______ part of the brainstem
superior
52
the diencephalon is the deeper structure and is _____ to the brain stem. it attaches the brainstem to the __________.
superior to the brain
brainstem to the cerebrum
53
the diencephalon is sub-cortical, which means....
it is just below the cerebral cortex
54
there are three divisions of the diencephalon:
1. epithalamus (pineal gland prod. melatonin)
2. thalamus (relay for sensory info.)
3. hypothalamus (important link between endocrine and nervous system)
55
the hypothalamus is important in autonomic functions. these functions are___________ (voluntary or involuntary). it also plays a role in hormone productions
involuntary
56
directly inferior to diencephalon is _________. it generates reflexive somatic motor responses and important in maintaining consciousness.
mesencephalon
57
directly inferor to the mesencephalon is the ______. important relay area for sensory info. coming in that is going to travel to the cerebellum (some go to the thalamus)
pons
58
directly inferior to the pons is the _______. this is a center for relay info. going to the thalamus and other portions of the brainstem. very important for control of autonomic centers for visceral systems
medulla oblongata
59
hanging off the thalamus is the ______________ gland. this gland sits in the ________-
pituitary gland
sits in the sella turcica (a sphenoid bone center to the skull)
60
the basal ganglia is a sub-cortical structure is made up of parts of the _________ and the ________. some of the cerebrum as well.
mesencephalon (midbrain) and diencephalon.
61
the diencephalon contains the __________, which produces dopamine.
substantia nigra
62
dopamine (prod. by _________) is important for the control of ___________ and for planning/initiating movements
substantia nigra in the basal ganglia
skeletal muscles
63
the basal ganglia receives information from the _______ and the ______
cerebrum and the brainstem
64
the limbic system is comprised of _____ and cortical structures. it is known as the "__________"
nuclei
"emotional brain"
65
the areas in the limbic system are:
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. hippocampus
4. amygdala
5. olfactory bulb
66
the hippocampus is an important area for __________
memory and learning
67
the amygdala is important in ____________________
memory, decision making, emotion
68
the olfactory bulb is important for ______________
sense of smell
69
there are _______ ventricles of the brain, they are called:
4 ventricles
2 lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
70
the 2 lateral ventricles of the brain are mainly located inside the ______ lobe. the _______ horn extends to the frontal bone while the _______ horn has an inferior horn as extends down into the ____ lobe.
parietal lobe
anterior horn to frontal bone
posterior horn to occipital bone
71
the lateral ventricles connect and communicates with ___________
third ventricle
72
the third ventricle is right down the ______ and communicates with the lateral ventricles through the _______ foramen. it is in the diencephalon.
midline
interventricular foramen
73
the fourth ventricle is deep to the _____ and upper part of the _______
pons
medulla
74
the third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle through the __________
cerebral aqueduct
75
the choroid plexus lines the ventricles and is made up of ____ cells
neurolgia cells called ependymal cells (specialize neuro-epithelial cells)
76
the choroid plexus produces _______, which is able to flow through the ventricles into the subarachnoid space.
cerebral spinal fluid
77
the cerebral spinal fluid gets reabsorbed into the blood supply though:
arachnoid granulations
78
mnemonic for cranial nerves:
"oh oh oh to touch and feel very good velvet, ah heavens!"
1. olfactory nerver
2. optic nerve
3. oculomotor nerve
4. trochlear nerve
5. trigeminal nerve
6. abducens nerve
7. fascial nerve
8. vestibulocochlear nerve
9. glosspharyngeal nerve
10. vagus nerve
11. accessory nerve
12. hypoglossal nerve
79
cranial nerve I (CN I) is:
olfactory nerve
sensory only from epithelium neurons come into through the roof of the nasal cavity to cross the cribriform plate along the crista galli into the olfactory nerve
80
the olfactory bulb is the ________
termination of the olfactory nerve
81
the cribiform plate on the _______ bone has olfactory nerve fibers projecting through
ethmoid bone
82
the air we breath in hits the ______ in Cranial Nerve I and then the sense of air pasess through the __________ nerve fibers. this goes into the ___________ to have the info. passed on the _______ tract to go to the ________ cortex
olfactory epithelium
olfactory nerve fibers
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
olfactory cortex
83
the optic nerve is _________ only nerve. (sensory or motor)
sensory only nerve
84
the optic nerves take in information from the _____. specifically from the left/right __________ of each eye.
