brain, skeleton, NTD, lung specific

Question 1

brachycephaly association

Answer 1

trisomy 21

round, short head

BPD increases GA

Question 2

dolichocephaly BPD __ GA

Answer 2

decreases

long, narrow head

Question 3

strawberry sign head association

Answer 3

trisomy 18

Question 4

lemon sign head association

Answer 4

spina bifida

bilat concavity of front head

Question 5

cloverleaf skull association

Answer 5

isolated OR skeletal dysplasia

aka craniosynostosis

Question 6

spalding sign head association

Answer 6

fetal demise

flattened, misshapen head with overlapping sutures

Question 7

neural tube fuses by __ GA

Answer 7

6w

Question 8

encephaly aka

Answer 8

cranial NTDs

Question 9

absence of calvarium (skull) with presence of varying amounts of brain tissue

Answer 9

exencephaly

severe open NTD

++ MSAFP, acetylcholinesterase

Question 10

absence of calvarium (skull) and forebrain

Answer 10

anencephaly

severe open NTD

++ MSAFP, acetylcholinesterase

Question 11

anencephaly = failure of neural tube to close at __ end

Answer 11

cephalic

Question 12

anencephaly associations

Answer 12

myeloschisis/ rachiscisis

Question 13

anencephaly vs. acephaly

Answer 13

acephaly is absence of whole head

anencephaly is absence of forebrain and skull

Question 14

brain tissue through fissure in occiput so brain and spinal cord occupy a single cavity

Answer 14

iniencephaly

Question 15

iniencephaly = defect in occipital bone with enlarged ++

Answer 15

foramen magnum

Question 16

which encephaly will demonstrate cervical hyperextension and difficulty locating T and C spinal components

Answer 16

iniencephaly

Question 17

herniation of brain tissue via defect in skull; can be symmetrical or asymmetrical, open or closed

Answer 17

encephalocele

Question 18

cause for asymmetric encephalocele

Answer 18

amniotic band syndrome

Question 19

encephalocele with polydactyly and a form of renal cystic dysplasia

Answer 19

meckel-gruber syndrome

ddx trisomy 13

Question 20

what is the communication between the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the fetal brain

Answer 20

cerebral aqueduct

Question 21

CPC usually normal and regress, but associated with trisomy __

Answer 21

18

Question 22

general term for enlargement of cerebral ventricles

Answer 22

ventriculomegaly

Question 23

normal lat vent measurement

Answer 23

<10mm

Question 24

enlarged ventricle allowing choroid plexus to move toward gravity dependent portion of the brain

Answer 24

dangling choroid sign

Question 25

what is the normal angle of the choroid plexus

Answer 25

20-25 ^

Question 26

dangling choroid sign associated with __

Answer 26

hydrocephalus due to obstruciton

Question 27

ventricular dilatation due to obstruction between site of CSF production and absorption

Answer 27

hydrocephalus

Question 28

one of the most common causes for hydrocephalus

Answer 28

aqueductal stenosis

Question 29

sono features of aqueductal stenosis

Answer 29

dilated lat vent and 3rd vent normal 4th vent and CM

Question 30

cerebellum and brain stem displaced inferiorly toward foramen magnum; effectively obliterating CM

Answer 30

arnold-chiari II malformation

Question 31

arnold-chiari II malformation accompanies what NTD

Answer 31

myelomeningocele

Question 32

enlargement of occipital horn of lat vent due to underdevelopment of surrounding brain tissues

Answer 32

colpocephaly 'empty head'

Question 33

colpocephaly associated with __

Answer 33

agenesis of corpus callosum

Question 34

maldevelopment of forebrain resulting in a range of ML cerebral and facial abnormalities

Answer 34

holoprosencephaly * forebrain = prosencephalon = cerebral hemispheres, thalami, hypothalamus

Question 35

holoprosencephaly association

Answer 35

trisomy 13

Question 36

causes for holoprosencephaly

Answer 36

inheritance TORCH gest DM

Question 37

types of holoprosencephaly

Answer 37

alobar - no lobes, no horns semi lobar - some lobes, some horns lobar - most lobes, most horns * fused, dilated

