Brainstem Pathways -- High Yield Flashcards
1
Q
This is the receptor for pain and temperature senses
A
Free nerve endings
2
Q
This is the receptor for light touch and pressure senses
A
Free nerve endings
3
Q
What is the function of Medial lemniscus tract?
A
Conscious perception of proprioception, vibratory and tactile information
4
Q
The function of this ascending brainstem tract is conscious perception of proprioception, vibratory, and tactile information
A
Medial Lemniscus
5
Q
Ascending brainstem tract that is somatotopically organized
A
Medial Lemniscus
6
Q
Medial Lemniscus is somatotopically organized, and within the medullary segment the body is in this position
A
Upright
7
Q
Medial Lemniscus is somatotopically organized, and within the pontine portion the body is in this position
A
Lying down
Arms medial, legs lateral
8
Q
Medial Lemniscus is somatotopically organized, and within the midbrain portion the body is in this position
A
Upside down
Arms ventral, legs dorsal
9
Q
Medial Lemniscus is somatotopically organized, and within this portion the body is ‘upright’
A
Medullary segment
10
Q
Medial Lemniscus is somatotopically organized, and within this portion the body is ‘lying down’, with arms medial and legs lateral
A
Pontine portion
11
Q
Medial Lemniscus is somatotopically organized, and within this portion the body is ‘upside down’, arms ventral and legs dorsal
A
Midbrain portion
12
Q
Lesions to this tract result in contralateral hypesthesia limited to the body
A
Medial Lemniscus
13
Q
Lesion within the medial lemniscus results in this
A
Hypesthesia
Contralateral deficit limited to the body
14
Q
Ascending brainstem tract that is involved with the conscious perception of pain, temperature and crude touch
A
Anterolateral system
15
Q
What are the three separate tracts that provide input to the Anterolateral system, an ascending brainstem tract?
A
Spinothalamic
Spinoreticular
Spinomesencephalic
16
Q
What is the function of the Anterolateral system?
A
Conscious perception of pain, temperature and crude touch
17
Q
Where does the Anterolateral system tract cross?
A
At the level of the spinal cord
18
Q
What is the result of lesions to the Anterolateral system?
A
Hypalgesia (limited to the body)
Within the spinal lemniscus, results in contralesional deficit
19
Q
What is hypesthesia?
A
Diminished/absent sensation of proprioception, vibration, tactile info
20
Q
What is Hypalgesia?
A
Diminished/absent perception of pain and temperature
21
Q
Lesion to this ascending brainstem pathway results in hypalgesia limited to the body
Contralateral deficit
A
Anterolateral system
22
Q
Ascending brainstem pathway that receives input from three separate tracts (spinothalamic, spinoreticular, spinomesencephalic)
A
Anterolateral system
23
Q
Ascending brainstem pathway involved in bringing pain and temperature info from the face
A
Trigeminal lemniscus
24
Q
What is the function of the Trigeminal lemniscus?
A
Bringing pain and temperature information from the face
25
What is the output of the trigeminal lemniscus?
VPN of thalamus
26
Basic pathway of the trigeminal lemniscus that descends after entering into the pons and innervates the spinal trigeminal complex
Spinal trigeminal tract
27
Portion of the trigeminal pathway with 2nd order fibers crossing the midline and ascending to the VPN of the thalamus
Trigeminal lemniscus
28
Portion of the trigeminal pathway that brings in unconscious proprioception info from the face, including from muscles of mastication
Mesencephalic nucleus
29
Lesions of the spinal trigeminal tract cause this
Ipsilesional deficit in pain and temperature
30
Lesions of the trigeminal lemniscus cause this
Contralateral deficits in pain and temperature
31
Do lesions to the spinal trigeminal tract cause ipsilesional or contralesional deficits in pain and temperature?
Ipsilesional
32
Do lesions to the trigeminal lemniscus cause ipsilateral or contralateral deficits in pain and temperature?
Contralesional
33
Lesions to this tract cause ipsilesional deficit in pain and temperature
Spinal trigeminal tract
34
Lesions to this tract cause contralesional deficit in pain and temperature
Trigeminal lemniscus
35
What is the function of the lateral lemniscus?