eyes
left/right field of vision
85
information coming in medially to the optic nerve crosses at the ______ to go to the __________ hemisphere for each eye.
optic chiasm
contralateral hemisphere
86
information coming in medially to the optic nerve is _______ field of vision
right
87
information coming in laterally to the optic nerve is _____ field of vision
left
88
the information coming in laterally through each eye stays on the _______ side of the body
ipsilateral side
89
all the sensory information that gets sent to the optic nerve first travels through the ________. then they go to the thalamus, and ultimately, into the _________ lobe.
optic tract
occipital lobe
90
extra-ocular muscles that are
all motor nerves control the eyes and are made up of these cranial nerves:
Cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6
CN III (oculomotor nerve)
CN IV (trochelar nerves)
CN VI (abducens nerves)
91
cranial nerve III (CN III) is the __________ nerve. this nerve controls muscles that move the _____.
oculomotor nerve
eye
92
cranial nerve IV is the ________ nerve. called this nerve because the muscle that it controls passes through the little notch of bone called the ______ on the frontal bone
trochlear nerve
trochlea on the frontal bone
93
cranial nerve VI is the _________ nerve. it controls the _______ muscle that is going to draw the gaze _______.
abducens nerves
controls eye muscle
gaze drawn laterally
94
CN III (________ nerve) controls 4 out of the 6 extra-ocular eye muscles. these are the 4: ____________________. they also control the __________, which is not considered to be an extra-ocular muscle but helps __________.
oculomotor nerve (CN III)
1. superior rectus muscle
2. inferior rectus muscle
3. medial rectus muscle
4. inferior oblique muscle
also controls the levator palpabrae to help lift the upper eyelid
95
the oculomotor nerve (CN _____) splits towards the eye to innervate the _______, _________, and ___________.
CN III
innervates the levator palpabrae, superior/inferior/medial rectus muscle, and the inferior oblique muscle.
96
the superior rectus muscle draws the gaze of the eye ______ when contracted
superiorly
97
the inferior rectus muscle draws the gaze of the eye _____ when contracted
inferiorly
98
the medial rectus muscle draws the gaze _____ towards the ______ when contracted
medially/inwards towards the nose
99
the inferior oblique muscle wraps around the _______________. it draws the gaze _________________ when contracted to ________.
underside of the eyeball
superiorly and laterally
helps roll the eyes
100
cranial nerve IV is the ________ nerves comes off the brain ________ to the eyeball to the _____ oblique.
trochlear nerves (CN IV)
superior to the eyeball, to the superior oblique
101
the trochlear nerve passes through the ____ to insert into the ______ aspect of the eye.
trochlea
superior
102
when the trochlear never (CN _____) is contracted, it draws the gaze _______ and _______. it innervates the _______________.
CN IV (trochlear nerve)
downwards and laterally
superior oblique muscle
103
cranial nerve VI is the _______ nerve. it connects to the ________. it inserts on the ______ aspect of the eye and draws the gaze ______ when contracted.
(CN VI) abducens nerve
lateral rectus
lateral
laterally
104
cranial nerve V is the _________ nerve. it has ______ information coming in.
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
BOTH sensory and motor information coming in
105
the trigeminal nerves (CN _____) come off the ______ and are responsible for ______________. they also control _______ membranes in some parts of the brain and other areas.
CN V (trigeminal nerve)
comes off the pons
responsible for fascial sensations
also controls muscus membranes
106
cranial nerve VII (_____ nerve) are bringing in _____________ information (sensory/motor/both).
what specific information do they bring in and for what areas?
