Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Adult Health 1 > Breast Disorders and Gynecologic Problems > Flashcards

Breast Disorders and Gynecologic Problems Flashcards

1
Q

breast cancer

A

most common diagnosis in women, second to lung cancer in causing death, early detection is key to effective treatment and survival.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

categories of breast cancer

A

noninvasive (20%) and invasive (80%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

noninvasive breast cancer

A

ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

A

cancer cells are located within the duct and have not invaded the surrounding fatty breast tissue. 14% to 53% become invasive and spread into the breast tissue surrounding the ducts over a period of 10 yrs if not treated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

A

rare. occurs as an abnormal cell growth in the lobules (milk producing glands) of the breast. treated with close observation only but women with breast cancer risk factors may consider prophylactic treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

invasive breast cancer

A

infiltrating ductal carcinoma
inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

A

most common type, originates in the mammary ducts and grows in the epithelial cells lining these ducts. dimpling and an edematous thickening and pitting of breast skin called peau’d orange may be seen as the tumor continues to grow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)

A

rare but highly aggressive
symptoms including swelling, skin redness, pain in the breasts
usually diagnosed at a later stage than other types of cancer so it is harder to treat successfully.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Breast cancer in young women

A

4.6% occur in women younger than 40
genetic predisposition is a stronger risk factor for younger women than older women
frequently present with more aggressive forms of the disease, and the number of cases is increasing
screening tools are less effective because breasts are denser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Breast cancer in men

A

rare, occuring in fewer than 1% of all cases
average onset 68
symptoms: hard, painless, subareolar mass
gynecomastia may be present
diagnosis frequently delayed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

etiology of breast cancer

A

no known single cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

risk factors that increase the risk of breast cancer

A

females, older than 65, genetic factors (inherited mutations or BRCA1 and or BRCA2), history of a previous breast cancer, dense breasts (more glandular than connective tissue), atypical hyperplasia, exposure to radiation, first born child after age 30 or nulliparity, recent oral contraceptive use or hormonal replacement therapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

modifiable risk factors for breast cancer

A

avoid weight gain and obesity, engage in regular physical activity, minimize alcohol intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

health promotion and maintenance of breast cancer

A

mammography, breast self awareness/ self examination, clinical breast examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mammography

A

annually for women ages 40 and older. MRI should be done in women who have known genetic mutations and or other high risk factors. ultrasound sometimes is used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

breast self awareness/self examination

A

should be done in premenopausal women 1 week after their period. For others, should be done the same day each month.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical breast exam

A

performed by advanced practice nurses and other health care providers annually.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

additional health promotion and maintenance for high risk women

A

prophylactic mastectomy- preventative surgical removal of one or both breasts
prophylactic oophorectomy- removal of the ovaries
anti-estrogen chemo-preventative drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

assessment for breast cancer

A

history, physical assessment, clinical manifestations, psychosocial, lab assessments, imaging assessments,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

physical assessment/clinical manifestations of breast cancer

A

breast mass- identify location by using the “face of the clock” method. describe shape, size, and consistency, mass will be hard and fixed versus mobile.
note any skin changes around the mass- dimpling, redness and warmth
nipple retraction or ulceration
assess adjacent lymph nodes for swelling
pain or soreness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lab assessments for breast cancer

A

biopsies- pathalogic examination of tissue from the breast mass, pathologic study of the lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

imaging studies for breast cancer

A

mammography, ultrasonography, MRI, chest x-ray (screen for lung metastasis), CT scans (screen for bone, liver, and brain metastases), breast tissue biopsy is the only definitive way to diagnose breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

priority nursing diagnosis and collaborative problems

A

ineffective coping related to unanticipated breast cancer diagnosis. potential for metastasis of cancer to other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Interventions for breast cancer

A

developing coping strategies, decrease the risk for metastasis, surgical management, breast reconstruction,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

developing coping strategies

A

decrease anxiety, offer outside resources, assess need for knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

decrease the risk for metastasis

A

nonsurgical management- follow up with adjuvant radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy. Promote comfort for those who cannot have surgery or whose cancer is too advanced. CAM: vitamins, special diets, herbal therapy, prayer, guided imagery, massage etc. 80% of women use some form during breast cancer treatment, should not be used in place of standard treatment. check with HCP before using

