Overview of the CNS Flashcards by Stacey Hansen

Is white or grey matter folded into gyri and sulci?

Grey

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Which lobe contains the precentral gyrus (BA4; primary motor cortex) and the Inferior frontal gyrus (BA44 and 45; Broca’s area)?

Frontal

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Which lobe contains the precentral gyrus (BA4; primary motor cortex)?

Frontal

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Which lobe contains the Inferior frontal gyrus (BA44 and 45; Broca’s area)?

Frontal

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Which lobe contains Broca’s area?

Frontal

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Does the frontal lobe contain Broca’s or Wernicke’s area?

Broca’s

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Precentral gyrus is found in the frontal lobe and is also known as this Brodmann area

BA4
Primary motor cortex

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Inferior frontal gyrus is found in the frontal lobe and is also known as this Brodmann area

BA44 and 45
Broca’s area

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Broca’s area is contained in this gyrus

Inferior frontal gyrus
(of the frontal lobe)

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The frontal lobe contains these two important gyri

Precentral gyrus (BA4; primary motor cortex)
Inferior frontal gyrus (BA44 and 45; Broca’s area)

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Which lobe contains the postcentral gyrus (BA 1,2,3; primary somatosensory cortex) and Superior lobule (BA5,7; association cortex)?

Parietal

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Which lobe contains the postcentral gyrus (BA 1,2,3; primary somatosensory cortex)?

Parietal

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Which lobe contains the Superior lobule (BA5,7; association cortex)?

Parietal

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Postcentral gyrus is found in the parietal lobe and is also known as this Brodmann area

BA 1,2,3
Primary somatosensory cortex

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Superior lobule is found in the parietal lobe and is also known as this Brodmann area

BA5,7
Association cortex

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The parietal lobe contains these 2 important gyri

Postcentral gyrus (BA 1,2,3; primary somatosensory cortex)
Superior lobule (BA5,7; association cortex)

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Which lobe contains the lingual gyrus (contains visual cortex (BAs 17,18,19) and cuneus (contains visual cortex (BAs 17,18,19)?

Occipital

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Which lobe contains the lingual gyrus (contains visual cortex (BAs 17,18,19)?

Occipital

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Which lobe contains the cuneus (contains visual cortex (BAs 17,18,19)?

Occipital

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The visual cortex is contained within the lingual gyrus and cuneus of the occipital lobe, and is also known as these Brodmann’s areas

BAs 17,18,19

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The occipital lobe contains these 2 important gyri

Lingual gyrus
Cuneus

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Which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex (BA22) and Wernickes speech area?

Temporal

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Which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex (BA22)?

Temporal

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Which lobe contains Wernicke’s speech area?

Temporal

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Does the temporal lobe contain Broca's or Wernicke's area?

Wernicke's

The primary auditory cortex is found within the temporal lobe and is also known as this Brodmann's area

BA22

Mid-saggital section connecting olfactory bulbs with the middle and inferior temporal lobes

Anterior commissure

The anterior commissure is a mid-sagittal section connecting the olfactory bulbs to these

Middle and inferior temporal lobes

The anterior commissure is a mid-sagittal section connecting these to the middle and inferior temporal lobes

Olfactory bulbs

The hippocampal commissure is inferior to this structure

Splenium of corpus callosum

This connecting structure is located inferior to the splenium of corpus callosum

Hippocampal commissure Connects the two hippocampi

This is the white matter between the basal nuclei and the thalamus

Internal capsule

The internal capsule is the white matter between the basal nuclei and this

Thalamus

The internal capsule is the white matter between this and thalamus

Basal nuclei

This part of the internal capsule contains a mixture of ascending and descending fibers connecting the anterior nucleus and cingulate gyrus

Anterior limb

This part of the internal capsule connects the dorsomedial nucleus with prefrontal cortex and contains frontopontine fibers

