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Psychological disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Criteria you can consider when you identify abnormal behavior

A
  • What is normal within the person’s culture?
  • Does the abnormal behavior cause the personal distress?
  • Is the behavior maladaptive?
  • Is a person a danger to self or others?
  • Legally responsible for own acts
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2
Q

5 Causes of psychological disorders

A 
-biological, 
psychodynamic,
learning, 
cognitive, 
humanistic.
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3
Q

Explain biological cause

A

Disorder is a symptom of an underlying
physical disorder caused by a structural or biochemical
abnormality in the brain, by genetic inheritance, or by
infection.

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4
Q

Explain psychodynamic perspective

A

Psychological disorders stem from early childhood
experiences; unresolved unconscious sexual or
aggressive conflicts; and/or imbalance among the id,
ego, and superego

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5
Q

Explain learning causes

A

Abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are learned
and sustained like any other behaviours, or there is a
failure to learn appropriate behaviours.

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6
Q

Explain cognitive causes

A

Faulty and negative thinking can cause psychological

disorders.

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7
Q

Explain humanistic perspective

A

Psychological disorders result from blocking of the normal

tendency toward self-actualization.

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8
Q

What is DSM?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

  • Enables professionals to speak same language when diagnosing, treating, researching, conversing about variety of psychological disorders.
  • Describes 300 mental disorders
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9
Q

What is neurosis ?

A

An obsolete term for a disorder
causing
personal distress and some impairment in functioning
but not causing one to lose contact with reality or to violate
important social norms.

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10
Q

What is psychosis?

A

A severe psychological disorder, sometimes
requiring hospitalization, in which one typically loses
contact with reality, suffers delusions and/or hallucinations, and
has a seriously impaired ability to function in everyday life.

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11
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Anxiety is a vague, general uneasiness or feeling that something
bad is about to happen

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12
Q

What is the most widespread category of mental disorders in Canada, influencing 12 % of the population

A

Anxiety disorders + obsessive-compulsive + related disorders

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13
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

A
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorders
  • Panic attack
  • Panic Disorder
  • Phobias
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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14
Q

Characterize Generalized Anxiety Disorders

A

-Diagnosis if excessive anxiety and worry difficult to control.( worrying about week,money, when because of the anxiety you cannot sleep or concentrate)

  • Symptoms:trembling, palpitations, sweating, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, frequent urination.
  • Many more women than men affected
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15
Q

What is panic attack?

A

Attacks of overwhelming anxiety, fear, terror

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16
Q

Is panic attack and panic disorder the same?

A

People who have recurring panic attacks may be diagnosed

with panic disorder.

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17
Q

The correlation of panic disorder and genetic?

A

Genetics play role in panic disorders

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18
Q

What is a phobia and three types of phobias

A

Persistent, irrational
fear of some specific object, situation, or activity that poses
no real danger.
Types: agoraphobia, social and special

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19
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

An intense fear
of being in a situation where immediate escape is not possible
or help would not be readily available in case of incapacitating
anxiety. They escape streets, restaurants and often do not leave the home without the friend if at all

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20
Q

What is social phobia?

A

An irrational fear and avoidance of social
situations
in which people believe they might embarrass
or humiliate themselves by appearing clumsy, foolish, or
incompetent.

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21
Q

1/3 of people who have social phobia are afraid of

A

Public speaking only

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22
Q

Those who have social phobia have a higher incidence of

A

Drug use

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23
Q

What is a specific phobia?

A

A catch-all category for any phobias other

than agoraphobia and social phobia.

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24
Q

The categories
of specific phobias, in order of frequency of occurrence, are
as follows:

A

(1) situational phobias (fear of elevators, airplanes,
enclosed places)
(2) fear of the natural environment (storms, water, heights);
(3) animal phobias (fear of dogs, snakes, insects, or mice); and
(4) blood-injection-injury phobia (fear of seeing blood or an
injury, or of receiving an injection).