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

surgical management for breast cancer

A

preoperative: relieve anxiety and provide information to increase patient knowledge, include the spouse or partner, address body image issues before surgery.
Operative procedures: lumpectomy, partial mastectomy, total simple mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy
post operative: avoid using the affected arm for measuring blood pressure, giving injections, or drawing blood, observe for signs of swelling and infection, wound care, drainage tube care, HOB elevated 30 degrees, elevate arm of affected side on a pillow while awake, repositioning, analgesics
breast reconstruction
Adjuvant therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

lumpectomy

A

tumor and small amount of tissue removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

partial mastectomy

A

part of the breast and some normal tissue around it removed

30
Q

total simple mastectomy

A

removal of the entire breast

31
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

breast and some lymph nodes removed, part of the chest wall muscle may also be removed

32
Q

adjuvant therapy

A

radiation therapy
drug therapy: chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormonal therapy

33
Q

interventions for breast cancer depend on

A

the stage of the disease, patient’s age menopausal status, patient preferences, pathologic examination, hormone receptor status, presence of known genetic predisposition

34
Q

patient/family teaching for post operative mastectomy

A

wound care
care of drains
no lotions or ointments
no use of deodorant under the affected arm until healing is complete
observe for infection (swelling, redness, increased heat, and tenderness)
Elevate affected arm on a pillow 30 min a day for the first 6 months
Sponge baths or tub baths only until stitches, staples, or drains are removed
numbness in the area of the surgery and along the inner side of the armpit to the elbow occurs in almost all women
wear loose fitting clothes
active range of motion exercises should begin 1 week after surgery or when sutures and drains are removed.

35
Q

patient teaching lymphedema

A

abnormal accumulation of protein fluid in the subQ tissue of the affected limb after mastectomy
once it develops, can be difficult to manage, and lifelong measures must be taken to prevent it

36
Q

symptoms of lymphedema

A

sensation of heaviness, aching, fatigue, numbness, tingling and or swelling in the affected arm, as well as swelling in the upper chest

37
Q

prevention of lymphedema

A

avoid blood pressure measurements, injections in, or drawing blood from the effected side, wear a mitt when using an oven, wear gloves when gardening, treats cuts and scrapes, elevate arm when possible, measures are lifelong, referral to a specialist may be necessary.

38
Q

endometrial (uterine) cancer

A

cancer of the inner uterine lining, most common gynecologic malignancy, good prognosis, grows slowly in most cases, adenocarcinoma most common type of tumor

39
Q

stage 1 of endometrial cancer

A

confined to the endometrium

40
Q

stage 2 of endometrial cancer

A

also involves the cervix

41
Q

stage 3 of endometrial cancer

A

reaches the vagina or lymph nodes

42
Q

stage 4 of endometrial cancer

A

spread to the bowel or bladder mucosa and or beyond the pelvis

43
Q

etiology for endometrial cancer

A

strongly associated with prolonged exposure to estrogen without the protective effects of progesterone

44
Q

risk factors of endometrial cancer

A

women in reproductive years, nulliparity, family history, DM, HTN, obesity, uterine polyps, late menopause, smoking, tamoxifen given breast cancer

45
Q

symptoms of endometrial cancer

A

postmenopausal vaginal bleeding- main symptom
watery bloody vaginal discharge
low back or abdominal pain
low pelvic pain
uterus is enlarged if the cancer is advanced

46
Q

Lab assessment for endometrial cancer

A

CBC, cancer antigen 125, alpha fetoprotein, HCG

47
Q

diagnostic assessment of endometrial cancer

A

transvaginal ultrasound, endometrial biopsy, other diagnostic tests may be done to determine the patients overall health status and the presence of metastasis.

48
Q

stage one of surgical management of endometrial cancer

A

removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries (total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy) as well as peritoneum fluid or washings for cytologic examination.