Anterior limb

This part of the internal capsule contains corticobulbar fibers

Genu

This part of the internal capsule contains corticospinal fibers

Posterior limb

The anterior limb of the internal capsule connects dorsomedial nucleus with prefrontal cortex and contains this types of fibers

Frontopontine fibers

The genu of the internal capsule contains this types of fibers

Corticobulbar

The posterior limb of the internal capsule contains this types of fibers

Corticospinal

The anterior limb of the internal capsule contains a mixture of ascending and descending fibers connecting the anterior nucleus and this

Cingulate gyrus

The anterior limb of the internal capsule contains a mixture of ascending and descending fibers connecting this and cingulate gyrus

Anterior nucleus

How many cervical nerves are there?

How many thoracic nerves are there?

How many lumbar nerves are there?

How many sacral nerves are there?

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

This type of roots of the spinal cord carry ascending sensory information to the brain

Dorsal roots

This type of roots of the spinal cord carry descending motor commands

Ventral roots

Do dorsal roots of the spinal cord carry ascending sensory information or descending motor commands?

Ascending sensory

Do ventral roots of the spinal cord carry ascending sensory information or descending motor commands?

Descending motor

Invaginations of the dura mater surrounding the brain, dividing the brain into incomplete compartments Reflective margins contain the epithelial lined dural sinuses

Dural reflections

Dural reflection that runs mid-sagittally anchored to frontal, parietal, occipital bones

Falx cerebri

Dural reflection that divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

Falx cerebri

Dural reflection in which reflection off calvarium (skull cap) contains superior sagittal sinus

Falx cerebri

The inferior free border of this dural reflection contains the inferior sagittal sinus

Falx cerebri

Dural reflection that is an inferior continuation of falx cerebri, dividing cerebellum into right and left

Falx cerebelli

Reflection of this dural reflection off the occipital bone contains occipital sinus

Falx cerebelli

Reflection of the falx cerebri off the calvarium (skull cap) contains this sinus

Superior sagittal sinus

The inferior free border of the falx cerebri contains this sinus

Inferior sagittal sinus

Reflection of the falx cerebelli off the occipital bone contains this sinus

Occipital sinus

Dural reflection that runs in transverse plane

Tentorium cerebelli

Dural reflection that is anchored to temporal bones laterally, occipital bone posteriorly

Tentorium cerebelli

The tentorium cerebelli is anchored to this bone laterally

Temporal bones

The tentorium cerebelli is anchored to this bone posteriorly

Occipital bone

Dural reflection that arches centrally to form tentorial notch; accommodates midbrain structures

Tentorium cerebelli

Dural reflection that divides cerebrum from cerebellum

Tentorium cerebelli

Bony reflection of this dural reflection contains transverse sinus posteriorly, petrosal sinus laterally

Tentorium cerebelli

Bony reflection of the tentorium cerebelli contains this sinus posteriorly

Transverse sinus

Bony reflection of the tentorium cerebelli contains this sinus laterally

Petrosal sinus

Dural reflection that fuses with falx cerebri mid-sagittally to form straight sinus

Tentorium cerebelli

The tentorium cerebelli fuses with falx cerebri mid-sagittally to form this sinus

Straight sinus

The tentorium cerebelli fuses with this mid-sagittally to form straight sinus

Falx cerebri

Dura reflection that forms the roof of the hypophyseal fossa

Diaphragma sella

The diaphragma sella is a dural reflection that forms the roof of this

Hypophyseal fossa

The cavernous sinuses are found bilaterally to this fossa

Hypophyseal fossa

These sinuses are found bilaterally to the hypophyseal fossa

Cavernous sinuses

Superior sagittal, straight, occipital, and transverse sinuses merge posteriorly to form this

Confluence of sinuses

These 4 sinuses merge posteriorly in confluence of sinuses

Superior sagittal, straight, occipital, and transverse

Protrusions of the arachnoid mater through the meningeal dura into the superior sagittal sinus Permits return of CSF into venous circulation

