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Neonate > Breastfeeding > Flashcards

Breastfeeding Flashcards

1
Q

What are some short-term benefits of breastfeeding for infants?

A

Reduced risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and allergy.

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2
Q

What long-term benefits does breastfeeding offer for infants?

A

Improves neurodevelopment and cognitive outcome, reduces the risk of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

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3
Q

How does breastfeeding benefit mothers?

A

Reduces the risk of ovarian and breast cancer.
promotes bonding
it is cost saving

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4
Q

For which group of infants does breastfeeding provide significant benefits, particularly reducing the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis?

A

Preterm infants.

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5
Q

What is the recommended duration for exclusive breastfeeding according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?

A

The first six months of life.

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6
Q

What should infants receive after six months of age in addition to breastfeeding?

A

Appropriate complementary foods.

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7
Q

How long should breastfeeding be continued according to WHO recommendations?

A

Up to 2 years and beyond.

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8
Q

Why is adequate and timely information during the antenatal period crucial for breastfeeding?

A

To ensure preparedness and increase breastfeeding rates.

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9
Q

How can breastfeeding rates be increased according to research?

A

By providing breastfeeding education and support during pregnancy, intrapartum, and postnatal periods.

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10
Q

What has prenatal education focusing on the benefits of breast milk and practical aspects of expressing breast milk been associated with?

A

Longer breastfeeding duration, especially in preterm infants.

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11
Q

What effect does putting the infant to the breast soon after delivery have on breastfeeding?

A

It has a profound effect on successfully establishing and maintaining breastfeeding.

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12
Q

What should be done even after a Caesarean section under spinal anesthesia?

A

Most healthy infants can be placed skin-to-skin on the mother’s chest as soon as they are breathing well.

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13
Q

When are the rooting and sucking reflexes particularly strong after birth?

A

For the first hour after birth.

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14
Q

What special interventions are required when mothers are physically separated from their infants?

A

Special interventions are needed to enable mothers to provide breastmilk and eventually breastfeed their infants.

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15
Q

When should lactation be stimulated in cases where mothers are separated from their infants?

A

Early, within 6 hours, and frequent stimulation of lactation is associated with higher milk production later on.

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16
Q

What does rooming-in entail for mother and infant?

A

Rooming-in involves keeping the mother and infant together 24-hours a day.

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17
Q

What are the benefits of kangaroo mother care?

A

Kangaroo mother care encourages early, continuous, and prolonged mother–infant skin-to-skin contact, which promotes bonding and breastfeeding success while empowering parents.

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18
Q

Why is correct attachment positioning important during breastfeeding?

A

Correct attachment positioning is vital to achieve an adequate seal, sufficient negative pressure, and an adequate sucking mechanism for effective milk transition.

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19
Q

What are some comfortable positions for holding the infant during feeds?

A

Some comfortable positions for holding the infant during feeds include the cradle hold, cross-cradle hold, or underarm hold (also known as the ‘football’ hold).

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20
Q

What should be ensured regarding the infant’s head and neck during breastfeeding?

A

During breastfeeding, it’s important to ensure that the infant’s head and neck are supported.

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21
Q

What direction should the infant’s body face during breastfeeding?

A

The infant’s whole body should face the mother’s chest during breastfeeding.

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22
Q

How should the mother support her nipple during breastfeeding?

A

The mother should support the base of her nipple between her second and third fingers.

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23
Q

What should the mother ensure regarding the infant’s mouth during breastfeeding?

A

When the infant’s mouth is wide open in response to the rooting reflex, the mother should place the infant’s mouth over the whole nipple and areola.

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24
Q

Why should the mother avoid allowing the infant to suck only on the nipple during breastfeeding?

A

Allowing the infant to suck only on the nipple can rapidly result in a painful, cracked nipple.

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25
Q

What are signs that indicate the infant is correctly latched during breastfeeding?

A

If the infant’s chin touches the breast and the lower lip turns out, and most of the areola is taken into the mouth, it indicates that the infant is correctly latched during breastfeeding.

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26
Q

What feeding method allows infants to feed whenever they are hungry or thirsty?

A

Demand feeding.

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27
Q

What should parents be educated on regarding their infant’s hunger cues?

A

Parents should be taught how to recognize hunger cues.

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28
Q

How many feeds per day do most infants typically adopt when the milk supply is adequate?

A

Most infants adopt a schedule of eight feeds daily.

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29
Q

What should infants be allowed to do regarding their feeding frequency and duration?

A

Infants should be allowed to feed as long and as frequently as they want.

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

What is typical feeding behavior for infants in the first few days?

A

Infants tend to feed frequently for a short period in the first few days.

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32
Q

How does feeding behavior change as the milk supply increases?

A

Once the milk supply increases, infants feed less frequently but spend a longer time with each feed.

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33
Q

How does the ability to feed from the breast develop in preterm infants over time?

A

The ability to feed from the breast will mature with time in preterm infants.

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34
Q

What method can be used to ensure nutritional adequacy during the transition from tube-feeding to breastfeeding?

