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Neonate > Examination of the Newborn > Flashcards

Examination of the Newborn Flashcards

1
Q

History: Maternal background

A
  • Age, parity, blood group, VDRL and HIV status.
  • Outcome of previous pregnancies.
  • Any problems with previous infants
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2
Q

History: Pregnancy

A
  • Booked.
  • Duration and fetal growth.
  • Illness or complications e.g. diabetes, GPH.
  • Drugs, smoking, alcohol.
  • Feeding Choice.
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3
Q

History: Labour and Delivery

A
  • Duration of labour.
  • Rupture of Membranes, Amniotic Fluid Clear, Meconium.
  • Drugs given to mother.
  • Method of delivery.
  • Time and Date of Delivery.
  • Fetal condition.
  • Complications.
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4
Q

History: Infant

A
  • Condition at birth – Apgar score.
  • Need for resuscitation, Time to spontaneous Respiration.
  • Passage of urine and meconium.
  • Feeding.
  • Problems since delivery e.g. hypothermia, jaundice.
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5
Q

History: Placenta

A
  • Weight.
  • Gross abnormalities
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6
Q

When should a brief initial examination be conducted after delivery?

A

A brief initial examination should be done after delivery to detect major congenital abnormalities or gross disease requiring immediate attention.

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7
Q

When should a complete examination be performed in newborns?

A

A complete examination should be performed within 24 hours of birth and before discharge home.

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8
Q

What are some key reminders before conducting a newborn examination?

A

Wash your hands, undress the infant completely, and ensure the infant does not get cold.

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9
Q

Why is it important to examine the infant in the mother’s presence if possible?

A

Examining the infant in the mother’s presence reassures her and allows for an explanation of any observed issues or concerns.

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10
Q

How should infants be examined?

A

Infants must be examined gently with warm hands, and the examination should follow a fixed order to ensure nothing is forgotten.

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11
Q

What is the recommended order for conducting a physical examination of a newborn

A

The physical examination should begin with basic measurements, followed by a general inspection, examination by regions starting at the head and ending at the toes, and finally, assessment of the neurological status.

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12
Q

What are the normal measurements for birth weight in newborn infants?

A

Birth weight should be 2500g or above and between the 10th and 90th centile for gestational age.

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13
Q

What conditions are considered abnormal in birth weight measurement?

A

Low birth weight (below 2500g) or being underweight (below 10th centile) or overweight (above 90th centile) for gestational age are considered abnormal.

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14
Q

What are the normal measurements for head circumference in newborn infants?

A

Head circumference should be between the 10th and 90th centiles for gestational age.

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15
Q

What conditions are considered abnormal in head circumference measurement?

A

Having a small head (below 10th centile) or a large head (above 90th centile) for gestational age are considered abnormal.

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16
Q

What are the normal measurements for crown-heel length in newborn infants?

A

Crown-heel length should be between the 10th and 90th centile for gestational age, measured accurately with a measuring box.

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17
Q

What conditions are considered abnormal in crown-heel length measurement?

A

Being short (below 10th centile) or long (above 90th centile) for gestational age is considered abnormal.

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18
Q

What is the normal range for skin temperature in newborns?

A

The abdominal wall temperature should be between 36–36.5°C (or axilla 36.5–37°C).

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19
Q

What condition is indicated by a skin temperature below 35°C?

A

Hypothermia is indicated by a skin temperature below 35°C.

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20
Q

What physical and neurological features are characteristic of a term infant?

A

Term infants typically exhibit physical and neurological features appropriate for their gestational age, generally considered as being between 37 and 41.9 weeks.

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21
Q

How do premature infants (born before 37 weeks) typically differ in appearance from term infants?

A

Premature infants may exhibit immature features compared to term infants.

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22
Q

What physical features are characteristic of postterm infants (born at 42 weeks and above)?

A

Postterm infants may have long nails and are often wasted in appearance.

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23
Q

How would a well-term infant typically appear in terms of wellbeing?

A

A well-term infant is usually active and alert.