Arachnoid villa

CSF is produced by this

Choroid plexus

CSF passes through medial/lateral foramina in this structure to enter subarachnoid space

Fourth ventricle

Glial cell neoplasm; compromise of blood-CSF barrier, affecting multiple metabolite, ion concentrations

Ependymomas

Elevated count of these cells in CSF indicates bacterial meningitis or abscesses

Neutrophils

Elevated count of these cells in CSF indicates syphilitic meningitis or active multiple sclerosis

Lymphocyte

Elevated neutrophil count in CSF could indicate this type of meningitis

Bacterial

Elevated lymphocyte count in CSF could indicate this type of meningitis

Syphilitic

Normal CSF pressure of H2O lying on the side

100-180 mm

Normal CSF pressure while patient is sitting up

200-300 mm

The following neurologic deficits are associated with stroke involving this artery: Contralateral lower extremity hemiplegia and/or sensory deficits

ACA

The following neurologic deficits are associated with stroke involving this artery: Face and arm hemiparesis, hemisensory loss, Broca's aphasia

MCA (upper branch)

The following neurologic deficits are associated with stroke involving this artery: Wernicke's aphasia

MCA (lower branch)

The following neurologic deficits are associated with stroke involving this artery: Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

PCA

The following neurologic deficits are associated with stroke involving this artery: Lateral medullary syndrome = ipsilateral facial and contralateral body pain/temperature sensory loss, nystagmus, ataxia, vocal cord paralysis and Horner syndrome

PICA

Does stroke involving ACA affect the ipsilateral or contralateral leg?

Contralateral

Is Broca's aphasia associated with stroke involving the upper or lower branch of MCA?

Upper branch

Is Wernicke's aphasia associated with stroke involving the upper or lower branch of MCA?

Lower branch

Does stroke involving PCA result in ipsilateral or contralateral homonymous hemianopia (visual field loss)?

Contralateral

Lateral medullary syndrome is associated with stroke involving this cerebral artery

PICA

Does lateral medullary syndrome (associated with stroke involving PICA) cause ipsilateral or contralateral facial sensory loss?

Ipsilateral

Does lateral medullary syndrome (associated with stroke involving PICA) cause ipsilateral or contralateral body pain/temperature sensory loss?

Contralateral

Nystagmus, ataxia and vocal cord paralysis are associated with stroke involving this cerebral artery

PICA

A patient who is having sensory loss in one leg may be experiencing stroke to this cerebral artery

ACA

A patient who is having hemianopia (visual field loss) may be experiencing stroke to this cerebral artery

PCA

A patient who is unable to feel temperature in part of their body may be experiencing stroke to this cerebral artery

PICA

A patient with vocal cord paralysis may be experiencing stroke to this cerebral artery

PICA

Horner syndrome presents as drooping eyelids, constricted pupil, and reduced sweating, and is associated with stroke involving this cerebral artery

PICA

Telencephalon is another name for this

Cerebrum

Diencephalon is another name for the region containing these structrues

Thalamus, hypothalamus, etc.

Mesencephalon is another name for this

Midbrain

Metencephalon is another name for these two structures

Pons and Cerebellum

Microscopic segmentation based on distribution of cortical neurons

Brodmann areas

Brodmann areas are based on the distribution of these

Cortical neurons

Brodmann areas associated with the somatosensory cortex

1,2,3

Brodmann areas associated with the motor cortex

Brodmann areas associated with the visual cortex

Brodmann areas associated with the auditory cortex

41,42

This is a type of white matter tract that cross the midline, connecting the same cortical area in opposite hemispheres (right-left hemispheric connections)

Cerebral commissures (includes the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure, hippocampal commissure, and habenular commissure)

Lobule in the parietal lobe that is responsible for default mode, consciousness, visuospatial tasks, memory

Precuneus (BA7)

The lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe is inferior to this

Calcarine cortex

This structure of the occipital lobe is inferior to the calcarine cortex

Lingual gyrus

This structure of the occipital lobe is between the parieto-occipital sulcus and calcarine sulcus