Question 38

absence of CSP, fused thalami, absent falx, ML facial defects

Answer 38

holoprosencephaly

Question 39

ventriculomegaly characterized by near total or total absence of cerebral cortex

Answer 39

hydranencephaly (aka hydrancephaly) 'water filled head without brain'

Question 40

which destructive cerebral lesion preserves vascularization of posterior fossa

Answer 40

hydranencephaly

Question 41

cystic cavities within brain communicating with ventricles, subarachnoid space, or both

Answer 41

porencephaly 'passage within brain'

Question 42

causes for porencephaly

Answer 42

infection, trauma, mat sickness, gest DM, FASD

Question 43

clefts in fetal brain connecting the lat vents to subarachnoid space

Answer 43

schizencephaly 'splits in brain'

Question 44

abnormal post fossa of the fetal brain accompanied by dilatation of 4th vent, enlarged CM, hypoplasia or agenesis of vermis

Answer 44

dandy-walker malformation

Question 45

upward displacement of tentorium cerebelli (hiatus)

Answer 45

dandy-walker cyst

Question 46

dandy-walker malformation association

Answer 46

trisomy 18

Question 47

dandy-walker malformation vs. variant

Answer 47

variant = partial agenesis of vermis WITHOUT cystic dilatation of 4th vent

Question 48

CM measurement

Answer 48

2-11 m mega CM considered a normal variant if vermis present

Question 49

banana sign aka

Answer 49

'obliteration of CM' cerebellum pressing against occipital bone and absence of CSF in CM

Question 50

obliteration of CM, banana sign, lemon sign =

Answer 50

arnold chiari II malformation

Question 51

hypoplasia of cerebellum association

Answer 51

trisomy 18

Question 52

AVF between enlarged vein of Galen and normal cerebral arteries

Answer 52

vein of galen malformation

Question 53

vein of galen malformation association

Answer 53

cardiovascular dysfunction ie cardiomegaly

Question 54

CSF filled sacs in subarachnoid space (adj to brain or spinal cord)

Answer 54

arachnoid cysts

Question 55

failure of corpus callosum to develop association

Answer 55

dandy-walker malformation

Question 56

thick, flat bundle of nerve fibres connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Answer 56

corpus callosum allows for interhemispheric communication develops between 12-18w GA

Question 57

CSP will not form if the __ doesn't

Answer 57

corpus callosum

Question 58

periventricular calcifications are more commonly associated with __

Answer 58

fetal infection TORCH (esp cytomegalovirus)

Question 59

low HC:AC high FL:HC

Answer 59

microcephaly

Question 60

zika virus will cause

Answer 60

microcephaly among other issues

Question 61

high HC:AC low FL:HC

Answer 61

macrocephaly

Question 62

sono features of FASD

Answer 62

can be normal IUGR VSD, ASD facial abnormalities limb abnormalities

Question 63

what facial defects can be detected from mid sagittal plane

Answer 63

frontal bossing proboscis flat/absent NB macroglossia micrognathia

Question 64

what facial defects can be detected from coronal plane

Answer 64

cleft lip cebocephaly (one nostril) cyclopia hypotelorism/ hypertelorism etmocephaly cebocephaly

Question 65

severe hypotelorism with proboscis-like nose and single nostril

Answer 65

cebocephaly

Question 66

severe hypotelorism with arrhinia, proboscis ML and low set ears

Answer 66

ethnocephaly

Question 67

which facial abnormality is associated with holoprosencephaly

Answer 67

ethnocephaly

Question 68

median cleft lip association

Answer 68

trisomy 13

Question 69

lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by micromelia and macrocephaly with decreased thoracic circumference

Answer 69

thanotophoric dysplasia

Question 70

macroglossia associated with which syndromes (2)

Answer 70

beckwith-wiedemann syndrome trisomy 21

Question 71

micrognathia association

Answer 71

trisomy 13

Question 72

nasal bone measurement

Answer 72

<2.5 mm