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Talbot Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

ability to maintain internal environment w/n narrow limits; ex: BP, pH

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2
Q

Sensory receptor

A

detects deviations of a specific parameter that moves out of its normal range of function

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3
Q

Integration or control center

A

receives info from the sensory receptor and decides if there should be a response

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4
Q

Effector

A

induces the change that brings the parameter back towards set point

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5
Q

Negative feedback

A

response generated by the effector acts to oppose/remove the stimulus

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6
Q

Positive feedback

A

response reinforces stimulus; ex: labor

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7
Q

Steady state

A

rate of influx is equal to outflux

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8
Q

Equilibrium

A

no net flow into or out of system

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9
Q

Is homeostasis more of a steady state or equilibrium?

A

steady state!

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10
Q

Tonic activity

A

maintenance of some level of activity at all times

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11
Q

Antagonistic control

A

two different control mechanisms that induce opposite effects

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12
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of a solute suspended or dissolved in an aqueous solution down its concentration gradient

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13
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration

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14
Q

When would a cell be in an iso-osmotic solution?

A

with urea and ethanol

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15
Q

Change in solute concentration will lead to

A

osmotic water gain/loss

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16
Q

Hypertonic environment

A

NKCC or NHE transporters are activated to let Na, K and Cl into cell

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17
Q

Hypotonic environment

A

efflux pathways and KCC transporter is activated to move K+ and Cl- out of cell

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18
Q

What are the 3 major body compartments?

A

Interstitial 66%
Vascular 25%
Intracellular 8%

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19
Q

What does structurally polar mean?

A

in microtubules, the minus ends are oriented towards the center of the cell and the plus ends are oriented towards the cell periphery

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20
Q

Kinesin

A

walk towards plus end (periphery) of microtubules;

have a binding site on opposite side of feet for membrane bound organelle or another MT

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21
Q

Dynesin

A

walk toward the minus end; larger, more complex and faster than kinesin

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22
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

spontaneous passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across membranes with the use of an integral transmembrane protein

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23
Q

Simple diffusion

A

diffusion across the lipid membrane

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24
Q

Carriers

A

solute physically binds to transport protein; can be active or passive

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25
Channels
solute moves through an aqueous pore; can be ligand-gated, phosphorylation-gated, voltage-gated or mechanically gated
26
Uniporter
one solute, one direction; ex: Ca ATPase
27
Symporter
2+ solutes in the same direction; ex: Na+/glucose cotransporter
28
Antiporter
"opposite" 2+ solutes exchanged between compartments; ex: Na/H exchanger
29
Primary active transport
uses cellular energy (ATP); drives solute against electrochemical gradient; transporters are pumps or ATPases
30
Secondary active transport
uses potential energy; drives active transport of a different solute; always coupled with transporters
31
Polarized cell
two distinct membrane domains; presence of specific protein that allow cell to have a unique function
32
Transepithelial transport
movement of substances across epithelium; across apical and basolateral membranes in series
33
Movement of ions across membrane is influence by both their:
chemical gradient and electrical gradient (electrochemical gradient)
34
Nernst equation
allows you to predict which direction an ion will move across a membrane
35
Na+ moves
into the cell; down its electrochemical gradient
36
K+ moves
out of the cell so Vm would become more negative
37
Cl- moves
out of the cell making the Vm less negative
38
Ca2+ moves
into the cell
39
Membrane potential
source of potential energy that can be used to drive a variety of transport processes; real value measured by using GHK EQ
40
Equilibrium potential
the membrane potential that will exist when ion x is at equilibrium; theoretical value
41
Time constant
time it takes the membrane to reach 63% of final voltage
42
Length constant
distance needed before the Vm decays to 37% of its peak value
43
Amplitude of the voltage deflection is
variable and dependent upon the stimulus intensity
44
Action potential
induced by a depolarizing stimulus of sufficient intensity
45
Resting state
all voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels closed
46
Depolarizing
all voltage-gated Na+ channels open
47
Repolarizing
all voltage-gated Na+ channel inactive and K+ channels open
48
Hyperpolarizing
all voltage-gated K+ channels slowly closing and Na+ channels inactive --> closing
49
Refractory
unresponsive membrane due to inactivation phase of voltage-gated Na+ channels
50
Absolute
no AP can be generated; most Na+ inactivated
51
Relative
smaller than normal AP can be generated from larger stimulus; some Na+ channels capable of opening
52
Dynamic instability
microtubules are constantly growing at + end and shrinking at - end
53
Acting
globular monomer bound to ATP
54
Microtubules
13 protofilaments made up of alternating dimers of alpha and beta tubulin
55
Monomer binding (or sequestering) proteins
promote growth often of new actin filaments
56
Nucleating proteins
promote rapid depolymerization
57
Cross-linking proteins
help form a web like structure
58
End-binding (or capping) proteins
one version specific for plus end, another for minus end; prevent assembly and/or disassembly at the respective capped off ends
59
Side-binding/stabilizing proteins
help stabilize the filament and prevent depolymerization
60
Motor proteins
myosin walks along all types of actin filaments
61
Binding proteins
help arrange actin filaments in stable, parallel structures
62
Myosin I subfamily
monomeric myosin; ATPase head interacts w/actin filament
63
Myosin II subfamily
muscle myosins; bi-polar thick myosin filament
64
Muscular disease
muscular dystrophy - dystrophin is an ABP that helps link muscle actin to plasma membrane
65
Neurological diseases
synaptic function is dependent upon synaptic morphology which is dependent upon proper functioning of actin filaments; ex: Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's
66
Immunological diseases
impaired regulation of actin cortical filaments in autoimmune diseases
67
Cancer
migratory cells become less dependent upon attachment dependent proliferation
68
Excitable cells
capable of developing action potentials
69
Nebulin
actin stabilizing protein
70
Titin
set length of thick filament and helps pull sarcomere back to its resting length
71
Myomesin
stabilizes sarcomere (M-line)

MCBM (11 decks)

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