Cuneus

The cuneus of the occipital lobe is between the parieto-occipital sulcus and this

Calcarine sulcus

The cuneus of the occipital lobe is between the this and the calcarine sulcus

Parieto-occipital sulcus

The transverse temporal gyri of Heschl (BAs 41,42) are found in this lobe

Temporal

Gyrus of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex

Transverse temporal gyri of Heschl (BAs 41,42)

Transverse temporal gyri of Heschl (BAs 41,42) is within this sulcus

Lateral sulcus

Transverse temporal gyri of Heschl (BAs 41,42) contains this cortex

Primary auditory cortex

What are the Brodmann's areas associated with the Transverse temporal gyri of Heschl?

BAs 41,42

Gyrus of the temporal lobe that has the unimodal sensorimotor cortex (auditory)

Superior temporal gyrus (BA22)

Superior temporal gyrus (BA22) contains this cortex

Unimodal sensorimotor cortex (auditory)

Wernicke's speech area is found in this gyrus of the temporal lobe

Superior temporal gyrus (BA22)

What is the Brodmann's area associated with the Superior temporal gyrus?

BA22

Gyrus of the temporal lobe that is responsible for visual perception (especially faces)

Lateral occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus (BA37)

Lateral occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus (BA37) of the temporal lobe has this function

Visual perception (especially faces)

What is the Brodmann's area associated with the Lateral occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus?

BA37

Lobe found within the lateral sulcus that is involved in a wide range of cognitive functions, especially emotions

Insular lobe

The insular lobe is involved in a wide range of cognitive functions, especially this

Emotions

The insular lobe is found within this sulcus

Lateral sulcus

Lobe that is heavily involved in emotion, motivation, learning and memory

Limbic lobe

Lobe that is involved in hippocampal formation, and contains the dentate gyrus, hippocampus, and subiculum

Limbic lobe

The epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and third ventricle are found in this structure

Diencephalon

Part of the diencephalon that contains the pineal body

Epithalamus

Part of the epithalamus that regulates the pituitary gland

Pineal body

The pineal body is found in this structure

Epithalamus (of the diencephalon)

The pineal body is found in the epithalamus and regulates this gland

Pituitary

Relay station for afferent olfactory impulses that is found in the epithalamus

Habenula

The pulvinar and metathalamus are found on the surface of this structure of the diencephalon

Thalamus

Lowest level of the diencephalon Only part of diencephalon externally visible Consists of multiple nuclei with a variety of functions One of the most important is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Part of the diencephalon that contains the choroid plexus (responsible for CSF production)

Third ventricle

The third ventricle is within this part of the brain

Diencephalon

Structure on the posterior surface of the mesencephalon that is responsible for vision

Superior colliculus

Structure on the posterior surface of the mesencephalon that is responsible for audition

Inferior colliculus

The superior colliculus is on the posterior surface of the mesencephalon and has this function

Vision

The inferior colliculus is on the posterior surface of the mesencephalon and has this function

Audition

The superior (vision) and inferior (audition) colliculus are found on the posterior surface of this

Mesencephalon

The posterior surface of the Mesencephalon contains this nerve

Trochlear nerve (CNIV)

The Trochlear nerve (CNIV) is found on the posterior surface of this brain structure

Mesencephalon

These 4 cranial nerves are found on the anterior surface of the pons

Trigeminal CNV Abducens CNVI Facial CNVII Vestibulocochlear CNVIII

CNV through VIII are found on this surface of the pons

CNV through VIII are found on the anterior surface of this structure

Pons

The facial colliculus is found on this posterior surface of this structure

Pons

The facial colliculus is found on this surface of the pons

Posterior

Structure on the posterior surface of the pons that contains the abducens nucleus and internal genu of the facial nerve

Facial conniculus

The facial conniculus (found on posterior surface of pons) contains these 2 structures

Abducens nucleus Internal genu of CNVII

Structure on the anterior surface of the Medulla Oblongata that contains descending tracts

Pyramid

The Pyramid contains descending tracts and is found on the anterior surface of this structure

Medulla Oblongata

The Pyramid contains descending tracts and is found on this surface of the Medulla Oblongata

Does the Pyramid (of the Medulla) contain ascending or descending tracts?