A

Expressed breast milk provided via cup or tube.

35
Q

How can the amount of feed provided via cup or tube be adjusted during the transition to breastfeeding?

A

The amount of feed provided via cup or tube can gradually be decreased as breastfeeding is established.

36
Q

The amount of feed provided via cup or tube can gradually be decreased as breastfeeding is established.

A

Before discharge, the infant should be feeding well from the breast and gaining weight solely from breastmilk.

37
Q

What is considered a normal weight loss range for infants after birth?

A

A normal weight loss range for infants is 5–10% of their birth weight.

38
Q

By what age is birth weight typically regained in most infants?

A

Birth weight is usually regained by 5–7 days after birth.

39
Q

Do preterm infants typically regain their birth weight within the same timeframe as full-term infants?

A

No, preterm infants may take longer to regain their birth weight.

40
Q

What do exclusively breastfed infants not require in addition to breast milk?

A

Exclusively breastfed infants do not need water or other liquids.

41
Q

What methods can mothers use to express their milk?

A

Mothers can use either hand expression or a breast pump to express their milk.

42
Q

Why is it important to avoid sharing breast pumps?

A

To avoid infection, a breast pump should never be shared.

43
Q

What should mothers be educated on regarding breast pump sterilization?

A

Mothers should be educated on proper sterilization techniques for breast pumps.

44
Q

What is the purpose of heat treating breast milk with ‘flash pasteurization’?

A

Heat treating breast milk with ‘flash pasteurization’ is done in some HIV-positive mothers to provide safe breast milk for their infants

45
Q

In what situations is donated pasteurized milk typically used for infants?

A

Donated pasteurized milk is used for infants whose mothers are absent, too ill to produce milk, or in preterm infants while mothers are establishing breast milk production.

46
Q

Why is it important to use donated breast milk with discretion?

A

Donated breast milk is a finite resource and should be used with discretion, particularly in the most vulnerable infants.

47
Q

What factors should be considered when deciding to use donated breast milk?

A

The most vulnerable infants should be prioritized for donated breast milk usage, considering its finite availability.

48
Q

Why is it crucial to ensure appropriate utilization of donated breast milk?

A

Ensuring the appropriate and careful use of donated breast milk helps preserve this valuable resource for those who need it most.

49
Q

Breastfeeding problems

A

-Inadequate lactation
-Tender or cracked nipples
-Breast engorgement and blocked milk ducts
-Mastitis and breast abscess

50
Q

Why do many mothers stop breastfeeding prematurely?

A

Many mothers stop breastfeeding because they erroneously believe they have insufficient or ‘weak’ milk.

51
Q

What is the composition difference between foremilk and hindmilk?

A

Foremilk, at the beginning of a feed, contains little fat and appears dilute, while hindmilk, at the end of a feed, contains more fat and appears dense and white.

52
Q

How can breast milk production be best enhanced?

A

Breast milk production is best enhanced by putting the infant to the breast early on to provide colostrum and at regular intervals, as frequently as every 2 hours during the day.

53
Q

What factors contribute to successful breastfeeding?

A

Successful breastfeeding involves recognizing hunger cues, breastfeeding on demand, relaxation during feeding, adequate fluid intake, and sufficient rest.

54
Q

How can a mother determine if her lactation is adequate?

A

Adequate lactation is indicated if the mother’s breasts feel soft after feeds, the infant seems satisfied, gains weight well, and passes stools and urine frequently (at least 6 wet nappies in 24 hours).

55
Q

What is the recommended approach for breastfeeding from each breast?

A

Empty one breast before feeding from the other, starting successive feeds on the alternate breast.

56
Q

What is the best stimulus for increased milk production?

A

Frequent feeding is the best stimulus for increased milk production.

57
Q

What are the best ways to prevent nipple injury during breastfeeding?

A

Demand feeding and correct positioning and latching are the best ways to prevent injury to the nipples.

58
Q

What can lead to cracked nipples?

A

Cracked nipples may follow engorgement or incorrect attachment during feeds.

59
Q

What is the recommended treatment for sore nipples?

A

Sore nipples can be treated with a few drops of colostrum after feeds. Surgical spirits should be avoided as they dry out the nipple.

60
Q

How should breastfeeding be managed if nipples are sore?

A

Treatment involves resting the nipple by avoiding suckling on the affected side, expressing milk at regular intervals, and gradually restarting breastfeeding after a few days.

61
Q

What are some alternative treatment options for sore nipples?

A

Lanolin or sunlight/laser therapy are also treatment options for sore nipples.

62
Q

What can lead to breast engorgement, and when does it commonly occur?

A

Breast engorgement may occur if the breasts are not emptied regularly, especially 3 to 5 days after delivery when full milk production occurs.

63
Q

How can engorgement be prevented and managed?

A

Engorgement can be prevented with correct positioning, latching, and frequent feeds. Management involves encouraging frequent sucking, gentle breast massage or expression, warm showers or compresses before feeds, cold compresses between feeds, and mild analgesics for discomfort relief.