49
Q

stage two of surgical management of endometrial cancer

A

radical hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection and removal of the upper third of the vagina

50
Q

nonsurgical management of endometrial cancer

A

used postoperatively and depends on the surgical staging.

51
Q

radiation therapy for endometrial cancer

A

brachytherapy internal radiation placed by the radiologist. Radioactive implant remains in place for several minutes. procedure may be repeated between 2 and 5 times once or twice a week. Patient is not radioactive between treatments and there is no restrictions on her interactions with others. restricted to bedrest during treatment session.
External beam radiation therapy: 4-6 weeks

52
Q

Drug therapy

A

chemotherapy

53
Q

psychosocial inteventions

A

coping mechanisms

54
Q

Cervical cancer

A

progressive cancer: normal cervical cells, atypia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma in situ (which is most advanced premalignant change)
generally takes years for the cervical cells to transform from normal to premalignant to invasive cancer.

55
Q

cervical cancer etiology

A

most causes are caused by certain types of HPV (most common types of STD in US)

56
Q

risk factors for cervical cancer

A

multi parity, smoking, African American, oral contraceptive, history of STI, obesity, family history, HIV/AIDS, younger than 18 at first intercourse.

57
Q

health promotion and maintenance for cervical cancer

A

Gardasil and cervix: ideally given before sexual contact for girls and younger women, also given for boys and young men to precent genital warts, transmission, and certain types of cancer. Protection against the highest risk HPV types that are responsible for most cervical cancers
Periodic pelvic examinations and pap tests at age 21 for women.

58
Q

assessment for cervical cancer

A

asymptomatic in pre-invasive cancer
clinical manifestations for invasive cancers

59
Q

Clinical manifestations for invasive cancer

A

painless vaginal bleeding- classic symptoms
late: watery, blood tinged vaginal discharge that becomes dark and foul smelling, leg pain (along sciatic nerve) or swelling of one leg, flank pain (symptom of hydro-nephrosis) cancer may be pressing on the ureters, backing up the urine into the kidneys.

60
Q

Diagnostic assessment for cervical cancer

A

HPV-typing DNA test if pap results are abnormal
colposcopy.

61
Q

interventions for cervical cancer

A

early surgical procedures, surgical procedure, nonsurgical management

62
Q

early surgical procedures for cervical cancer

A

loop electrosurgical excision procedure, laser therapy, cryotherapy

63
Q

surgical procedure for cervical cancer

A

hysterectomy

64
Q

non surgical management for cervical cancer

A

radiation or chemotherapy

65
Q

Ovarian cancer

A

most ovarian cancers are epithelial tumors that grow on the surface of the ovaries. tumors grow rapidly, spread quickly, and are often bilateral. leading cause of death from female reproductive cancers. survival rates are low because because of ovarian cancer is often not detected until its late stages. second most common type. Incidence increases in women older than 50 and most are diagnosed after menopause. Teach women to “think ovarian” if they have vague abdominal and GI symptoms.

66
Q

risk factors for ovarian cancer

A

older than 40, family history of ovarian or breast cancer or heredity nonpolyposis colon cancer, DM, nulliparity, older than 30 with first pregnancy, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, infertility, BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 gene mutations, early menarche/late menopause, endometriosis, obesity and high fat diet.

67
Q

clinical manifestations for ovarian cancer

A

mild symptoms for several months but may have thoughts they were due to normal perimenopausal changes or stress, abdominal pain and swelling, vague GI disturbances such as dyspepsia (indigestion) and gas, any enlarged ovary found after menopause should be evaluated as though it were malignant.

68
Q

Diagnostic assessment for ovarian cancer

A

CA125 may be elevated in ovarian cancer but for other reasons too; transvaginal ultrasonography, CXR and CT

69
Q

surgical management of ovarian cancer

A

exploratory laparotomy, total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingoophorectomy and pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection usually performed, very large tumors that cannot be removed are debulked (cyto-reduction)

70
Q

non surgical management for ovarian cancer

A

chemotherapy after surgery

71
Q

interventions for ovarian cancer at advanced metastasis

A

palliative and end of life care, difficult cancer to diagnose before metastasis occurs.

Adult Health 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions