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Psychology 301 > Brain and nerves system > Flashcards

Brain and nerves system Flashcards

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1
Q

Task of neuron

A
  • Receive(dendrites)
  • Integrate (body)
  • Transmit (axon)
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2
Q

Myelin function

A

It covers the neuron , protecting it from other neurons+speeds up the signal

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3
Q

Types of neurons

A
  • Afferent
  • Efferent
  • Inter-neurons
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4
Q

Afferent, efferent and inter-neurons: function

A
  • Afferent ( senses from organs to the brain)
  • Efferent ( from brain to glands and muscles)
  • Inter-neurons( Most neurons. Carry the signal between afferent and efferent neurons)
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5
Q

Explain the concept of mirror neurons

A

These brain cells activate when we see someone doing something. For example, when a chimpanzee sees its mother opening a nut with a rock and then tries to imitate her with another nut. Mirror neurons are related with emphatic, social and imitations behavior. They are a fundamental tool for learning.

Autistic people may have poor functioning MN -> difficulty with interacting with others

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6
Q

Glial cells - function

A

Support services, nutrition, remove waste, keep production of myelin

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7
Q

How neurons communicate

A

the action potential is transferred along the body to the axon-> synaptic gap->neurotransmitters->dendrite-> the transfer of action potential

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8
Q

How does the action potential transferred along the body of the neuron

A

At the resting rate neuron has slightly negative charge

- An incoming signal-> positive ions (Na)-> depolarize resting potential

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9
Q

Explain the term “re-uptake”

A

Neurotransmitters and the dendrite are like”lock and key”. When there is no right key to the neurotransmitters , they are reuptaken by the axon.
Example: cocaine blocks the re-uptake of dopamine-> you are high and happy

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10
Q

The role of agonist

A
  • Enhance and improve the action of transmission

- increase the availability of the neurotransmitters

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11
Q

The role of antagonist

A

-block the action of neurotransmitters(eg. anti-psychotic drugs -PROZAC)

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12
Q

Two types of human nervous system

A
  • central nervous system( brain 1.5 kg and s spinal cord)

- peripheral( everything,except the spinal cord and the brain)

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13
Q

Two types of peripheral nervous system and their functions

A
  • Somatic nervous system ( voluntary movements-eye, hands; sensory neurons-incoming messages; motor neurons
  • Autonomic NC (control of internal functions). Autonomic NC subdivides into 2 systems as well: sympathetic(activates) and parasympathetic(calms down)
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14
Q

How many lobes we have in the brain?

A

8( 4 in each hemisphere): frontal,parietal(темянная), temporal(височная), occipital (затылочная)

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15
Q

Medulla: characteristics

A
  • The lowest part of the brain

- Functions( heart-rate ,breathing, orgasm,choking,swallowing)

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16
Q

Pons: characteristics

A
  • Higher than medulla
  • relays messages for movement
  • sleep cycles
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17
Q

Cerebellum: characteristics

A
  • Behind the ears
  • Balance, posture
  • Coordination,movement
  • Regulates every day movement
  • Sensitive to drugs and alcohol
  • Role in the habit formation
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18
Q

Brain stem: components from the lowest to the closest to the brain

A

Medulla, pons, Cerebellum( all others components are not included)

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19
Q

Reticular formation: characteristics

A
  • A structure in the brain stem
  • Attention,arousal(if damaged->coma)
  • activate higher areas of the brain
  • Filters out low level messages
  • Not matured until adolescence
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20
Q

Thalamus: characteristics

A
  • Just above the brain stem

- All the senses go through it, except the smell

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21
Q

Hypothalamus: characteristics

A
  • Works automatically
  • Hunger
  • Regulates basic drives
  • Sex
  • Thirst
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22
Q

The limbic system : characteristics

A
  • A set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the cerebrum.
  • structures: amygdala (alarm system: we act before we think, emotional center of the brain)
  • Includes other structures as well
  • Damage: difficulty in understanding the emotions, tone of voice, etc.
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23
Q

Hippocampus: characteristics

A
  • A part of the lymbic system
  • Memory formation. It takes short term memories in ling-term memory
  • takes new memories
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24
Q

Cerebral cortex- doing part, cerebrum-association areas(thinking area). True or false?

