ventricular shunt placement
right frontal or left Parieto-occiptal preferred
site for targeted brain biopsy
right anterior frontal lobe
destructive unilateral frontal lesion
patient looks towards the lesion
unilateral frontal lobe seizure
patients looks away from the lesion
brocas aphasia
motor- so can’t speak
wernickes aphasia
fluent aphasia
conduction aphasia
intact auditory comprehension
fluent (yet paraphasic) speech production
but poor speech repetition
transcortical motor aphasia- TMA (near brocas area)
word-finding difficulty
difficulty with sentence structure
lacking intonation and rhythm
transcortical sensory aphasia -TSA
damage to temporal lobe
poor auditory comprehension
fluent speech
relatively intact repetition
gertsmanns syndrome (angular gyrus)
left-right confusion
dyscalculia
finger anomia - can’t identify fingers
alexia- can’t comprehend written or printed word
charcots artery of brain haemorrhage (lateral lenticulostriate)
usually hypertensive
fetal posterior communicating artery
1/3 of people
PCA is supplied by the ICA
dejerine- rouse syndrome
central or thalamic pain syndrome
cavernous sinus syndrome
ophthalmoplegia
proptosis
horners syndrome
trigeminal sensory loss
ramsay hunt syndrome
facial palsy
painful blisters in external ear due to shingles
wernickes encephalopathy
vit B1(thiamine) deficiency can lead to korsakoffs psychosis- confabulation
central cord syndrome (syringomyelia)
suspended pain and temp sensory loss
dandy walker syndrome
absent median/lateral apertures
large 4th ventricle
small cerebellum
arnold chiari malformation
posterior fossa contents ectopically located in cervical spine
anterior spinal artery- anterior cord syndrome (artery of adamkiewicz)
- supplies lumbar and sacral cord
loss of urinary and faecal continence
loss of motor to legs
abnormal cutaneous plantar reflex- babinskis sign
upgoing plantars = UMN lesion
primative reflexes (frontal pathology)
palmomental
suckling/rooting
paratonia
talk and die syndrome
extradural haematoma
ruptured middle meningeal artery from period fracture
stria of gennari
white myelinated band found in primary visual cortex in calcarine sulcus
giant cells of betz
layer 5 - internal pyramidal cell layer
commons it’s of hypertensive haemorrhage
putamen(60%)
basal pons(10%)
cerebellum (10%)
common sites for circle of willis aneurysm
anterior communicating (35%) ICA branches (30%) MCA branches (25%)
subacute combined degeneration of the cord
B12 deficiency, dorsal coloumn + corticospinal
motor neurone disease/ALS
combines upper and lower motor neurone loss
recurrent artery of heubner - medial striate artery
contra arm/face weakness
chorea
anterior choroidal artery infarct
contralateral brachiofacial weakness
contralateral hemianopia
ACA infarct or bifrontal tumour
abulia- apathy and loss of motivation
dejerine syndrome - left posterior cerebral artery stroke including splenium
alexia without agraphia
antons syndrome
cortical blindness- patient doesn’t know they are blind
neglect syndrome - right parietal lesion
hemispatial neglect
hemiattention
frontal lesion
behavioural disinhibition
anosognosia
lack of awareness of a neurological impairment e.g. paralysis
- often in right ventral prefrontal cortex
lesion sites that cause apraxia
left parietal
SLF
left frontal
genu of callosum
agnosia
defect in understanding the significance of sensory information
trigeminal neuralgia (suicide disease)
lancinating pain in trigeminal territory
bells palsy
LMN 7th palsy
crocodile tears
aberrant reinervation- lacrimal vs. salivary gland
left angular gyrus damage
agraphia without impairment of speech
frontal eye field damage
eyes both look towards lesions because paralysed part of body isn’t pulling them back
aphasia
damage to language area