Brain Cells

Question 1

Neuron

Answer 1

Brain Cells which sense changes in the environment, communicate this to other neurons and cells and finally decides on the bodies response

Question 2

Glial Cell

Answer 2

Supporting brain cells which insulate and support Neurons

Question 3

Histology

Answer 3

The Study of tissues and cells via a microscope

Question 4

Nissl Stain

Answer 4

Dye used to stain the cell body of Neurons

Question 5

cytoarchitecture

Answer 5

the arrangement of neurons all over the brain

Question 6

FormalAldehyde

Answer 6

Chemical compounds with formula H−CHO, when used on a brain it will harden it, making it easier to study via microscope

Question 7

Microtome

Answer 7

Device used to slice brain very thinly

Question 8

Golgi Stain

Answer 8

Staining method that completely stains a small fraction of neurons allowing the whole cell to be examined

Question 9

soma

Answer 9

Also called cell body and Perikaryon.
20 micrometers in diameter
filled with cytosol and organelles

Question 10

Neuron Doctrine

Answer 10

neurons communicate by contact not continuity. Thus they are not an exception to cell theory, this was proven by studies with an electron microscope

Question 11

Nucleus

Answer 11

Location of DNA. Gene expression influenced by transcription factors leading to many different forms of cells

Question 12

Transcription and Translation

Answer 12

Process of converting genetic material into functional proteins

Question 13

Genome

Answer 13

Entire length of DNA

Question 14

Genetic Engineering

Answer 14

Artificially mutating DNA to observe it’s effects on a test subject

Question 15

Knock Out Mice

Answer 15

A specific gene is removed from the genome of these mice so they can study the effect of this gene. Often used to study progression of diseases

Question 16

transgenic mice

Answer 16

New genes are introduced and overexpressed

Question 17

Knock In mice

Answer 17

A specific gene is implanted into the genome of these mice so they can study the effect of this gene. Often used to study progression of diseases

Question 18

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 18

RER
Makes proteins, thus very important for brain function and are very numerous in neurons.
Also make proteins for external use

Question 19

Free ribosomes

Answer 19

Sites of protein synthesis, especially for proteins that will be used internally

Question 20

Polyribosomes

Answer 20

Strings of free ribosomes producing the same proteins

Question 21

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 21

SER
regulates internal cell condition (eg Ca2+ ion levels)

Question 22

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 22

Sorts proteins depending on end purpose

Question 23

Mitochondrion

Answer 23

Convert ADP to ATP via cellular respiration
1 micrometer
super super important for neurons

Question 24

Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 24

ATP
energy currency within cells

Question 25

Neuronal Membrane

Answer 25

barrier around neuron to separate cytoplasm with extracellular fluid. Rich in proteins for communication and cell maintenance

Question 26

Cytoskeleton

Answer 26

Scaffolding of a neuron Consists of microtubules, microfilaments and neurofilaments

Question 27

Microtubules

Answer 27

big hollow pipes issues with this are associated with alzheimers

Question 28

Microfilaments

Answer 28

small braid consisting of 2 actin strands, work like a spiders web and are constantly rebuilt and changed

Question 29

Neurofilaments

Answer 29

Long proteins, work as the bones of the cell

Question 30

Axon

Answer 30

One is found on each Neuron, where outgoing messages are sent from. Consists of axon hillock, axon collaterals, and axon terminal Contains no ribosomes so proteins must be transported to it Also has unique composition of membrane proteins Pre synaptic portion

Question 31

Axon Hillock

Answer 31

initial segment of axon, where IPSPS and EPSPS summate

Question 32

Axon Collaterals

Answer 32

Branches of Axon that spread to various parts of nervous system

Question 33

Axon Terminal

Answer 33

Where Nt Vesicles are released. Microtubules are not present dense covering of proteins on membrane many mitochondria

Question 34

anterograde transport

Answer 34

Soma to Axon

Question 35

Retrograde transport

Answer 35

Axon to Soma

Question 36

Synapse

Answer 36

Point of connection between 2 neurons

Question 37

Presynaptic cell

Answer 37

Cell sending message

Question 38

Postsynaptic cell

Answer 38

Cell receiving cell

Question 39

Synaptic Transmission

Answer 39

Process of turning an electrical message to a chemical one back to an electrical one

Question 40

Synaptic cleft

Answer 40

place where NT diffuse across

Question 41

Neurotransmitters

Answer 41

Chemical messengers inside the brain. Released by vesicles in presynaptic cell into synaptic cleft where they diffuse across before binding to receptors on the post synaptic cell to induce an electrical message

Question 42

Axoplasmic transport

Answer 42

Movement of materials like proteins from the soma to axon. Materials bundled in a vesicle which is then moved by a protein called Kinesin

Question 43

Neurites

Answer 43

collect term for dendrites and axons

Question 44

Dendrite

Answer 44

Attenae of neurons. They receive messages from neighbouring cells. Branches in many directions to recieve many messages. Covered in thousands of synapses and even more receptors

Question 45

Dendritic Tree

Answer 45

All dendrites of a specific cell

Question 46

Dendritic Spines

Answer 46

isolate chemical reactions. Issues with these has a strong link to cognitive impairments and intellectual disability.

Question 47

Unipolar

Answer 47

Neuron with one neurite

Question 48

Bipolar

Answer 48

Neuron with two nuerites

Question 49

Multipolar

Answer 49

Neuron with many neurites

Question 50

Classification based on dendrites

Answer 50

Specific to brain location so there are many

Question 51

Spiny

Answer 51

Neurons with dendritic spines

Question 52

Aspinous

Answer 52

Neurons without dendritic spines

Question 53

primary sensory neurons

Answer 53

cells connected to sensory information

Question 54

motor neurons

Answer 54

cells that control muscles and movement

Question 55

interneurons

Answer 55

neurons only connected to other neurons

Question 56

Cholinergic neurons

Answer 56

Neurons that release Acetylcholine, this includes most cells involved in movement

Question 57

Astrocytes

Answer 57

Most common glia cell regulate chemical content in extracellular space and clean up excess NTs via specialised proteins

Question 58

Oliodendrogial Cells

Answer 58

Glia cell Compose the myelin sheath allowing propagation of nerve impulses located in CNS

Question 59

Schwann Cells

Answer 59

Glia cells Compose the myelin sheath allowing propagation of nerve impulses located in PNS

Question 60

Ependymal cells

Answer 60

line fluid filled ventricles big for brain development

Question 61

Microglia

Answer 61

Work as phagocytes within the brain