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24
Q

What are signs that an infant may be unwell or lethargic?

A

Lethargy and appearing ill are signs that an infant may be unwell.

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25
Q

What is considered normal in terms of wasting for a newborn?

A

Well-nourished soft tissue is considered normal for newborns.

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26
Q

What color is typically seen on the tongue of a healthy newborn?

A

A healthy newborn typically exhibits a pink tongue.

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27
Q

What are some abnormal colorations that may be observed in newborns?

A

Abnormal colorations may include cyanosis, pallor, jaundice, or plethora.

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28
Q

Abnormal colorations may include cyanosis, pallor, jaundice, or plethora.

A

Newborns typically have smooth or mildly dry skin, with vernix and lanugo present.
stork bites
blue naevus
milia
erythema toxicum
salmon patches

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29
Q

What skin conditions or abnormalities may be observed in newborns?

A

Skin conditions may include meconium staining, petechiae, bruising, large or many pigmented naevi, capillary or cavernous haemangioma, skin infections, or oedema.

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30
Q

What are common features related to the shape of the newborn’s head?

A

Caput and moulding are common features related to the shape of the newborn’s head.

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31
Q

What abnormalities might be indicated by asymmetry in the shape of the newborn’s head?

A

Asymmetry in the shape of the newborn’s head might indicate conditions such as anencephaly, hydrocephaly, microcephaly, or encephalocoele.
cephalhaematoma, subaponeurotic bleed

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32
Q

What is the normal condition of the fontanelle in a newborn?

A

A normal fontanelle in a newborn is open and soft with palpable sutures.

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33
Q

What abnormalities might be indicated by the fontanelle being full or sunken?

A

A full or sunken anterior fontanelle might indicate abnormalities such as dehydration or a pathological condition affecting intracranial pressure. Large or closed fontanelles might indicate abnormal development.

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34
Q

What is the normal condition of the sutures in a newborn?

A

Palpable mobile sutures are considered normal in a newborn.

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35
Q

What abnormalities might be indicated by wide, fused, or markedly overlapping sutures?

A

Wide, fused, or markedly overlapping sutures might indicate abnormalities in skull development.

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36
Q

What is the expected variation in hair among newborns?

A

Newborns typically exhibit wide familial variation in hair.

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37
Q

What might a low posterior hairline suggest in a newborn?

A

A low posterior hairline might suggest certain genetic conditions or abnormalities.

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38
Q

What is the normal positioning of the eyes in a newborn?

A

In a newborn, there should be one eye space between the eyes.

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39
Q
A
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40
Q

What abnormalities might be indicated by hypertelorism or hypotelorism?

A

Hypertelorism or hypotelorism might indicate abnormalities in the spacing between the eyes.

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41
Q

What is the normal size expectation for the eyes in a newborn?

A

Normal eyes in a newborn should exhibit a typical size.

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42
Q

What abnormalities might be indicated by microphthalmia or macrocornea?

A

Microphthalmia or macrocornea might indicate abnormalities related to the size of the eyes, such as glaucoma.

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43
Q

What are common findings related to the eyelids in a newborn?

A

Mild oedema is common in newborn eyelids.

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44
Q

What abnormalities might be indicated by marked oedema, ptosis, or bruising of the eyelids?

A

Marked oedema, ptosis, or bruising of the eyelids might indicate trauma or underlying pathology.

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45
Q

What might narrow palpebral fissures suggest in a newborn?

A

Narrow palpebral fissures might suggest fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or other abnormalities.

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46
Q

Normal Conjuctivae

A

may have small subconjuctival haemorrhages

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47
Q

What are potential abnormalities related to the conjunctivae in a newborn?

A

Abnormalities might include pale or plethroic, conjunctivitis, or excessive tearing due to nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

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48
Q

What are normal expectations regarding the cornea, iris, and lens in a newborn?

A

The cornea should be clear, the pupil regular, and a red reflex should be present.

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49
Q

What condition might be indicated by choanal atresia?

