Breathing control

Question 1

What generates rhythm breathing?

Answer 1

Pre-Botzinger complex
Pacemaker cells in superior ventral respiratory group

Question 2

What adjusts inspiration and increases breathing intensity?

Answer 2

Pneumotaxic centre
Inhibit apneustic centre- allow expiration

Question 3

What does increased innervation of pneumotaxic area lead to?

Answer 3

Shallower ventilation
Increased frequency

Inhibit apneustic centre allow expiration

Question 4

What is the function of dorsal respiratory group? (where situated)

Answer 4

Medulla
Inspiratory neurones- stimulate diaphragm and externa intercostals

Question 5

Where are the neurones that stimulate diaphragm and external intercostals located?

Answer 5

Dorsal respiratory group
Medulla

Question 6

What is responsible for forced inspiration and expiration?

Answer 6

Ventral respiratory group
Stimulate accessory musccles of ventilation
Inhibit apneustic centre

Question 7

What is responsible for inspiration? Apneustic center stimulates DRG (inspiratory center) and causes inspiration (Apneusis = Prolonged inspiratory gasps). Pneumotaxic center (Nucleus parabrachialis and Kolliker fuse nucleus) and CN 10 inhibit Apneustic center to limit inspiration (volume) and increase the rate of respiration

Answer 7

Apneustic centre

Question 8

What is responsible for increasing rate respiration and limit inspiration?

Answer 8

Pneumotaxic centre and C10
Inhibit apneustic centre- limit inspiration
- increase rate respiration

Question 9

What nerves control respiratory groups?

Answer 9

CN IX and X

Question 10

What else can respiratory rates?

Answer 10

Opiods- depress respiratory drive
Amphetimines- stimulate

Question 11

What is valie minute/ventilation?

Answer 11

7.5L/min
Large resp reserve- increase 30L/min

Question 12

What are three types of pulmonary recerptors and function?

Answer 12

Slowly adapting- smooth muscle, inhibit inspiration response
stretch
Rapidly adapting- respond change volume, irritants, deep
breathing
Juxtapulmonary- respond irritants, IF

Question 13

What stimulates deep breathing/coughing?

Answer 13

Rapidly adapting stretch receptors

Question 14

What effect do juxtapulmonary receptors have?

Answer 14

Respond irritants
Broncoconstriction
Rapid, shallow breathing
Reduced CO

Question 15

Where are chemoreceptors found?

Answer 15

Bifurcation carotid arteries
Aortic arch
Pontomedullary junction brainstem

Question 16

What are two types of chemoreceptors?

Answer 16

Central and peripheral

Question 17

What do central receptors respond to?
How?

Answer 17

High CO2 in cells, H+ can’t cross BBB
CO2 moves combine water form carbonic
Dissociates H+
High H+ stimulates pneumotaxic centre
Stimulates Dorsal Respiratory Group
Increase freq action potentials
Increase ventilation
Decrease CO2

Question 18

What is high and low pressure CO2 called?

Answer 18

Low- hypocapnia
High- hypercapnia

Question 19

What drive respiration?

Answer 19

CO2

Question 20

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

Answer 20

Main pO2
pH
pCO2

Question 21

What lvl will peripheral chemoreceptors respond highly at to O2?

Answer 21

Below 60mmHg

Question 22

What causes changes pH detected by peripheral chemoreceptors?

Answer 22

Metabolic acids- ketones

Question 23

What do decrease O2 lvls below 60mmHg cause?

Answer 23

O2 low
Type 1 Glomus cell- close K+ channels
High H+ (high CO2) inhibit K+
Potassium accumulate cell
Cell more positive- activate calcium channels
Calcium into cell- dopamine release
Dopamine act nerve terminals
Connected to aortic (CN10) and carotid (CN9)
Increased breathing

Question 24

What cranial nerves innervate aortic and carotid body?

Answer 24

Aortic- CN10
Carotid- CN9

Question 25

What does prolonged hypoxia cause?

Answer 25

Type 2 sustentacular cells differentiate type 1
Increase AP firing
Stimulate ventilation

Question 25

What does prolonged hypoxia cause?

Answer 25

Type 2 sustentacular cells differentiate type 1
Increase AP firing
Stimulate ventilation

Question 26

Anatomy resp

Answer 26

Anatomy resp