Descending

CNIX-XII are found on the anterior surface of this structure

Medulla oblongata

CNIX-XII are found on this surface of the Medulla oblongata

The anterior surface of the Medulla oblongata contains these 4 cranial nerves

Glossopharyngeal (CNIX) Vagal nerve (CNX) Accessory nerve (CNXI) Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

Structure on the anterior surface of the Medulla oblangata that contains the inferior olivary nucleus

Olive

The Olive is found on the anterior surface of this structure

Medulla Oblangata

The Olive is found on this surface of the Medulla Oblangata

The Rhomboid fossa is found on the posterior surface of the Medulla oblangata and contains this area, which is the vomiting center

Area postrema

The Area postrema (vomiting center) is found in the rhomboid fossa on the posterior surface of this structure

Medulla oblangata

The Area postrema (vomiting center) is found in this structure on the posterior surface of the Medulla oblangata

Rhomboid fossa

The Area postrema (vomiting center) is found in the rhomboid fossa on this surface of the Medulla oblangata

Posterior

The Area postrema is found in the rhomboid fossa on the posterior surface of the Medulla oblangata and is responsible for this function

Vomiting center

The cerebellum is located within posterior and cranial fossa and attached to brainstem by these

3 cerebellar peduncles

This structure is separated from the occipital and temporal lobes by the tentorium cerebelli and forms the roof of the 4th ventricle

Cerebellum

Structure of the cerebellum that connects to pons and midbrain

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Structure of the cerebellum that connects to pons

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Structure of the cerebellum that connects to pons and medulla

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

The superior cerebellar peduncle connects to these

Pons and midbrain

The middle cerebellar peduncle connects to these

Pons

The inferior cerebellar peduncle connects to these

Pons and medulla

Rounded lobule on inferior surface of each cerebellar hemisphere

Tonsil

The Tonsil is a rounded lobule on the inferior surface of this

Each cerebellar hemisphere

2 segments of the spinal cord that are enlarged due to association with limb control

Cervical (arms), lumbosacral (legs)

Part of internal spinal cord that has: Ascending pain and temperature Descending motor information

Ventral and ventrolateral columns

Part of internal spinal cord that has: Descending motor information

Ventral and ventrolateral columns

Part of internal spinal cord that has: Ascending pain and temperature

Ventral and ventrolateral columns

Ventral and ventrolateral columns of the internal spinal cord contain these two types of information

Ascending pain and temperature Descending motor information

Part of internal spinal cord that has: Ascending sensory information from mechanoreceptors

Dorsal columns

Part of internal spinal cord that has: Axons travelling from cerebral cortex to interneurons and motor neurons in ventral horns

Lateral columns

This is the Target or Source of the cranial nerves that deal with sensory information about the head and neck

Brainstem

This is the pathway that ALL ascending sensory tracts for the spinal cord; the trigeminal system; the descending motor tracts from the forebrain and local eye movement pathways run through

Brainstem

This structure regulates consciousness (via the reticular formation)

Brainstem

The brainstem regulates consciousness via this

Reticular formation

Arteries of the CNS are divided into these 2 systems

Internal carotid Vertebrobasilar

Ophthalmic, posterior communicating, and anterior choroidal are branches of this artery

Internal carotid

The anterior and middle cerebral arteries are terminal branches of this

Internal carotid artery

Artery that supplies the anterior 2/3 of the brain

Internal carotid artery

Artery that supplies the optic nerve and retina, internal capsule and basal ganglia

Internal carotid artery

Meningeal, PICA, anterior and posterior spinal arteries are branches of this

Vertebral artery

Anteroinferior cerebellar, labyrinthine, pontine, superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral are branches of this artery