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25
What are some causes for phobias?
- Heredity - Observational learning ( when you learn from the unpleasant experience from you parents, for instance) - Conditioning( you were bitten by a dog->after you are afraid of dogs)
26
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
An anxiety disorder in | which a person suffers from obsessions and/or compulsions
27
What is obsession?
Persistent, recurring, involuntary thoughts, images, or impulses that invade consciousness and cause great distress.
28
Define compulsion
A persistent, irresistible, irrational urge to perform | an act or ritual repeatedly.
29
Causes of OCD
- Autoimmune disease,early step infection, changes in the brain - Genes affecting serotonin level
30
Twin studies about OCD suggest what cause
-Genetics
31
What is somatic syndrome disorder? and two types of somatic form disorder?
involve bodily symptoms that cannot be explained by known medical conditions. Hypochondria and conversion disorder
32
Explain illness anxiety disorder and its other name
Another name-hypochondriasis They are preoccupied with the fear that their bodily symptoms are a sign of some serious disease, but their symptoms are not usually consistent with known physical disorders.
33
Explain Conversion disorder
``` A loss of motor or sensory functioning in some part of the body that (a) is not due to a physical cause and (b) solves a psychological problem ```
34
What is dissociative disorder
The consciousness becomes dissociated either from their identity or from their memories of important personal events. Provide a mental escape from intolerable circumstances.
35
Three types of dissociative disorders
- Amnesia - Dissociative fugue( loss of the entire identity, travels away from home) - Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personalities)
36
What is amnesia in the context of dissociative disorders
A complete or partial loss of the ability to recall personal information or identify past experiences that cannot be attributed to ordinary forgetfulness or substance use. -No physical cause, rather traumatic experience
37
Dissociative identity disorder ( DID) characteristic
-Two or more distinct, unique personalities exist in the same individual -Host personality has executive control of body most times .•Alter personalities may differ radically even in gender, age, sexual orientation. •Trauma as cause, way to cope , escape from memories
38
What are some social aspects with schizophrenia? how many people are affected? When does it usually start?
Affects one person in a hundred. •Begins in adolescence or early adulthood. •Social disruption and misery for sufferers and their families
39
Why schizophrenia is considered one of the most serious psychological diseases?
Because it involves a lot of symptoms and usually people cannot picture themselves how schizophrenic thinks
40
Two categories of schizophrenic symptoms?
Positive | Negative
41
Name positive symptoms for schizophrenia and why they called like that
- Because they are present - Includes hallucinations( imaginary sensations) , delusions( false beliefs, not shared by anybody else in the culture), ``` disorganized thinking and speech, grossly disorganized ( inappropriate sexual behavior, shouting, swearing) ``` or inappropriate affect(facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures not reflecting emotion expected
42
Two types of delusions and their characteristic
-delusions of grandeur may believe they are a famous person delusions of persecution have the false notion that some person or agency is trying to harass, cheat, spy on, conspire against, injure, kill, or in some other way harm them.
43
What is negative symptom of schizophrenia
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia involve a loss of or deficiency in thoughts and behaviours that are characteristic in normal functioning.
44
What are the examples of negative symptoms?
Flat affect/apathy:no usual emotional response; robotic. •Social withdrawal; loss of motivation; slow speech; poor hygiene; limited speech; lack of goal-directed activity; poor problem-solving skills
45
What are is more severe positive or negative symptoms?
Negative
46
What are brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia ?
Low activity levels in frontal lobes .•Defects in neural circuitry. * Reduced volume in hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, front lobe grey matter. * Abnormal lateralization of brain functions
47
Four types of schizophrenia.Are they still used in clinical DSM-5?
-Catatonic Schizophrenia. ( a statue for a long time) * Disorganized Schizophrenia.(social withdrawal,hallucinations, silliness) * Paranoid Schizophrenia.( delusions of grandeur or persecution) * Undifferentiated Schizophrenia( all others symptoms) They are not used already.
48
Causes of schizophrenia
-Genetics * Diathesis-stress model(Genetic inheritance plus highly stressful environmental conditions.) * Excessive dopamine activity and/or other neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA). * Gender: more men than women have schizophrenia
49
What is mood disorder?
Disorders characterized by extreme and unwarranted disturbances in feeling or mood, which can include depressive or manic episodes, or both.
50
What is major depressive disorder
A mood disorder characterized by feelings of great sadness, despair, guilt, worthlessness, hopelessness, and, in extreme cases, suicidal intentions.
51
The difference between psychotic depression and dysthymia
Psychotic depression: delusions, hallucinations. •Persistent depressive disorder (dysthmia) : milder but chronic
52
What is seasonal affective disorder( SAD)
Seasonal affective disorder | : depression triggered by seasons, light deficiency- depression in winter
53
What is bipolar disorder?
A mood disorder in which manic episodes (excessive euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild optimism, and hyperactivity) alternate with periods of depression, usually with relatively normal periods in between
54
Suggested causes for major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
Biological Causes * Genetic inheritance, brain chemistry. * Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine. * Cognitive causes:Depression from distortions in thinking
55
What is personality disorders?
Enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour, deviating from cultural expectations. * Inflexible; onset in adolescence or early adulthood; stable. * Leads to distress or impairment
56
Claster A of personal disorders
Paranoid( extreme suspicious) .•Schizoid.(isolation and lack of emotional bond) •Schizotypal ( unusual appearance or thought patterns)
57
Claster B of personal disorders
Erratic, overall dramatic behavior, increased risk of suicide -Narcissistic.( a strong desire to be in the center of attention), lack a concern for others. •Histrionic. The same as Narcissistic •Borderline.( fear of abandonment, tend to harm themselves after breaking up with the ex) •Antisocial.( disregards feelings of others,manipulative)
58
Cluster C: characteristics
Anxious, fearful behaviours •Obsessive-compulsive.( perfectionism, relationships are emotionally shallow) •Avoidant.( fears criticism,rejection) •Dependent( dependent on advice or approval from others)
59
Two types of sexual disorders
- Sexual dysfunction | - Paraphilias
60
What is sexual dysfunction
Persistent or recurrent problems causing marked distress and interpersonal difficulty.
61
Male sexual dysfunction
inability to have or sustain erection for coitus
62
Female orgasmic disorder
persistent inability to reach orgasm.
63
Paraphilia - definition
Recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, behaviours involving children, other non-consenting partners, nonhuman objects, suffering, humiliation
64
What is gender dysphoria?
-Difficulties accepting one’s identity as male or female. | •Genetic influence.

Psychology 301 (5 decks)

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