A

Choanal atresia, a congenital condition where the back of the nasal passage (choana) is blocked, might be indicated by difficulty passing a feeding catheter or observing dry secretions blocking the nostrils.

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49
Q

What might a flattened nose suggest in a newborn?

A

A flattened nose in a newborn might suggest oligohydramnios, a condition characterized by low levels of amniotic fluid.

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49
Q

What is expected regarding the patency of the nostrils in a newborn?

A

Both nostrils should be patent, allowing for easy passage of a feeding catheter.

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49
Q

What abnormalities might be indicated by an opaque cornea, irregular pupil, cataracts, absence of red reflex, fixed squint, or abnormal eye movements?

A

These abnormalities might indicate issues such as corneal opacity, cataracts, or neurological problems affecting eye movement.

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49
Q

What is the typical shape of the nose in a newborn?

A

In a newborn, the nose is typically small with upturned nostrils.

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50
Q

What might be observed on the lips of a newborn?

A

Sucking blisters may be observed on the lips of a newborn.

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50
Q

Abnormal lips

A

Cleft lips

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51
Q

What might be observed on the palate of a newborn?

A

Epstein’s pearls

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51
Q

What characteristics might indicate fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in the lips?

A

In FAS, the lips may exhibit a long smooth upper lip, absence of a philtrum, and a thin pink border.

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52
Q

Abnormal palate of a newborn

A

high arched or cleft palate may be observed in a newborn.

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53
Q

What is considered normal regarding the appearance of the tongue in a newborn?

A

A normal tongue in a newborn is pink in color.

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54
Q

What abnormalities might be indicated by a cyanosed, pale, or large tongue (macroglossia)?

A

These abnormalities might indicate issues such as poor oxygenation, anemia, or conditions like macroglossia.

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55
Q

In what condition might the tongue be posteriorly placed?

A

In Pierre-Robin anomaly, the tongue may be posteriorly placed, leading to potential airway obstruction.

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56
Q

What is the normal dental condition at birth?

A

Newborns typically have no teeth at birth.

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57
Q

What might adventitious or primary teeth suggest in a newborn?

A

These teeth might suggest abnormalities or conditions affecting dental development.

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58
Q

What normalities might be observed on the gums of a newborn?

A

small cysts

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59
Q

What abnormalities might be observed on the gums of a newborn?

A

epulis may be observed on the gums of a newborn.

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60
Q

normal mucous membranes

A

pink and shiny

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61
Q

What conditions might affect the mucous membranes in a newborn?

A

Thrush or ulcers may affect the mucous membranes in a newborn.

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62
Q

When might excessive saliva production be observed in a newborn?

A

Excessive saliva production may be observed in newborns with poor swallowing or esophageal atresia.

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63
Q

How does the size of the jaw in a newborn compare to that of an older child?

A

The jaw in a newborn is typically smaller than that of an older child.

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64
Q

when do newborns typically have micrognathia

A

Pierre Robin anomaly

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65
Q

What is the typical position of the pinnae (outer ears) in a newborn?

A

In a newborn, the pinnae are typically vertical at term.

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66
Q

What might be indicated by ears that are rotated backward with poorly formed upper pinnae (low set)?

A

Ears that are rotated backward with poorly formed upper pinnae might suggest abnormalities in ear development or placement.

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67
Q

What is considered normal regarding the appearance of the ears in a newborn?

A

Familial characteristics are considered normal in the appearance of the ears in a newborn.

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68
Q

What might be indicated by the presence of a pre-auricular skin tag or sinus?

A

A pre-auricular skin tag or sinus might indicate a minor congenital anomaly, which is often benign.

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69
Q

What abnormalities might be observed in the ears of a newborn?

A

Malformed ears or hairy ears in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) might be observed.

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70
Q

What does “IDM” stand for?

A

“IDM” stands for infants of diabetic mothers.

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71
Q

What is the typical shape of the neck in a newborn?

A

The neck in a newborn is usually short.

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72
Q

What might be indicated by webbing or torticollis in the neck?

