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MCBM > Talbot > Flashcards

Talbot Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

ability to maintain internal environment w/n narrow limits; ex: BP, pH

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2
Q

Sensory receptor

A

detects deviations of a specific parameter that moves out of its normal range of function

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3
Q

Integration or control center

A

receives info from the sensory receptor and decides if there should be a response

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4
Q

Effector

A

induces the change that brings the parameter back towards set point

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5
Q

Negative feedback

A

response generated by the effector acts to oppose/remove the stimulus

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6
Q

Positive feedback

A

response reinforces stimulus; ex: labor

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7
Q

Steady state

A

rate of influx is equal to outflux

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8
Q

Equilibrium

A

no net flow into or out of system

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9
Q

Is homeostasis more of a steady state or equilibrium?

A

steady state!

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10
Q

Tonic activity

A

maintenance of some level of activity at all times

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11
Q

Antagonistic control

A

two different control mechanisms that induce opposite effects

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12
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of a solute suspended or dissolved in an aqueous solution down its concentration gradient

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13
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration

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14
Q

When would a cell be in an iso-osmotic solution?

A

with urea and ethanol

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15
Q

Change in solute concentration will lead to

A

osmotic water gain/loss

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16
Q

Hypertonic environment

A

NKCC or NHE transporters are activated to let Na, K and Cl into cell

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17
Q

Hypotonic environment

A

efflux pathways and KCC transporter is activated to move K+ and Cl- out of cell

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18
Q

What are the 3 major body compartments?

A

Interstitial 66%
Vascular 25%
Intracellular 8%

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19
Q

What does structurally polar mean?

A

in microtubules, the minus ends are oriented towards the center of the cell and the plus ends are oriented towards the cell periphery

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20
Q

Kinesin

A

walk towards plus end (periphery) of microtubules;

have a binding site on opposite side of feet for membrane bound organelle or another MT

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21
Q

Dynesin

A

walk toward the minus end; larger, more complex and faster than kinesin

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22
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

spontaneous passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across membranes with the use of an integral transmembrane protein

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23
Q

Simple diffusion

A

diffusion across the lipid membrane

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24
Q

Carriers

A

solute physically binds to transport protein; can be active or passive

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25
Q

Channels

A

solute moves through an aqueous pore; can be ligand-gated, phosphorylation-gated, voltage-gated or mechanically gated

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26
Q

Uniporter

A

one solute, one direction; ex: Ca ATPase

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27
Q

Symporter

A

2+ solutes in the same direction; ex: Na+/glucose cotransporter

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28
Q

Antiporter

A

“opposite” 2+ solutes exchanged between compartments; ex: Na/H exchanger

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29
Q

Primary active transport

A

uses cellular energy (ATP); drives solute against electrochemical gradient; transporters are pumps or ATPases

30
Q

Secondary active transport

A

uses potential energy; drives active transport of a different solute; always coupled with transporters

31
Q

Polarized cell

A

two distinct membrane domains; presence of specific protein that allow cell to have a unique function

32
Q

Transepithelial transport

A

movement of substances across epithelium; across apical and basolateral membranes in series

33
Q

Movement of ions across membrane is influence by both their:

A

chemical gradient and electrical gradient (electrochemical gradient)

34
Q

Nernst equation

A

allows you to predict which direction an ion will move across a membrane

35
Q

Na+ moves

A

into the cell; down its electrochemical gradient

36
Q

K+ moves

A

out of the cell so Vm would become more negative

37
Q

Cl- moves

A

out of the cell making the Vm less negative

38
Q

Ca2+ moves

A

into the cell

39
Q

Membrane potential

A

source of potential energy that can be used to drive a variety of transport processes; real value measured by using GHK EQ

40
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

the membrane potential that will exist when ion x is at equilibrium; theoretical value

41
Q

Time constant

A

time it takes the membrane to reach 63% of final voltage

42
Q

Length constant

A

distance needed before the Vm decays to 37% of its peak value

43
Q

Amplitude of the voltage deflection is

A

variable and dependent upon the stimulus intensity

44
Q

Action potential

A

induced by a depolarizing stimulus of sufficient intensity

45
Q

Resting state

A

all voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels closed

46
Q

Depolarizing

A

all voltage-gated Na+ channels open

47
Q

Repolarizing

A

all voltage-gated Na+ channel inactive and K+ channels open

48
Q

Hyperpolarizing

A

all voltage-gated K+ channels slowly closing and Na+ channels inactive –> closing

49
Q

Refractory

A

unresponsive membrane due to inactivation phase of voltage-gated Na+ channels

50
Q

Absolute

A

no AP can be generated; most Na+ inactivated

51
Q

Relative

A

smaller than normal AP can be generated from larger stimulus; some Na+ channels capable of opening

52
Q

Dynamic instability

A

microtubules are constantly growing at + end and shrinking at - end

53
Q

Acting

A

globular monomer bound to ATP

54
Q

Microtubules

A

13 protofilaments made up of alternating dimers of alpha and beta tubulin

55
Q

Monomer binding (or sequestering) proteins

A

promote growth often of new actin filaments

56
Q

Nucleating proteins

A

promote rapid depolymerization

57
Q

Cross-linking proteins

A

help form a web like structure

58
Q

End-binding (or capping) proteins

A

one version specific for plus end, another for minus end; prevent assembly and/or disassembly at the respective capped off ends

59
Q

Side-binding/stabilizing proteins

A

help stabilize the filament and prevent depolymerization

60
Q

Motor proteins

A

myosin walks along all types of actin filaments

61
Q

Binding proteins

A

help arrange actin filaments in stable, parallel structures

62
Q

Myosin I subfamily

A

monomeric myosin; ATPase head interacts w/actin filament

63
Q

Myosin II subfamily

A

muscle myosins; bi-polar thick myosin filament

64
Q

Muscular disease

A

muscular dystrophy - dystrophin is an ABP that helps link muscle actin to plasma membrane

65
Q

Neurological diseases

A

synaptic function is dependent upon synaptic morphology which is dependent upon proper functioning of actin filaments; ex: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s

66
Q

Immunological diseases

A

impaired regulation of actin cortical filaments in autoimmune diseases

67
Q

Cancer

A

migratory cells become less dependent upon attachment dependent proliferation

68
Q

Excitable cells

A

capable of developing action potentials

69
Q

Nebulin

A

actin stabilizing protein

70
Q

Titin

A

set length of thick filament and helps pull sarcomere back to its resting length

71
Q

Myomesin

A

stabilizes sarcomere (M-line)

MCBM (11 decks)

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