64
Q

What are the symptoms of a blocked milk duct?

A

A blocked milk duct results in swelling and tenderness of a segment of the breast.

65
Q

How can a blocked milk duct be resolved?

A

The obstruction can usually be resolved by gentle massaging towards the nipple while feeding.

66
Q

What are the symptoms of mastitis?

A

Mastitis presents with swelling, pain, and inflammation in one breast, accompanied by feeling ill and feverish (pyrexial).

67
Q

How is mastitis typically treated?

A

Mastitis is treated with antibiotics, warm compresses, and analgesics.

68
Q

Is it usually necessary to stop breastfeeding if a mother has mastitis?

A

It is usually not necessary to stop breastfeeding because mastitis inflammation is typically interlobular and the milk is not necessarily infected.

69
Q

How is a breast abscess managed?

A

A breast abscess, characterized by a red, tender, fluctuant mass in the breast, requires incision and drainage. The infant is often temporarily taken off that breast while regular expressing continues. However, it is safe for the infant to breastfeed, and breastfeeding does not slow down healing.

70
Q

What are some rare contraindications to breastfeeding?

A

Most drugs are excreted in breast milk but usually not in pharmacological amounts. However, antineoplastic agents and radioactive drugs are contraindications for breastfeeding.

71
Q

Which drugs should be avoided during breastfeeding?

A

Drugs such as iodine preparations and tetracyclines should be avoided during breastfeeding.

72
Q

Are there any acute maternal illnesses that warrant stopping breastfeeding?

A

Acute maternal illnesses rarely warrant stopping breastfeeding. Even if the mother has pulmonary tuberculosis, breastfeeding can continue if the infant is given prophylactic INH

73
Q

In which inborn errors of metabolism is breastfeeding contraindicated?

A

Breastfeeding is contraindicated in inborn errors of metabolism such as galactosaemia, phenylketonuria, and maple syrup urine disease.

74
Q

What measures can significantly reduce the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding?

A

The correct use of antiretroviral prophylaxis or treatment can reduce the risk of HIV transmission in breast milk to almost nil.

75
Q

In which communities do the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding outweigh the increased risk of HIV infection?

A

In poor communities, the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding are considered to outweigh the increased risk of HIV infection.

76
Q

What is the recommended approach for HIV-positive women regarding infant feeding choices?

A

HIV-positive women should be individually counseled to decide whether to exclusively breastfeed or exclusively formula feed their infants

77
Q

How does antiretroviral prophylaxis or treatment impact the risk of HIV transmission during breastfeeding?

A

Antiretroviral prophylaxis or treatment significantly reduces the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding, reducing it to nearly negligible levels.

78
Q

Why is individual counseling important for HIV-positive mothers regarding infant feeding?

A

Individual counseling allows HIV-positive mothers to make informed decisions about whether to exclusively breastfeed or formula feed based on their specific circumstances and health needs.

79
Q

Promotion of breastfeeding

A
  1. Have a written breastfeeding policy that is routinely communicated to all
    healthcare staff.
  2. Train all healthcare staff in the skills necessary to implement this policy.
  3. Inform all pregnant mothers about the benefits and management of
    breastfeeding.
  4. Place infants in skin-to-skin contact and help mothers initiate breastfeeding
    within an hour of birth.
  5. Show mothers how to breastfeed and how to maintain lactation even if they are
    separated from their infants.
  6. Give newborn infants no food or drink other than breast milk unless medically
    indicated.
  7. Practise rooming-in to allow mothers and infants to stay together 24 hours a day.
  8. Encourage breastfeeding on demand.
  9. Give no artificial teats or dummies to breastfeeding infants.
  10. Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to
    them on discharge from hospital or clinic.
80
Q

What role do breastfeeding support groups play in the community?

A

Breastfeeding support groups provide assistance to women who are breastfeeding for the first time or facing difficulties with breastfeeding by offering guidance, sharing experiences, and providing emotional support.

81
Q

How do breastfeeding advisors contribute to breastfeeding support?

A

Breastfeeding advisors, often found in clinics and hospitals, offer valuable assistance to mothers by providing expert advice, addressing concerns, and offering practical solutions to breastfeeding challenges.

82
Q

What is the significance of breastfeeding associations?

A

Breastfeeding associations play a vital role in promoting breastfeeding and aiding mothers with breastfeeding-related issues. They offer resources, education, and advocacy to support breastfeeding initiatives and improve maternal and infant health.

83
Q

Who typically participates in breastfeeding support groups?

A

Breastfeeding support groups usually consist of breastfeeding mothers or women who have successfully breastfed before, creating a supportive community where members can share experiences and offer encouragement.

84
Q

How do breastfeeding support groups contribute to maternal and infant health?

A

Breastfeeding support groups contribute to maternal and infant health by providing essential guidance and support, which can enhance breastfeeding success rates, improve breastfeeding outcomes, and foster overall well-being for both mothers and babies.

Neonate (34 decks)

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