Brainstem, cranium, and cranial nerves

Question 1

pons

Answer 1

this is on the ventral surface of the brainstem

-the anterior bulge is the pons

Question 2

midbrain

Answer 2

• this is rostral to the pons
• this is just inferior to the thalamus
• this surrounds the cerebral aqueduct
• contains the cerebral peduncles

Question 3

cerebral peduncles

Answer 3

• these are located on the ventral side of the midbrain
• they are two protrusions that appear just superior to the pons
• white matter pathways carry fibers of the corticospinal tract

Question 4

interpeduncular fossa

Answer 4

this is the space between the cerebral peduncles

Question 5

medulla oblongata

Answer 5

this is caudal to the pons

• the medulla is continuous with the spinal cord
• contains the pyramids which appear as tube like bulges on the ventral aspect

Question 6

pyramidal decussation

Answer 6

• where the sulcus between them disappears and the fibers of the track cross
• this is at the junction between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord

Question 7

cerebellum

Answer 7

contains two hemispheres

- contains many fine grooves and sulci on the surface running transversely

Question 8

folia

Answer 8

these are the fine grooves or sulci on the cerebellum that run transversely

Question 9

CN I

Answer 9

the olfactory nerve

arise in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity and course dorsally to the olfactory bulb inferior to the frontal lobe

travels through the cribiform plate foramina

Question 10

the olfactory bulbs

Answer 10

these are just inferior to the frontal lobe and they are roustral to the optic chiasm

anything after the olfactory bulb is not the olfactory nerves anymore, those are the olfactory tracts and runs caudally on the ventral aspect of the frontal lobe

Question 11

CN II

Answer 11

the optic nerve

• the optic nerves begin in the retina
• These nerves course posteriorly and are united in the optic chiasm
• The fibers split again immediately posterior to the optic chiasm and extend posteriorly as the optic tracts

travels through the optic canal

Question 12

CN III

Answer 12

oculomotor nerve

• can see it emerging from the anterior superior surface of the pons
• emerge in the interpeduncular fossa and innervate 4 of the 6 extraocular muscles

Question 13

CN IV

Answer 13

trochlear nerve

These are the only nerves to emerge on the brainstem’s dorsal aspect. They travel around the sides of the midbrain and pons to innervate the superior oblique.

You can find these tiny nerves between the lateral rostral pons and the cerebrum.

this passes through the superior orbital fissure

Question 14

CN V

Answer 14

trigeminal nerves

These large nerves are the only cranial nerves to emerge from the lateral aspect of the pons.

Question 15

CN VI

Answer 15

abducens nerve

emerge near the midline at the border of the pons and the medulla. They innervate the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.

travels through the superior orbital fissure

Question 16

CN VII

Answer 16

facial nerve

These emerge from the junction of the pons and medulla lateral to the emergence of the abducens nerves

travels through the internal acoustic meatus

Question 17

CN VIII

Answer 17

vestibulocochlear nerve

enter the brainstem lateral to (right next to) the facial nerves.

travels through the internal acoustic meatus

Question 18

CN IX

Answer 18

glossopharyngeal nerve

composed of the most rostral of a series of rootlets that emerge posterior to the olive on the medulla’s lateral aspect

passes through the jugular foramen

Question 19

CN X

Answer 19

vagus nerve

emerge posterior to the glossopharyngeal nerves in the same series of rootlets

emerges on the lateral sides of the medula oblongata

emerges deep to the hypoglossal nerve

Question 20

CN XI

Answer 20

spinal accessory nerve

emerges posterior to the vagus nerve.

has lots of tiny extensions from the medulla oblongata where it emerges

has a branch that travels through jugular foramen and the foramen magnum

Question 21

CN XII

Answer 21

hypoglossal nerve

emerge from the ventral aspect of the caudal medulla as a series of rootlets in the groove just lateral to the pyramids.

this emerges superficial to where the vagus nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve emerge

Question 22

what is good to remember about the cranial nerves with only motor functions

Answer 22

emerge medially compared to the other cranial nerves

Question 23

coronal suture

Answer 23

where the frontal bone meets the two parietal bones

Question 24

sagittal suture

Answer 24

where the right and left parietal bones meet

Question 25

lambdoid suture

Answer 25

is between the parietal bones and occipital bone

Question 26

squamous suture

Answer 26

between the parietal bone and temporal bone on each side.

Question 27

frontal bone

Answer 27

bone of the forehead

Question 28

zygomatic bone

Answer 28

makes up the anterior cheek

Question 29

zygomatic arch

Answer 29

this is where the zygomatic bone and the frontal bone come together to meet each other and makes the cheek bone

Question 30

nasal bone

Answer 30

forms the superior portion of the nose

Question 31

maxilla

Answer 31

forms the upper portion of the jeaw and the medial portion of the cheek

Question 32

mandible

Answer 32

this is the lower jaw bone

Question 33

mental protuberance

Answer 33

this is the anterior tip of the mandible that forms the chin

Question 34

temporomandibular joint

Answer 34

this is the articulation between the temporal bone and mandible they articulate at the condylar process of the mandible

Question 35

ethmoid bone

Answer 35

best viewed from the internal aspect of the cranium. a small anterior medial bone located within the anterior cranial fossa contains the cribriform plate and cribriform foramina

Question 36

sphenoid bone

Answer 36

best viewed from the internal aspect of the cranium. this is just posterior to the frontal and ethmoid bones separates the anterior cranial fossa from the middle cranial fossa

Question 37

middle cranial fossa

Answer 37

this is mostly made up of the temporal bone and the temporal bone has a ridge that separates the middle cranial fossa from the posterior cranial fossa

Question 38

cribriform foramina

Answer 38

in the cribriform plate the olfactory nerve passes through

Question 39

optic canal

Answer 39

the optic nerves and the ophthalmic arteries pass through

Question 40

superior orbital fissure

Answer 40

CN III,CN IV, CN V, CN VI all pass through

Question 41

foramen ovale

Answer 41

-CN V passes through

Question 42

carotid canal

Answer 42

the internal carotid artery passes through | - this is in the temporal bone

Question 43

foramen magnum

Answer 43

Medulla oblongata and meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI (branch)

Question 44

jugular foramen

Answer 44

CN IX, X, and XI (branch); internal jugular vein

Question 45

hypoglossal canal

Answer 45

``` Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) pass through - this is in the carotid canal ```

Question 46

internal acoustic meatus

Answer 46

CN VII and CN VIII pass through

Question 47

stylomastoid foramen

Answer 47

Branch of CN VII that innervates the facial muscles This foramen is visible between the mastoid process and the styloid process of the temporal bone.

Question 48

occipital condyles

Answer 48

articulate with the atlas of the vertebral column.

Question 49

temporal bone

Answer 49

- these are laterally located near the ear | - contains the mastoid process and styloid process

Question 50

condylar process

Answer 50

a posterior structure on the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone

Question 51

coronoid process

Answer 51

The flat portion protruding up just anterior to the condylar process of the mandible

Question 52

lacrimal bone

Answer 52

situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit

Question 53

palatine bone

Answer 53

a paired bone located between the maxillae and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone this is making up the posterior roof of the mouth

Question 54

vomer

Answer 54

one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones.