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Brar Flashcards

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1
Q

Triglycerides (TAGs)

A

packaged w/cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins to form VLDL

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2
Q

MTP

A

assembles VLDLs into chylomicrons

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3
Q

Where are VLDLs processed?

A

golgi complex

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4
Q

What happens to cAMP levels and lipolysis during fasting?

A

cAMP levels rise due to decrease in insulin and rise in glucagon; this stimulates lipolysis

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5
Q

How do saturated FAs affect cholesterol?

A

They elevate it

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6
Q

How do monounsaturated FAs affect cholesterol?

A

lower cholesterol and LDL

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7
Q

Beta oxidation

A

breaks down even chain FA through 4 steps producing ATP and acetyl CoA

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8
Q

Carnitine deficiency

A

compromises skeletal mm and liver during fasting

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9
Q

Medium Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (aka MCAD Disease)

A

most common inherited defect in the beta oxidation sequence;
affected enzyme catalyzes the first reaction in beta-oxidation of medium chain;
sx: fasting hypoglycemia during infancy/childhood; pt may die during first hypoglycemic attack

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10
Q

Refsum disease

A

defect in peroxisomal alpha-oxidation

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11
Q

What are High HDL levels associated with?

A

decrease risk for heart disease

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12
Q

What role do peroxisomes play in FA oxidation?

A

only site for very long chain FA oxidation

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13
Q

Omega oxidation

A

alternative pathway to beta oxidation; produces dicaboxylic acids that can be utilized in beta oxidation

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14
Q

Peroxisomal A-, B-

A

oxidation and microsomal omega oxidation are not feedback regulated; they fxn to lower levels of water insoluble compounds which resemble FAs that are toxic

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15
Q

Alpha oxidation

A

used in peroxisomes to break down dietary phytanic acid which cannot undergo beta oxidation

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16
Q

Beta oxidation

A

FA molecules are broken down in mito to generate acetyl CoA (enters krebs)

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17
Q

Malonyl CoA

A

serves as an intermediate 2 C donor to a growing chain; inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase I; prevents movement of FAs into mitochondria

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18
Q

What is the relationship between linoleic acid and arachidonic acid?

A

Linoleic acid is elongated and desaturated into arachidonic acid which is an immediate precursor for most prostaglandins

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19
Q

What is phospholipase A2 and what does it have to do with snake venom?

A

a compound that causes hemolysis by lysing the phospholipid cell membranes of RBCs; it is found in snake venom!

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20
Q

What does the carnitine shuttle do?

A

utilized in transporting fatty acyl CoA into mitochondrial matrix

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21
Q

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase I (CPT I)

A

couples carnitine to free FA

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22
Q

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase II (CPT II)

A

removes carnitine group; regenerates carnitine

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23
Q

What are the 4 reactions in beta oxidation?

A
  1. Dehydrogenation
  2. Hydration
  3. Oxidation
  4. Thiolysis
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24
Q

How many ATPs are generated by each turn of beta oxidation?

A

17

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25
What extra enzymes are needed to metabolize unsaturated FAs?
Enoyl CoA Isomerase (for monounsaturated FAs) and 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase (for PUFAs)
26
When are ketone bodies produced?
In the absence of glucose, during fasting
27
Vasopressin
aka ADH; regulates water retention; raises BP
28
Oxytocin
uterine contractions, delivery of milk from glands, bonding/trust
29
Glucagon
causes liver to convert glycogen to glucose
30
Secretin
regulates duodenal pH
31
Glutathione
reducing agent
32
Describe the structure of polypeptide chains
Primary: determined by sequence of AA Secondary: formed by different regions of sequence (alpha helices, beta strands) Tertiary: packing elements into globular unit Quaternary: several pp chains interacting called subunits
33
Hydroxyl AA
form covalent bonds with carbohydrates
34
Proline
introduces kinks into protein chains
35
Why do people with phenylketonuria (PKU) have light complexions and how do you tx?
because the problem with phenylalanine hydroxylase affects the synth of melanin; tx by severely restricting phenylalanine but not eliminating it completely because it is essential!
36
Sarin, malthion
form covalent bond at active site of acetylcholinesterase
37
Production of ammonia
Glutamate + NAD+ --> a-ketoglutarate + NADH + NH3
38
Assimilation of ammonia
Glutamate + NH3 + ATP --> glutamine + ADP + Pi
39
Nitrogen balance
nitrogen consumed - nitrogen excreted
40
When is the nitrogen balance zero?
in healthy adults
41
When is the nitrogen balance positive?
childhood, pregnancy, muscle building, healing
42
When is the nitrogen balance negative?
protein malnutrition, deficiency of essential amino acids, stress
43
Glucogenic AAs
Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Cysteine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Serine, Histidine, Methionine, Threonine, Valine
44
Ketogenic AAs
Leucine, Lysine
45
Which AAs make Acetyl-CoA?
Isoleucine, Leucine, Tryptophan
46
Which AAs make Acetoacetyl CoA?
Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine
47
Which AAs make Pyruvate?
Serine, Threonine, Glycone, Tryptophan, Cysteine, Alanine
48
Which AAs make Oxaloacetate?
Aspartate, Asparagine
49
Which AAs make a-ketoglutarate?
Proline, Arginine, Histidine, Glutamine, Glutamate
50
Which AAs make Succinyl-CoA?
Methionine, Valine, Threonine, Isoleucine
51
Which AAs make Fumarate?
Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Aspartate
52
Folic acid
receives 1 C fragments from donors and transfers them to intermediates in the synth of AAs, purines and thymidine monophosphate
53
What inhibits heme synth?
Iron, lead, heme
54
Which AAs make Catecholamines?
Phenylalanine, Tyrosine
55
Which AAs make Serotonin?
Tryptophan
56
Which AAs make Histamine?
Histidine
57
Which AAs make Glutathione?
Glutamate, Cysteine, Glycine
58
Which AAs make Nitric Oxide?
L-Arginine
59
What makes NAD/NADP?
Niacin
60
Which AAs make Thyroid Hormones?
Tyrosine
61
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency
converts adenosine --> inosine; causes severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID); kids die before 2 yo
62
Gout
hyperuricemia w/recurrent attacks of acute arthritic joint inflammation; tx: allopurinol

MCBM (11 decks)

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