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System operations > Brain bleeds/strokes > Flashcards

Brain bleeds/strokes Flashcards

Epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hematoma, intracerebral hemorrhage, strokes, Cushing's triad

1
Q

What causes an epidural hematoma

A
  • Head trauma
  • MCI
  • Falls
  • Assault
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2
Q

What is the most common artery affect in epidural hematomas

A

Middle meningeal artery

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3
Q

Signs and symptoms of an epidural hematoma

A
  • Brief post-traumatic LOC followed by a lucid period
  • Decrease in LOC (over the next 24 hours)
  • Ipsilateral pupil dilation
  • Dilated pupils (compressed oculomotor nerve)
  • Increased ICP (compressing brain stem)
  • N/V
  • Severe headache
  • Hemiparesis
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4
Q

What type of bleed is an epidural hematoma

A

Arterial bleed

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5
Q

Where is the bleed located in an epidural hematoma

A

Blood collects in the space between the dura and inner layer of the skull.

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6
Q

What kind of bleed is a subdural hematoma

A
  • venous bleed
  • Diffuse bleed
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7
Q

What causes subdural hematomas

A

blunt trauma

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8
Q

Where does blood collect in a subdural hematoma

A

Between the dura and the arachnoid mater in the subdural space.

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9
Q

What are the 3 different types of subdural hematoma

A
  1. Acute: symptoms occur in 24 hours
  2. Subacute: symptoms occur in 2-10 days
  3. Chronic: symptoms occur after 2 weeks
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10
Q

Signs and symptoms of a subdural hematoma

12

A
  • Headache
  • Unilateral pupil dilation
  • Hypertension
  • Altered breathing pattern
  • Dizziness
  • N/V
  • Decreased level of consciousness
  • Coma
  • Abnormal posturing
  • Paralysis
  • Fever
  • In infants: bulging fontanelles
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11
Q

What population is at an increased risk of developing a subdural hematoma

A
  • older adults
  • Alcoholics
  • People on anticoagulant therapy
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12
Q

What causes subarachnoid hemorrhages

A

Trauma and ruptured intracranial aneurysms

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13
Q

Where does blood collect in a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Space between the pia and arachnoid membranes in the subarachnoid space.

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14
Q

What type/location of aneurysm is the most common cause for a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Berry aneurysm, located in the the Circle of Willis

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15
Q

Signs and symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A
  • Sudden onset of severe headache (“thunderclap headache”)
  • LOC
  • N/V, projectile vomiting (due to squeezing of the hypothalamus)
  • Neck stiffness
  • Photophobia
  • Seizures
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16
Q

When does symptom onset usually begin in a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Activities that increases blood pressure (excercise, sex, defecation)

17
Q

What is the common cause of intracerebral hematoma

A

Cerebral contusion

18
Q

What are complications of a intracerebral hematoma

5

A
  • Compressed brain structures
  • Cerebral edema
  • Increased ICP
  • Herniation
  • Death
19
Q

Signs and symptoms of intracerebral hematoma

A
  • Stroke symptoms
  • headache
  • Focal neurological deficits
  • n/v
  • Seizures
  • Rapid deterioration
20
Q

What is cushing’s triad (ICP)

A

Bradycardia, hypertension (widening pulse pressure), irregular respirations

21
Q

Signs and symptoms of thrombotic and embolic ischemic strokes

A
  • seizures
  • Aphasia
  • Dysphagia
  • Slurred speach
  • Diplopia
  • Ipsilateral pupil dilation
  • Paresis
  • Facial droop
  • Weakness of extremities
  • Confusion
  • Paralysis
22
Q

What is the LAMS score

A
  • Facial droop: Absent (0), present (1)
  • Arm drift: Absent (0), drift (1), falls (2)
  • Grip: Normal (0), weak (1), none (2)
  • Lams equal to or above 4 is considered a large vessel occlusion.
23
Q

Risk factors of thrombotic ischemic strokes

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • High cholesterol
  • Stress
  • Sedentary life style
  • Smoking
  • Birth control pill
24
Q

Risk factors of embolic ischemic stroke

A
  • Atrial fibrilation
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Valvular disease
  • Endocarditis
  • Prosthetic valves
25
Q

Which artery is most often affected in embolic ischemic strokes

A

Middle cerebral artery

26
Q

What is a TIA

A

Short episode (less than 24 hours) of temporary impairment that is caused by an interruption of blood supply.

27
Q

Signs and symptoms of basal skull fracture

A
  • CSF leakage from ear or nose (clear rinf od fluid around the blood)
  • Postauricular ecchymosis (mastoid bruising)
  • Periorbital ecchymoosis (raccon eyes)

System operations (12 decks)

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