Audition
36
Audition is the function of this ascending brainstem pathway
Lateral lemniscus
37
CNVIII provides input to this ascending brainstem pathway
Lateral lemniscus
38
What is the input for the lateral lemniscus tract?
CNVIII
39
What is the output for the Lateral lemniscus tract?
Primary auditory cortex
(via the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate nucleus)
40
The primary auditory cortex is the output for this ascending brainstem pathway (via the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate nucleus)
Lateral lemniscus
41
The primary auditory cortex is the output for Lateral lemniscus tract, via these two structrues
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate nucleus
42
What are the three distinct pathways of the lateral lemniscus?
Intermediate acoustic stria
Trapezoid body
Dorsal acoustic stria
43
Intermediate acoustic stria, Trapezoid body and Dorsal acoustic stria are the three distinct pathways of this ascending brainstem tract
Lateral lemniscus
44
This is the primary pathway of the Lateral Lemniscus
Intermediate acoustic stria
45
Intermediate acoustic stria pathway is largely contralateral to this structure
Cochlea
46
Lesions of the cochlea or the nuclei result in this
Unilateral hearing deficits
47
Lesions in the lateral lemniscus (except the cochlea or nuclei) result in this
Deficits in higher-order auditory features such as source localization
48
Unilateral damage in the lateral lemniscus affects the contralateral ear slightly more if it occurs above this structure
Pons
49
Does unilateral damage in the lateral lemniscus affects the ipsilateral or contralateral ear slightly more if it occurs above the pons?
Contralateral
50
Does unilateral damage in the lateral lemniscus affects the ipsilateral or contralateral ear slightly more if it occurs below the pons?
Ipsilateral
51
Damage to one side of this ascending brainstem pathway will result in bilateral listening deficits
Lateral lemniscus
52
What is the function of the corticobulbar pathway?
Voluntary movement of the face
53
The function of this descending brainstem pathway is voluntary movement of the face
Corticobulbar
54
Corticobulbar fibers innervate the motor nuclei of these 5 cranial nerves
V, VII, IX, X, XII
55
Corticobulbar fiber connections to CNV, VII, IX, X, and XII are mainly contralateral, however these 4 CNs have some bilateral input
V, VII, IX, X
56
Cranial nerve that receives bilateral innervation from both contralateral primary motor cortex and bilateral cingulate motor regions
CNVII
This leads to the presence of a central VII pattern of weakness or a Bell's Palsy pattern
57
Primary motor cortex and cingulate motor areas provide input for this descending brainstem pathway
Corticobulbar
58
What is the input for the corticobulbar pathway?
Primary motor cortex and Cingulate motor areas
59
Does a UMN or LMN lesion of CNVII cause weakness of inferior facial muscles?
Upper motor neuron
60
Does a UMN or LMN lesion of CN VII cause weakness of superior and inferior facial muscles?
Lower motor neuron
61
UMN lesion to CN VII causes this
Weakness of inferior facial muscles
62
LMN lesion to CN VII causes this
Weakness of superior and inferior facial muscles
63
Bell's palsy involves a lower motor neuron lesion to this nerve
CN VII
64
Does Bell's palsy involve a LMN or UMN lesion to CN VII?
Lower motor neuron lesion
65
The function of this descending brainstem pathway is to convey information from cerebral cortex to cerebellum about intended motor actions
Corticopontine-Pontocerebellar tracts
66
What is the function of the Corticopontine-Pontocerebellar tracts?
Convey info from cerebral cortex to cerebellum about intended motor actions
67
Frontal and parietal cortices are input for this descending brainstem tract
Corticopontine-Pontocerebellar tracts
68
What is the input for the Corticopontine-Pontocerebellar tracts?
Frontal and parietal cortices
69
The cerebellum receives information from the Pontocerebellar tract via this structure
Middle cerebellar peduncle
70
The cerebellum receives information from the vestibular nuclei via this structure
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
71
Signs of damage involving this structure include ataxia, disruptions in motor planning, decomposition of movement, balance difficulties, language difficulties, and dysmetria
Cerebellum
72
The point-to-point reaching movements test is used to assess the function of this structure
Cerebellum
73
Brainstem pathway that functions in voluntary movement, especially flexion in upper extremities
Rubrospinal
74
What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?
