Brain and nervous system Flashcards

(81 cards)

1
Q

Neuron

A

A specialized cell in the nervous system accumulates and transmits information

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2
Q

What are the different parts of the neuron?

A

dendrites -> cell body -> axon and the nodes of ranvier and myelin sheath

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3
Q

How many neurons are in the human body?

A

100 billion about

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4
Q

What is the size range of neuron cell bodies?

A

5 to 100 micron in diameter

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5
Q

What is the longest axon in the human?

A

those of motor neurons which transmit neural impulses from the brain to the muscles

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6
Q

Efferent nuerons

A

nerves that carry messages outward from the central nervovus systems
So the motor neurons carry efferent signals

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7
Q

afferent neurons

A

nerves that carry messages inward toward the CNS

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8
Q

What makes up 99% of the brain’s neurons?

A

projection neurons and interneurons

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9
Q

what are projection neurons?

A

they link one area of the CNS to ome other areas, usually with long axons

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10
Q

what are interneurons

A

make local connections from one neuron to another with usually short axons

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11
Q

What is the form of carb that feeds the neurons?

A

Lactate

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12
Q

What does the glial cells do?

A

1) holding neurons in place
2) provide nourishment to the neurons and controlling the supply
3) sensitive to activity levels and increase blood flow when necessary
4) help with development and migration of neurons
5) create myelin

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13
Q

What is the neuron’s resting potential?

A

-70 mV and this is the difference between the inside and the outside of a neuronal membrane when the neuron is not firing

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14
Q

What is the excitation threshold in mammals?

A

-55mV

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15
Q

How the neuron maintain this difference in potential?

A

different concentration of ions through things like the ion pumps that move more (3) sodium ions out of the cell than potassium ion into the cell. (3:2)
ion channels also help because the ion pumps keep a high concentration of K+ inside the cell, they will diffuse out of the channel

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16
Q

what happens when there is stimulation for action potential?

A

The sodium ion channels open and there is an influx of positive Na ions which depolarizes the membrane

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17
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The time after an action potential during hich a neuron’s cell membrane is unprepared doe the next action potential

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18
Q

What the speed of propagation without myelin

A

1 meter per second

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19
Q

What is the speed of propagation with myelin sheaths?

A

120 meters per second

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20
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

when the brain’s own muelinatoin breaks down because of auto immune response

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21
Q

How to tell the difference between weak or strong signals if there is the all or non law

A

rate of firing, the number of neurons being excited

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22
Q

What is the highest rate of firing in the human body

A

1000 impulses per second

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23
Q

what is the trade off of chemical transmission at the synapses

A

there is slower rate but there is added adcantage of having more neurons to communicate and integrate different pieces of information
can have both inhibitory and excitatory signals
Also can summate different weak signals to push over the threshold

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24
Q

What is Otto Loewi’s experiment

A

The frog heart showed that there mus be chemical trnsmission going on

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25
Ach
usually at the muscles and can make muscle fibers contract
26
serotonin
sleep mood and arousal
27
GABA
most common inhibitory neurotrasmitter
28
Glutamate
the major excitatory neurotransmitter, important for learning and memory
29
Norepinephrine
arousal level, wakefulness, learning and memory
30
Dopamine
Influences movement, motivation and emotion
31
What does the lock and key model help with?
Selectivity of signals, exact shape of the neurotransmitter must match the receptor
32
What are agonist
drugs that enhance a neurotransmitter's activity
33
Antagonist
drugs tat impede the activity of a neurotransmitter
34
blood-brain barrier
specialized membranes that surround the blood vessels within the brain and filter harmful chemicals out of the brain;s blood supply
35
Endocrine gland: anterior pituitary
master gland
36
Endocrine: posterior pituitary
prevents loss of water through kidneys
37
endocrine: thyroid
affects metabolic rate
38
endocrine: islet cells in pancreas
utilization of glucose
39
endocrine: adrenal cortex
response to stress, metabolism, immunity and sexual behaviour
40
endocrine: adrenal medulla
increases sugar ouput of liver and stimulates the internal organs
41
endocrine: ovaries
estrogen produces female sex characteristics and proesterone is important for prep of the uterus
42
endocrine: testes
Produces the male sex characteristics
43
what is the difference between communication by neurons and hormones
hormones slower and inside the blood and have prolonged effects
44
What is similar between neurons and hromones
Both have target destinations and both have some form of chemical messenger
45
What part of pHineas Gage's brain was injured?
Frontal lobes and he suffered from aphasia (disruption of language use)
46
What is TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation uses repeated magnetic stimulation at the surface of the skull to temp stimulate or disable a target brain region
47
limitation of tms
only areas near surface
48
What is ERP
Event related potential which is the electrical changes in the brain the correspond to the brain response to a specific event (EEG)
49
What are the two main parts of the PNS
somatic and autonomic nervous system
50
What is in the somativ system
controls the skeletal muscle and transmits sensory information
51
what are the two parts of the autonomic system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
52
what is the main function of the autonomic system
internal organ control
53
Sympathetic vs parasympathetic
Sym is the branch responsible for physical exertion and para is for peace, resting state and conserve energy
54
What is the brain stem
Has the medulla which is important for breathing for blood circulation, balance and coordination, and head orientationand limb positions the pons are for attentiveness and the timing of sleep and dreaming
55
function of cerebellum
Balance and coordination, spatial reasoning, discriminating sound and integrating visual input
56
midbrain and thalamus
relay stations for directing info to the forebrain but midbrain also for pain experience and modulating mood and motivation
57
what is the largest part of the brain
forebrain
58
what is the outer layer of the forebrain
cerebral cortex | 3mm thick but because it is crumbled theres actually a lot of SA
59
What is the groove tht divides the brain up into two cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
60
What the central fissue define
divide frontal lobe on each side of hte brain from the parietal lobe
61
What the lateral fissure
bottom edge of the frontal lobe and top edge of temporal edge
62
a) front of the brain b) top back c) bottom front d) bottom back
a) frontal lobe b) partietal lobe c) temporal lobe d) occipital
63
hypothalamus
directly under the thalamus | role in controlling motivated behvaiours
64
limbic system
hypothalamus, amygdala, etc
65
amygdala
connected to the hippo and is important for modulating emotional reactions
66
Hippocampus
pivotal for learning and memory
67
What is lateralization
functional difference between two cerebral hemispheres
68
Commissures
thick bundles of fibers that carry information back and forth between the two hemispheres
69
Largest commisure?
Corpus callosom
70
What are projection areas
areas in which the brain tissue seems to form a map of sensory information
71
What are the three main types of tissues in the cerebral cortex
sensory, motor and association area
72
contralateral control
left brain to right body and vice versa
73
apraxia:
damage in the frontal lobe can cause disturbance in beginning or carrying out voluntary action
74
visual agnosia
the inability to recognize a stimulus despite the ability to see it and describe it usually damage to the occiptal cortex or the back part of the parietal cortex
75
neglect syndrome
right parietal lobe lesions that leaves the patient inattetive to stimuli on her left.
76
aphasia
disorder of the language: two types: production of speech or the comprehension of speech
77
Broca's areas
in the frontal lobe and speech production
78
Wernicke's area
auditory primary projection border and deals with speech comprehension and in the temporal area
79
What is the function of the prefontal area
involved in working memory, strategy formation and response inhibition
80
executive control
processes that override habit response to allow brain to direct
81
What is perservation in wisconsin card sorting task
Continues to repeat wrong order despite feedback