A

Webbing or torticollis in the neck might indicate abnormalities in muscle development or positioning.

73
Q

What is considered normal regarding the presence of masses in the neck of a newborn?

A

In a normal newborn, there are typically no palpable lymph nodes or thyroid masses.

74
Q

What might be indicated by the presence of a cystic hygroma in the neck?

A

A cystic hygroma in the neck might indicate a congenital abnormality of the lymphatic system.

75
Q

What condition might be indicated by a goitre in the neck?

A

A goitre in the neck might indicate an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland.

76
Q

What is a sternomastoid tumor?

A

A sternomastoid tumor, also known as congenital muscular torticollis, is a condition characterized by tightness or swelling of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck.

77
Q

What might be indicated by swelling or crepitus in the clavicle of a newborn?

A

Swelling or crepitus in the clavicle might indicate a fractured clavicle, which is a relatively common birth injury.

78
Q

What might be observed regarding breast development in a newborn?

A

Palpable breast nodules, typically measuring 0.5 to 1 cm, may be present at term.

79
Q

What conditions might be indicated by the presence of accessory or wide-spaced nipples?

A

Accessory or wide-spaced nipples might indicate variations in normal breast development or congenital anomalies.

80
Q

What might be indicated by the presence of mastitis in a newborn?

A

Mastitis in a newborn might indicate inflammation or infection of the breast tissue.

81
Q

What might be indicated by enlarged, lactating breasts in a newborn?

A

Enlarged, lactating breasts in a newborn might indicate exposure to maternal hormones in utero or other hormonal imbalances.

82
Q

What is the typical heart rate range in a newborn?

A

The typical heart rate range in a newborn is 120–160 beats per minute.

83
Q

How might abnormal pulses be characterized in a newborn?

A

Abnormal pulses in a newborn might be weak, collapsing, absent, fast, or slow.

84
Q

What is considered normal regarding capillary filling time in a newborn?

A

In a newborn, capillary filling time should be less than 3 seconds over the chest and peripheries.

85
Q

What might prolonged capillary filling time indicate in a newborn?

A

Prolonged capillary filling time in a newborn might indicate cold or shock.

86
Q

How is the precordium typically described in a newborn?

A

The precordium in a newborn is typically described as having mild pulsation felt over the heart and epigastrium.

87
Q

abnormal precordium

A

hyperactive precordium

88
Q

Where is the apex beat typically heard in a newborn?

A

The apex beat is typically heard maximally to the left of the sternum in a newborn.

89
Q

abnormal apex beat

A

heard best in right chest in dextocardia

90
Q

How might abnormal heart sounds be characterized in a newborn?

A

Abnormal heart sounds in a newborn might include a gallop or widely split-second sound.

91
Q

normal heart sounds

A

loud, single 2nd heart sound on day 1

92
Q

What is considered normal regarding heart murmurs in a newborn?

A

Soft, short systolic murmurs are common on day 1 in a newborn.

93
Q

abnormal murmurs

A

systolic or diastolic murmurs

94
Q

What might be indicative of heart failure in a newborn?

A

Heart failure in a newborn might be indicated by hepatomegaly, tachypnea, excessive weight gain, or occasionally, edema.

95
Q

What is the typical respiration rate in a newborn?

A

The typical respiration rate in a newborn is 40–60 breaths per minute.

96
Q

What might irregular respiration patterns in a newborn suggest?

A

Irregular respiration patterns in a newborn, such as periodic breathing with no change in heart rate or color, might suggest normal REM sleep.

97
Q

How is tachypnea characterized in a newborn?

A

Tachypnea in a newborn is characterized by a respiration rate above 60 breaths per minute, gasping, or apnea with accompanying signs such as a drop in heart rate, pallor, or cyanosis.

98
Q

What might be indicated by asymmetrical chest movement in a newborn?

A

Asymmetrical chest movement in a newborn might indicate conditions such as pneumothorax or diaphragmatic hernia.

