BrainScapeDeck_BIO1022 Life on Earth_3

Question 1

Which of the following anatomical changes accompanied the transition from partial to full bipedalism?

1. Both thumb and big toe opposable and the movement of foramen magnum to the centre of the skull .
2. short hip bones, bowl shaped pelvis and opposable big toe
3. Foramen magnum moved to centre of the skull, short hip bones and bowl shaped pelvis
4. Femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone) arranged in a straight line and bowl shaped pelvis

Answer 1

• Foramen magnum moved to centre of the skull
• short hip bones
• bowl shaped pelvis

Question 2

Plant sap-feeding insects thrive despite feeding exclusively on a diet lacking in essential amino acids. For example, pea aphids feeds on the sap of plant phloem which is high in sugar but deficient in amino acids. This nutritional deficit is countered through endosymbiotic relationships with microbial symbionts such as bacteria, Buchnera sp.

There are many examples of endosymbiotic partnerships in the living world. Which of the following is not a suitable example for this concept?

Select one:

a. Nitrogen- fixing Rhizobium sp and the legume, clover root nodules
b. Bioluminescent Vibrio fischeri bacteria and Bobtail squid
c. Some Mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots
d. Mistletoe parasitic plant growing on a gum tree

Answer 2

Mistletoe parasitic plant growing on a gum tree

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a fixed population?

a. A species of dog used to have long legs, but due to artificial selection there are now standard (tall) and toy(small) varieties.
b. A species of plant used to have either red or yellow flowers, however due to directional selection, only yellow ones exist in the population.
c. A species of daisy plant was hybridised with a similar species and now there are three species of daisy.
d. A species of lizard lives on an island but due to a bottleneck effect it is smaller than the lizards of a similar species on the mainland

Answer 3

A species of plant used to have either red or yellow flowers, however due to directional selection, only yellow ones exist in the population.

Question 4

The speed of a molecular clock is affected by the impact of negative selection on that particular gene. Which of the following are more likely to have slow molecular clocks?

Select one:

a. a pseudogene
b. the gene for histones
c. the gene for keratin
d. the gene for haemoglobin

Answer 4

The gene for histones

Question 5

An arthropod has all the following characteristics except

Select one:

a. protostome development.
b. bilateral symmetry.
c. a pseudocoelom.
d. three embryonic germ layers.
e. tTrue tissues

Answer 5

Pseudocoelom

Question 6

Which of the following is the most correct pathway in the adaptive immune responce to a virally infected liver cell?

Select one:

a. The infected cell presents viral antigen using MHC class I -> the antigen is recognised by a cytotoxic T cell -> the infected cell is destroyed
b. The infected cell presents viral antigen using MHC class II -> the antigen is recognised by a cytotoxic T cell -> the infected cell is destroyed
c. The infected cell presents viral antigen using MHC class I -> the antigen is recognised by a T helper cell -> cytokines recruit phagocytes that engulf the infected cell
d. The infected cell presents viral antigen using MHC class II -> the antigen is recognised by a T helper cell -> cytokines recruit phagocytes that engulf the infected cell

Answer 6

The infected cell presents viral antigen using MHC class I

• > the antigen is recognised by a cytotoxic T cell
• > the infected cell is destroyed

Question 7

As flowers develop, all of the following transitions occur except that

Select one:

a. the microspores become pollen grains.
b. the ovary becomes a fruit.
c. the petals are discarded.
d. the tube nucleus becomes a sperm nucleus.
e. the ovules become seeds.

Answer 7

The tube nucleus becomes a sperm nucleus.

Question 8

Evidence that genes influence behaviour is displayed by:

Select one:

a. prairie voles being monogamous (mate for life with one other mole) whilst the montane vole is promiscuous, resulting from a difference in hormone receptors.
b. prairie voles being monogamous whilst the montane vole is promiscuous, resulting from one species producing antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and one species not producing ADH.
c. prairie voles being monogamous whilst the montane vole is promiscuous, resulting from differences in population size
d. prairie voles being monogamous whilst the montane vole is promiscuous, resulting from differences in predator numbers in the respective habitats

Answer 8

prairie voles being monogamous (mate for life with one other mole) whilst the montane vole is promiscuous, resulting from a difference in hormone receptors.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of an indirect interaction between a bird and a tree?

Select one:

a. The bird makes a nest in the tree.
b. The bird eats the caterpillars off the tree and now the leaves do not get eaten
c. The bird eats nectar from the tree’s flowers.
d. The bird sings in the tree. The bird eats the caterpillars off the tree and now the leaves do not get eaten

Answer 9

The bird eats the caterpillars off the tree and now the leaves do not get eaten

Question 10

Lichens are made up of two closely interacting organisms, a fungus and a photobiont algae or a cyanobacteria. Without this mutualistic relationship neither of them will be able to survive on its own. Which statement is incorrect regarding this relationship?

Select one:

a. the fungus parasitises the photobiont for amino acids.
b. the fungus provides the structure of the lichen thallus for the photobiont to live
c. algae/cyanobacteria provide O2 to the fungus
d. algae/cyanobacteria provide glucose to the fungus

Answer 10

The fungus parasitises the photobiont for amino acids