Basilar artery

Artery that supplies the medial and inferior aspects of the occipital and temporal lobes

Vertebrobasilar artery

Artery that supplies the thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum and upper spinal cord

Vertebrobasilar artery

5 major branches of the internal carotid artery

Ophthalmic Posterior communicating Anterior choroidal Anterior cerebral Middle cerebral

Artery that forms clinically important anastomoses with branches of the external carotid artery Connecting the internal and external carotid arteries

Ophthalmic artery

Occlusion of this artery may cause monocular blindness in the ipsilateral eye

Ophthalmic artery

Does occlusion of the ophthalmic artery cause monocular blindness in the ipsilateral or contralateral eye?

Ipsilateral

Perforators of this artery emerge supplying optic chiasm, posterior hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, posterior limb of the internal capsule and subthalamus

Posterior communicating artery

Cortical branches of this artery supply the medial aspect of the frontal and parietal lobes

ACA

Central branches of this artery supply anteromedial parts of the basal ganglia and anterior limb of the internal capsule (via the medial striate artery (of Heubner))

ACA

Branch of the ACA that supplies the anterior limb of the internal capsule

Medial striate artery (of Heubner)

Medial striate artery (of Heubner) is a branch of this

ACA

Central branches (lateral lenticulostriate arteries) of this artery penetrate the anterior perforated substance and supply majority of the basal ganglia and internal capsule

MCA

Division of cortical branches of the MCA that supplies motor and sensory cortex related to the face and arm and expressive language

Superior division

Division of cortical branches of the MCA that supplies part of the optic tract, upper part of the optic radiations, area of receptive language

Inferior division

Arterial system that supplies the posterior 1/3 of the brain

Vertebrobasilar

This artery continues along the midline of the pons and divides into the posterior cerebral arteries at the midbrain

Basilar artery

4 main branches of the vertebral artery

Meningeal branch Posterior spinal Anterior spinal Posterior inferior cerebellar

Branch of the vertebral artery that supplies the posterior aspect of the caudal medulla and spinal cord

Posterior spinal artery

Branch of the vertebral artery that supplies the anterior aspect of the caudal medulla and spinal cord

Anterior spinal artery

Branch of the vertebral artery that supplies posteroinferior surface of the cerebellar hemisphere, inferior vermis, tonsils, choroid plexus of 4th ventricle and dorsolateral medulla

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

5 major branches of the basilar artery

Anterior inferior cerebellar Labyrinthe Pontine Superior cerebellar Posterior cerebral

Branch of the basilar artery that supplies the anterolateral aspect of the inferior surface of the cerebellar hemisphere and contributes to the central cerebellar nuclei, lateral pons, middle cerebral peduncle, flocculus, and CNVII and VIII

Anterior inferior cerebellar

Branch of the basilar artery that contributes to the internal auditory artery (Labyrinthe)

Anterior inferior cerebellar

These are numerous slender branches of the basilar artery that penetrate and supply the pons

Pontine arteries

Branch of the basilar artery that supplies the anterior surface of the cerebellar hemisphere, contributes branches to the medulla, pons and midbrain

Superior cerebellar artery

Cortical branches of this artery supply medial and inferior aspects of the occipital and temporal lobes, including lower optic radiation and visual cortex

Posterior cerebral

Central branches of this artery supply midbrain, geniculate bodies and thalamus

Posterior cerebral

Do veins of the brain have valves?

Two major arteries that supply the spinal cord, both originate as descending branches of the vertebral arteries

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries

Artery that supplies the anterior 2/3 of spinal cord

Anterior spinal artery

Artery that supplies the posterior third of spinal cord

Posterior spinal artery

Artery that supplies the pyramids, medial lemniscus, and intra-axial fibers of the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) of the medulla

Anterior spinal artery

Artery that supplies the gracile and cuneate fasciculi in the medulla

Posterior spinal artery