99
Q

normal recession in newborns

A

mild recession in prems

100
Q

How is abnormal recession characterized in the chest of a newborn?

A

Costal recession in respiratory distress

101
Q

What might an expiratory grunt indicate in a newborn?

A

An expiratory grunt in a newborn might indicate respiratory distress.

102
Q

What does inspiratory stridor suggest in a newborn?

A

Inspiratory stridor in a newborn is a sign of upper airway obstruction.

103
Q

What are some abnormal findings in percussion of the chest of a newborn?

A

Abnormal findings in percussion of the chest might include dullness with effusion or hemothorax, or hyperresonance with pneumothorax.

104
Q

How is air entry typically assessed in a newborn?

A

Air entry in a newborn is typically assessed by ensuring equal air entry over both lungs, with bronchovesicular sounds auscultated.

105
Q

What type of lung sounds are typically heard during auscultation in a newborn?

A

During auscultation, bronchovesicular sounds are typically heard over both lungs in a newborn.

106
Q

What might be indicated by unequal or decreased air entry in a newborn?

A

Unequal or decreased air entry in a newborn might indicate conditions such as lung consolidation or atelectasis.

107
Q

What are some examples of abnormal adventitious sounds that may be heard during auscultation in a newborn?

A

Adventitious sounds that may be heard during auscultation in a newborn include crackles, wheezes, or rhonchi, which may suggest underlying respiratory pathology.

108
Q

What are some examples of adventitious sounds that may be heard during auscultation in a newborn?

A

transmitted sounds

109
Q

What is the typical configuration of the umbilicus in a newborn?

A

In a newborn, the typical configuration of the umbilicus includes 2 arteries and 1 vein.

110
Q

What might be indicated by the presence of 1 artery and 1 vein in the umbilicus of a newborn?

A

The presence of 1 artery and 1 vein in the umbilicus of a newborn might indicate an abnormality, such as a single umbilical artery.

111
Q

What abnormal findings might be observed in the umbilicus of a newborn?

A

Abnormal findings in the umbilicus of a newborn might include infection, bleeding or discharge, hernia, or exomphalos.

112
Q

abnormal findings on the abdominal skin

A

periumbilical erythema or oedema

113
Q

How is the liver typically assessed in a newborn?

A

The liver in a newborn is typically assessed by palpating 1 cm below the costal margin, where it should feel soft.

114
Q

What might be indicated by an enlarged, firm, and tender liver in a newborn?

A

An enlarged, firm, and tender liver in a newborn might indicate liver pathology or infection.

115
Q

How is the spleen typically assessed in a newborn?

A

The spleen in a newborn is typically assessed by palpation, although it is not easily palpated in normal conditions.

116
Q

What might be indicated by an enlarged and firm spleen in a newborn?

A

An enlarged and firm spleen in a newborn might indicate splenomegaly or underlying pathology.

117
Q

normal kidneys

A

often palpable but normal size

118
Q

abnormal kidneys

A

enlarged and firm

119
Q

How are bowel sounds typically assessed in a newborn?

A

Bowel sounds in a newborn are typically heard immediately on auscultation.

120
Q

What might be indicated by depressed or absent bowel sounds in a newborn?

A

Depressed or absent bowel sounds in a newborn might indicate bowel obstruction or ileus.

121
Q

normal anus

A

patents and skin tags

122
Q

abnormal anus

A

absent or covered. displaced anteriorly

123
Q

What is the typical timing for the passage of meconium in a newborn?

A

Meconium is typically passed within 48 hours of birth in a newborn.

124
Q

When are yellow stools typically expected in a newborn?

A

Yellow stools are typically expected by day 5 in a newborn.

125
Q

How might the appearance of breastfed stool differ from other stools in a newborn?

A

Breastfed stool in a newborn may be green and mucoid in appearance.

126
Q

What are potential abnormal findings associated with stool in a newborn?

A

Potential abnormal findings associated with stool in a newborn include blood in or on the stool, white stools in obstructive jaundice, or offensive watery stools, which may indicate underlying health issues.