Mediation of voluntary movement, especially flexion in upper extremities
75
Lesions in this pathway result in decorticate/flexor posture
Rubrospinal
76
Lesions in the Rubrospinal pathway result in this posture
Decorticate/flexor posture
77
In non-human primates, this pathway can take on much of the role of the corticospinal tract
Rubrospinal
78
Brainstem pathway that functions in descending motor control involved in posture and locomotion
Reticulospinal
79
What is the function of the Reticulospinal pathway?
Descending motor control involved in posture and locomotion
80
Lesions in this pathway result in decerebrate/extensor rigidity
Reticulospinal
81
Lesions in the reticulospinal pathway result in this posture
Decerebrate/extensor rigidity
82
Lesions in this pathway result in deficits in orienting response
Tectospinal
83
Brainstem pathway that is a bundle of ascending and descending fibers connecting CN’s associated with eye movements
(III, IV, and VI), gaze centers in the frontal cortex (Frontal Eye Fields) and vestibular system to
coordinated eye and head movements
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
84
Lesions in this brainstem pathway results in internuclear opthalmoplegia
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
85
Lesions in the Medial longitudinal fasciculus result in this
Internuclear opthalmoplegia
(commonly a product of demyelination as a result of MS)
86
Respiratory areas within these two structures control the respiration rate based on feedback from both mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors which monitor lung inflation, and carbon dioxide levels (respectively)
Medulla and pons
87
The central pattern generator of respiration consists of these 3 structures
Dorsolateral pons
Nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)
Ventrolateral medulla
88
Component of the central pattern generator that relays information from peripheral chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
Nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)
89
Component of the central pattern generator that controls activity of inspiratory or expiratory motor neurons (ventral respiratory column)
Ventrolateral medulla
90
Does the dorsal or ventral respiratory group control the basic rhythm of breathing?
Dorsal
91
Does the dorsal or ventral respiratory group cycle the respiratory system to engage in active expiration
Ventral
92
The apneustic center is located in this structure
Within the lower pons
93
This center sends signals to the inspiratory center within the dorsal respiratory group to prolong inhalations
Apneustic center
94
This pattern of breathing involves long inspirations (30s+) followed by short, insufficient expirations
Seen when there is brainstem damage
Apneustic breathing pattern
95
What is the apneustic breathing pattern?
Long inspirations 30s+ followed by short, insufficient expirations
96
The apneustic center sends signals to this, to prolong inhalations
Inspiratory center within the dorsal respiratory group
97
The apneustic center sends signals that prolong this
Inhalations
98
Apneustic breathing pattern (long inspirations, short expirations) is seen when there is brainstem damage that has separated these two centers
Pneumotaxic center from the apneustic center
99
The pneumotaxic center is located in this structure
Within the upper pons
100
Is the apneustic center within the upper or lower pons?
Lower
101
Is the pneumotaxic center within the upper or lower pons?
Upper
102
This center switches off inspiration activity
Pneumotaxic center
103
This is antagonist to the apneustic breathing center
Pneumotaxic center
104
The main function of this center is to control lung inflation and respiratory rate by cycling into expiration
Pneumotaxic center
105
Direct damage to this structure results in an increased depth of respiration and decrease in respiratory rate
Pneumotaxic center
106
Does the apneustic or pneumotaxic center prolong inhalations?
Apneustic
107
Does the apneustic or pneumotaxic center switch off inspiration activity?
Pneumotaxic
108
Reflex that is initiated by increasing lung inhalation rate and/or volume
Mechanooreceptors detect lung stretch, and inhibit further inspiration to prevent over-inflation of the lungs
Hering-Breur Reflex
109
What is the Hering-Breur Reflex?
Is initiated by increasing lung inflation rate and/or volume
Inhibits further inspiration to prevent over-inflation of the lungs
110
The reticular formation is involved in cardiovascular control and provides output to this nerve
CNX
111
The reticular formation regulates sleep and consciousness via activating connections to this structure that are used to maintain levels of alertness and sleep
Thalamus
112
This pathway is the origin of the descending analgesic pathways back down to the spinal cord to "close the gate" on ascending pain information
Reticular spinal pathway
113
At the level of the brainstem, this structure can function as a filter blocking repetitive, meaningless or distracting stimuli from cortical processing
Reticular formation