A

True. For example, the occipital lobe-vision

When cerebrum is the most ‘human part’.-what we normally think

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25
What is the name of the bridge , connecting two hemispheres?
The corpus collosum
26
Frontal lobe association:functions
- Thinking - Impulse control - Planning for the future - Emotions
27
Where is the motor cortex and its function
- In the back of the frontal lobe | - Controls voluntary movement( fine and gross motor)
28
Broca's area: place and function
- Left of the frontal lobe - Speaking area. - Broca's aphesia-understand the words, but cant speak
29
Who is Phineas Gage?
The guy with the changed character after the damage of the frontal lobe
30
What cortex does parietal lobe contains?
Somatory-sensory cortex
31
Somatory-sensory cortex; function
- Touch,pressure,temperature,pain | - Left and right are wired to the opposite sides
32
Damage of the parietal lobe:consequences
Cannot tell the difference between two textures | -Can adopt to needs( blinded people have much more developed parietal lobe)
33
The occipital lobe( what cortex, characteristics, eyes, etc.)
- Primary visual cortex - The eye has two different sides( left and right).The left side of two eyes go to the right side and vice versa.Thus, each eye is connected to both lobes - Association areas hold memories of past visual experience
34
Temporal lobe:function
- Hearing - Comprehension for spoken and written words - Unscramble sound into recognizable words
35
Wernicke's area: place and function
- Temporal lobe | - Language development
36
``` D D D D DDDDDD ```
Left side of the temporal lobe is more picky and sees bunch of Ds Right side is interested in the whole picture- letter L
37
Difference in specialization of left and right hemispheres
-Each hemisphere has its unique function( Lateralization) -Left :verbal,listening,talking,analysis,step-by-step, math, logic Right: non-verbal,puts words in context,facial recognition,art,music,puzzles.If damaged, cannot recognize sarcasm and jokes
38
Describe the term 'split brain'
The case with air port | Left-speaking, right mute, controlling the opposite site of the body
39
Where and when the handedness developed?
- Before birth .in female X chromosome. | - You can use different sides for feet, hands and eyes(mixed laterality)
40
Forced change of handedness: consequences
Speech impairment
41
advantages of being left-handed
- More math | - Post-stroke recovery
42
Four types of studying the brain
- MRI( reveals the brain structure, Functional MRI looks at the brain in action) - Electroencephalogram: measures waves - CT-scan. Rotating X-rays. Cross sectional view of the brain. - PET-scan. Brain activity, using radioactive isotopes or oxygen with low radioactivity inhaled. Shows how the brain consumes glucose and oxygen
43
What types of waves does our brain emit?
- alfa waves:relaxing,but still awake - delta waves( in sleep disorder). during deep-sleep stage - and 2 others ;)
44
Brain plasticity: best age, gender
- Brain can compensate itself after the damage - Recovers best under 13 years old - Plasticity favors women
45
Gender differences in the brain( 4 main concepts)
- Evolutionary forces( man-hunter, woman-caregiver) - Structural differences( women have thicker corpus collosum-> more emotionally aware and more scared) - Males and females approach the problem differently - Limblic response
46
Endocrine system: key features
- Produced in glands, targets the tissue in the other part of the body - Can be transported very quickly,because uses the bloodstream or lymph
47
Pituitary gland(master gland):place, function
- Release hormones that activates other glands - Growth hormone - Base of the brain
48
Thyroid gland: place, function
- Neck - Too much(hyper):nervous,thin( the metabolism is very high) - Too little(hypo):sluggish(slow-moving),overweight
49
Pineal: place, function
- Brain | - Melatonin producer. Regulates Sleep Rhytm (darkness release melatonin)
50
Adrenal glands:place,function
-On the kidney -Turned on by ACTH -Produce epinephrine and Norepinephrine: activates the sympathetic nervous system
51
Females glands and what they produce
Ovaries: Estrogen and progesterone
52
The hormone that regulates menstrual cycle
FSH( follicle stimulating hormone)
53
Maintain gestation : explain the concept
It regulate the pregnancy period( around 9 month)
54
What chemical is low during PMS?
Serotonin levels as the result anxiety,depression and fluid retention
55
What sexual gland in males, the hormone it produces and its function
Testes produce testosterone: sperm count,sexual maternity, prenatal sexual differentiation
56
Anabolic steroids are
artificial testosterone
57
Hormone produced in hypothalamus:characteristics
Oxytocin: love hormone. - Produced in the hypothalamus, released by the pituitary - Social bonding for both sexes: promotes pro-social behavior. - During sexual activity, oxytocin is released - Intensity of orgasm - Linked to stress reduction
58
Action potential
The sudden reversal of the resting potential, a reversal that initiates the firing of neuron
59
Resting potential
The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, about 70 millivolts
60
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that are released into the synaptic cleft from the axon terminal of the sending neuron, cross the synapse, and bind to appropriate receptors on the dendrites or cell body of the receiving neuron, influencing the cell either to fire or not to fire
61
Synapse
The junction where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft
62
Motor cortex
The strip of tissue at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary body movement
63
Hormones
Substances manufactured and released in one part of the body that affect other parts of the body
64
Gonads
Sexual glands
65
"Fight or flight "
The fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute stress response, refers to a physiological reaction that occurs in the presence of something that is terrifying, either mentally or physically. The term 'fight-or-flight' represents the choices that our ancient ancestors had when faced with a danger in their environment. They could either fight or flee. In either case, the physiological and psychological response to stress prepares the body to react to the danger.
66
Pancreas
Insulin, glucagon,digestive enzymes
67
Adoption study method
A method researchers use to study the relative effects of heredity and environment on behavior and ability in children who are adopted shortly after birth, by comparing them with their biological and adoptive parents.
68
Dominant and non-dominant gene
Dominant- the gene expressed in the individual | Non-dominant - not revealed

Psychology 301 (5 decks)

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