127
Q

What are some normal findings when examining the spine of a newborn?

A

What are some normal findings when examining the spine of a newborn?
Normal findings when examining the spine of a newborn may include a coccygeal dimple or sinus, a straight spine,

128
Q

abnormal spine

A

sacral dimple or sinus. scoliosis, meningomyelocoele

129
Q

What is a coccygeal dimple or sinus?

A

A coccygeal dimple or sinus is a small indentation or pit in the skin overlying the coccyx (tailbone) at the lower end of the spine.

130
Q

How might scoliosis present in a newborn?

A

Scoliosis in a newborn might present as an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

131
Q

What is meningomyelocele?

A

Meningomyelocele is a type of neural tube defect characterized by the protrusion of the spinal cord and its meninges through a defect in the vertebral column, resulting in a sac-like structure on the back.

132
Q

What is a normal finding concerning the urethral opening in a newborn male?

A

A normal finding is the urethral opening being located at the center of the glans penis.

133
Q

What conditions might be indicated by abnormalities in the position of the urethral opening in a male newborn?

A

Hypospadias or epispadias might be indicated by abnormalities in the position of the urethral opening in a male newborn.

134
Q

What is micropenis?

A

Micropenis refers to an abnormally small penis.

135
Q

By what age are the testes typically descended in a male newborn?

A

The testes are typically descended by 37 weeks of gestation in a male newborn.

136
Q

What is a concerning finding regarding the testes in a male newborn?

A

Undescended testes are a concerning finding in a male newborn.

137
Q

normal scrotum

A

well formed at term

138
Q

What are some abnormalities that might be observed in the scrotum of a male newborn?

A

Abnormalities in the scrotum of a male newborn might include inguinal hernia or fluid hernia.

139
Q

What are some normal findings concerning the vulva in a female newborn?

A

Normal findings concerning the vulva in a female newborn might include skin tags or mucoid or bloody discharge.

140
Q

What condition might be indicated by fusion of the labia in a female newborn?

A

Fusion of the labia might indicate an abnormality.

141
Q

normal clitoris

A

uncovered in preterm or wasted infants

142
Q

What is adrenal hyperplasia, and how might it affect the clitoris in a female newborn?

A

Adrenal hyperplasia is a condition characterized by excessive growth of the adrenal glands. It might result in an enlarged clitoris in a female newborn.

143
Q

normal passage of urine

A

passed in first 12 hours

144
Q

What might a poor stream of urine in the first 12 hours suggest in a newborn?

A

A poor stream of urine in the first 12 hours might suggest posterior urethral valve obstruction.

145
Q

What is a normal finding concerning the position of the hands in a term infant?

A

A normal finding is a flexed position in a term infant.

146
Q

What is Erb’s palsy?

A

Erb’s palsy is a condition resulting from injury to the brachial plexus, leading to weakness or paralysis of the arm.

147
Q

abnormalities in the arms of newborns

A

clavicle or humerus fracture

148
Q

What conditions might be indicated by abnormalities in the hands of a newborn?

A

Abnormalities in the hands of a newborn might include extra, fused, or missing digits, skin tags, single palmar crease, or hypoplastic nails.

149
Q

What is a common finding concerning the legs of a newborn?

A

Mild bowing of the lower legs is a common finding in newborns.

150
Q

What might dislocatable knees in a newborn indicate?

A

Dislocatable knees in a newborn might indicate breech presentation.

151
Q

normal feet

A

positional deformation

152
Q

What might clubbed feet indicate in a newborn?

A

Clubbed feet might indicate a congenital deformity where the foot is twisted out of shape or position.

153
Q

What conditions might be indicated by abnormalities in the feet of a newborn?

A

Abnormalities in the feet of a newborn might include clubbed feet, or abnormal toes.

154
Q

What is a normal behavioral response in a newborn concerning neurological status?

A

A normal behavioral response in a newborn is being alert and responsive, and cries but is consolable.

155
Q

What might drowsiness and irritability indicate concerning neurological status in a newborn?

