Breathing And Respiratory System

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

> chemical reaction that occurs in all living cells
requires oxygen and glucose
products are carbon dioxide, water and energy in form of ATP
it’s not breathing

Question 2

Word equation for respiration

Answer 2

Oxygen + glucose ——-> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 3

Chemical equation for respiration

Answer 3

6O2 + C6H12O6 ——–> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Question 4

Uses of energy

Answer 4

• it provides heat ( maintaining body temperature at 37 degrees)
• it’s used to allow movement (muscle contraction)
• growth
• reproduction
• process of active transport (used by plants to absorb minerals from the soil)

Question 5

How is carbon dioxide measured

Answer 5

Determined by:

• bicarbonate indicator (red/orange to orange/yellow)
• limewater (clear to cloudy)

Question 6

Difference in gases inhaled and exhaled

Answer 6

Gas. Inhaled air%. Exhaled air%
Oxygen. 21. 16
Carbon dioxide. 0.04. 4
Nitrogen. 79. 79
Water vapour. Variable Always higher
Temperature. Variable. Always higher

Question 7

Nasal cavity function

Answer 7

• contains many small hairs to filter air arriving into the body (ciliates cells)
• presence of many blood vessels also warms the air

Question 8

Trachea function

Answer 8

• Carrie air to the lungs
• held open by rings of cartilage. They are not complete rings as the oesophagus is situated behind it and must be able to change shape as it passes chewed down it
• the walls are coated with mucus (produced by goblets cells). It catches any germs that may have been inhaled
• it is also known as the wind pipe

Question 9

Bronchus function

Answer 9

These are branches of the tranches
Each branch delivers air to a lung
Also held open by cartilage

Question 10

Bronchioles function

Answer 10

• smaller air tubes of hat for. From branches of the bronchi
• ensures air is delivered to all parts of the lungs.

Question 11

Lung function

Answer 11

These are large organs where air enters and exits as we breathe

Question 12

Alveoli function

Answer 12

• microscopic air sacs found at the end of bronchioles
• they are the site of gas exchange
• the surface is only one cells thick and is surrounded by many capillaries

Question 13

Rib function

Answer 13

• bones surrounding many vital organs held within the chest cavity
• they are moved by the intercostal muscles during ventilation (breathing) causing pressure and volume changes in the chest cavity.

Question 14

Diaphragm function

Answer 14

• a muscular sheet below the lungs

- it has the ability to contract and relax which alters the volume of the chest cavity

Question 15

Intercostal muscles

Answer 15

Muscles found between the ribs that allows them to move during breathing

Question 16

Pleural membranes and fluid function

Answer 16

The membranes surround the lungs and contains fluid. They ensure that friction is minimised during breathing

Question 17

What happens when we breath in

Answer 17

Diaphragm contracts
and flattens
Volume of chest. Pressure in the. Air rushes
Increases (thorax). Chest decreases. in

Intercostal muscles
Contract raising the
Rib cage

Question 18

What happens when we exhale

Answer 18

Diaphragm relaxes
+ returns to domed
position
Volume of chest. Pressure in chest. Air is forced
Decreases. Increases. Out

Intercostal muscles
relax + the rib cage
falls down + in

Question 19

Key differences between the model lung and the respiratory system

Answer 19

> The balloons of the model don’t represent the:
-alveoli of the lungs
- the pleural fluid and membranes that surround them
-nasal cavity
-bronchioles
-cartilage holding the airways open
The glass jar can’t move, unlike the rib cage of the respiratory
system
The tubing of the model can’t flex like the tubes of the respiratory system

Question 20

Adaptations of gas exchange surfaces

Answer 20

> surfaces should be thin to allow gas to diffuse across quickly
they should have mechanisms to maintain a steep concentration gradient
they should be moist
they should have a large surface area

Question 21

How adaptations of gas exchange are achieved

Answer 21

> the walls of alveoli are one cell thick
the constant flow of blood and breathing in and out maintaining the gradient between the blood and the air
the alveoli are coated on layer of moisture that the gases dissolve into
the alveoli provide a larger surface area (side of tennis court in each lung)

Question 22

Features that ensure that the rate of diffusion of gas is kept at a high level

Answer 22

> the wall of alveoli are one cell thick (short diffusion diffuse)
constant flow of blood and breathing in and out maintains th gradient between the blood and the air
gases dissolve into layers of moisture

Question 23

Adaptations of red blood cells for carrying oxygen

Answer 23

• large surface area (biconcave shape

- no nucleus more shape for haemoglobin

Question 24

What happens to oxygen in the lungs

Answer 24

The oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveolus into the blood and is used in the body for respiration

Question 25

What happens the carbon dioxide in the lungs

Answer 25

The carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air

Question 26

Aerobic respiration

Answer 26

In the presents of oxygen

Question 27

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 27

In the absents of oxygen

Question 28

Aerobic word equation

Answer 28

Glucose + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 29

Aerobic chemical equation

Answer 29

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2880 KJ

Question 30

Anaerobic: yeast chemical equation

Answer 30

C6H12O6 -----> 2C2H2OH + 210 KJ (ethanol)

Question 31

Anaerobic: human cells chemical equation

Answer 31

C6H12O6 -------> 2C3H5OH + 150 KJ (lactic)

Question 32

Anaerobic explanation

Answer 32

When there is no oxygen available a number of cells can continue to respire.

Question 33

Differences between aerobic and anaerobic

Answer 33

- The amount of energy produced is much lower (1/10 of energy produce in anaerobic) This is because the glucose molecule isn't fully broken down - Oxygen is not used in anaerobic respiration - Ethanol and lactic acid is produced in anaerobic

Question 34

The manufacture of alcohol

Answer 34

Beer making uses barley Barley grains contain malted sugar; this is cursed and combined with hops (to provide the flavour) The sugar is then gradually converted to alcohol by yeast

Question 35

Bread making

Answer 35

Uses yeast alone with sugar, flour and water These are combined to form dough that is left to prove in a warm place (the dough can double in size during this process) The proving time allows carbon dioxide bubbles to form in the dough-this is what gives bread its spongy characteristics Bred is baked in jot oven (this evaporate the alcohol and kills the yeast)

Question 36

Anaerobic respiration in humans

Answer 36

Strenuous, rapid exercise increases the amount of oxygen needed by the muscles Eventually the breathing rate can't meet the oxygen demand of the muscles and so the muscles cells begin to respire anaerobically The lactic acid produced by anaerobic muscles cells in humans causes pain (it's a mild poison) To break down the lactic acid oxygen is needed (this is the oxygen debt)

Question 37

Carbon dioxide is produced when yeast reprise anaerobically experiment

Answer 37

*it is important to boil water to remove only dissolved oxygen >the sugar solution must be cooled of the high temperature will kill the yeast cells >the liquid paraffin prevents any oxygen entering form the tube >at the end the sugar solution containing living yeast you would expect to find alcohol/ethanol

Question 38

Further explanation on the 'carbon dioxide is produced when yeast respites anaerobically'

Answer 38

-more heat is produced the longer the yeast is under anaerobic conditions -a control is to make a sample of glucose solution that doesn't contain yeast + kept in the same conditions and repeat in aerobic conditions and compare -