(CN VII) Fascial Nerves
both sensory and motor nerves
sensory for:
areas near the ear
anterior 2/3's of the tongue for taste
motor for:
muscles of fascial expression (+ some other muscles)
107
cranial nerve VIII are ______________ nerve.
vestibulocochlear nerves
108
each cranial nerve that we have (CN I to CNXII) have ______ nerve on each side of out body, creating a total of _______ pairs.
one nerve on each side
24 total nerves (2 of each, 1 on each side)
109
there are ______ divisions of the vestibulocochlear nerves (CN ____). what are the divisions?
2 divisions
CN VIII
1. vestibular division
2. cochlear division
110
what is the vestibular division in the CN VIII (______________ nerves)?
helps with balance and sense of where we are in space
(CN VIII) vestibulocochlear nerves
111
what is the cochlear division in the vestibulocochlear nerves (CN ____). it is what type of _______ (sensory/motor/both) information carrier?
auditory input / our hearing
CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerves)
sensory ONLY, carriers sound and equilibrium sensory info.
112
CN VIII works with CN ___ by receiving visual input because they both support balancing actions. they also get somatosensory information from feeling/touch.
CN II (Optic Nerve)
113
cranial nerve IX (___________ nerve) are ____________ (sensory/motor/both) information carriers. they come of the __________ for varied innervation.
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerves)
BOTH sensory and motor information
comes off the brain stem
114
this extension coms off the glossophrayngeal nerve that goes down towards structures in a specific sinus. this is an important sensory are in the ___________.
carotid branch
goes down towards carotid bodies in the carotid sinus
important sensory area for the carotid artery
115
the sensory information for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue for taste (and some other areas) goes through the _________ nerve (CN ______)
Glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)
116
the motor information for the stylopharyngess muscle and the superior constrictor pharyngeal muscles goes through the ________ nerve (CN ___)
glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)
117
the motor information for the ___________ muscle (innervation from the CN IX) runs from the styloid process to the region of the _______.
stylopharyngess muscle
pharynx
118
the sensory information for the _________ is for taste in the CN IX
posterior 1/3 of the tongue
119
the motor information for the _____________ muscles are important muscles that control swallowing and speech in the CN IX
superior constrictor pharyngeal muscles
120
cranial nerve X is the ______ nerve and it comes off the brainstem as well as have a long, intricate network. It has ________ (sensory/motor/both) information coming in.
vagus nerve (CN X)
BOTH sensory and motor information
121
CN ___ is the longest, most complex nerve in the body. it goes form the _____ to the ______, and affects visceral organs. It is very important in this nervous system:
CN X (Vagus nerve)
from the brainstem to the abdomen
Autonomic nervous system (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system)
122
CN X (_____ nerve) is important in _________, some taste sensations (near epiglottis). It has a very diverse sensory/motor innervations in the ANS and ________ region.
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
speech/speaking
laryngeal area
123
cranial nerve XI (____________ nerves) comes off the brainstem to innervate the ___________ muscle. making it a _________ information carrier.
Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle
motor ONLY nerve
124
the accessory nerve (CN __) for the left innervates the ________ muscle.
the accessory nerve for the right innervates the _________ muscle.
it also innervates the ______ muscle, making it very unique.
CN XI (Accessory nerves)
left innervates the ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid muscle
right innervates the right/ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid
also innervates the trapezius muscle, making is very unique
125
Cranial nerve XII is _______ and provide ________________.
CN XII (Hypoglossal nerves)
provides innervations of muscles of the tongue (all except palatoglossus)
126
palaglossus is a muscle that runs from the __________ to the ______, the CN ___ provides innervation to this muscle.
palantine bone to the tongue
CN X provides innervation to this muscle
127
the CN XII is ___________ nerve is ________ information carriers.
hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)
motor ONLY
128
mnemonic to remember the cranial nerves:
"some say marry money, but my brother says big boobs matter more"
(s) sensory
(m) motor
(b) both