A

Drowsiness and irritability might indicate neurological abnormalities or distress in a newborn.
also jittery and inconsolable

156
Q

What is a normal level of movement in a newborn concerning neurological status?

A

A normal level of movement includes being active and moving all limbs equally when awake, as well as stretching, yawning, and twisting the trunk.

157
Q

What might absent or decreased movement indicate in a newborn concerning neurological status?

A

Absent or decreased movement might indicate neurological dysfunction or developmental issues in a newborn.

158
Q

abnormal movement

A

jittery or convulsions

159
Q

What is a normal tone in a newborn concerning neurological status?

A

A normal tone might include some hypotonia in preterm infants.

160
Q

abnormal tone

A

hypotonia or hypertonia,. asymmetrical tone

161
Q

normal pull to sit

A

Some initial head control

162
Q

abnormal pull to sit

A

Totally floppy.

163
Q

normal supported sitting

A

Holds head erect briefly, moves
head forward

164
Q

abnormal supported sitting

A

Head flops back or forward. No
attempt to elevate head.

165
Q

normal ventral suspension

A

Holds head in line with body
momentarily

166
Q

abnormal ventral suspension

A

Totally floppy or very
hyperextended.

167
Q

normal hands in neuro

A

Intermittently clenched. Opens
hands and moves individual
fingers when relaxed.

168
Q

abnormal hands in neuro

A

Permanently clenched

169
Q

normal cry

A

Good cry when awake

170
Q

abnormal cry

A

Weak, high pitch or hoarse cry.

171
Q

normal vision

A

Follows a face, bright light or
red object for 90°. Alternating or
intermittent squint

172
Q

abnormal vision

A

Absent or poor following. Fixed
squint.

173
Q

normal hearing

A

Responds to loud noise

174
Q

abnormal hearing

A

No response.

175
Q

normal sucking

A

Good suck and rooting reflexes
after 36 weeks gestation

176
Q

abnormal sucking

A

Weak suck at term. Biting

177
Q

normal rooting

A

Good symmetrical reflexes after
36 weeks.

178
Q

abnormal rooting

A

absent rooting

179
Q

normal moro reflex

A

Full extension then flexion of
arms and hands. Symmetrical

180
Q

abnormal moro reflex

A

Absent, incomplete or
asymmetrical response

181
Q

Why is it important to examine the hips of newborn infants?

A

It is important to examine the hips of newborn infants to exclude congenital dislocation or an unstable hip.

182
Q

position of examining the hips

A

The infant is examined lying on his/her back with the hips flexed to a right angle and
knees flexed.

183
Q

What is Barlow’s test used for in the examination of newborn hips?

A

Barlow’s test is used to demonstrate an unstable or dislocatable hip by applying pressure to the femoral head to assess its stability within the acetabulum.

184
Q

Describe how Barlow’s test is performed.

A

Barlow’s test is performed by immobilizing the pelvis with one hand while moving the opposite thigh into mid-abduction with the other hand. If the hip is unstable, backward pressure on the lesser trochanter causes the femoral head to slip out of the acetabulum.

185
Q

What is Ortolani’s test used for in the examination of newborn hips?

A

Ortolani’s test is used to detect congenital hip dislocation by feeling and hearing a “clunk” as the femoral head slips forward into its normal position in the acetabulum.

186
Q

Explain how Ortolani’s test is performed.

A

Ortolani’s test is performed by abducting both thighs while the examiner’s fingers are over the greater trochanters and thumbs rest on the inner aspects of each thigh. If a hip is dislocated, a “clunk” can be felt and heard as the femoral head slips into the acetabulum.

187
Q

What are the management options for hip abnormalities in newborns?

A

Management of hip abnormalities includes informing the parents, referral to Orthopaedic services, and potentially using the Pavlik Harness or surgical intervention if necessary

188
Q

how to diagnosis congenital hip dislocation

A

Ultrasound is commonly used for diagnosis.

Neonate (34 decks)

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