Lung innervation

Question 1

Where does trachea run from?

Answer 1

Larynx C6 to carina T5

Question 2

What is structure trachea?

Answer 2

Semicircular cartilaginous rings, incomplete posteriorly

Question 3

What is histology of trachea?

Answer 3

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia with interspersed goblet cells

Question 4

Function of goblet cells?

Answer 4

Secrete mucin
Create protective mucus layer

Question 5

What is function of trachea?

Answer 5

Passage for air
Moistens and warms when passes into lungs
Protect respiratory surface from accumulation foreign particles

Question 6

Function of bronchi?

Answer 6

Transport air to R and L lungs

Question 7

What bronchi is most vertical? Why?

Answer 7

R main bronchus- vertical
Left accommodates aortic arch beneath

Question 8

Where are most likely to get something stuck?

Answer 8

Right main bronchus

Question 9

What does the R main bronchus divide into?

Answer 9

Lobar bronchi
3 lobes- lower, middle, upper

Question 10

What does L main bronchus divide into?

Answer 10

2 lobes- upper lingular and lower (sup and inf)

Question 11

What does trachea branch?

Answer 11

Trachea
L and R main bronchi
Segmental bronchus
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles- start resp
Alveolus

Question 12

What part of bronchial system has highest restriction to air flow?

Answer 12

Respiratory

Question 13

What are the two types of bronchioles?

Answer 13

Terminal
Respiratory- alveoli
- highest restriction to airflow
- gas exchange in neonates

Question 14

What do pulmonary lobules contain?

Answer 14

Smaller bronchioles, alveoli

Question 15

What epithelium is this?

Answer 15

Respiratory epithelium

Question 16

Name the cell?

Answer 16

Question 17

Answer 17

Question 18

What is the carina
What lvl?

Answer 18

Inferior termination of trachea into R and L main bronchi Sits at level of the sternal angle
T4/T5 vertebral level in thoracic plane.

Question 18

What is the carina
What lvl?

Answer 18

Inferior termination of trachea into R and L main bronchi Sits at level of the sternal angle
T4/T5 vertebral level in thoracic plane.

Question 19

Label

Answer 19

Question 20

What are different types of alveoli? Function?

Answer 20

Type 1- Gas exchange
Type 2- Surfactant production

Question 21

What connects adjacent alveoli? Function?

Answer 21

Pores of Kohn
Allows movement macrophages
1 per 3 alveoli

Question 22

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

Answer 22

1) Thin walls composed of single layer cells- minimise
diffusion distance.
2) Walls moist helps gases diffuse
3) Lots blood capillaries- exchange of gases with the
bloodstream
4) High diffusion gradient maintained aid incorporation O2
into blood and remove CO2.

Question 23

How many divisions from trachea to alveoli?

Answer 23

24

Question 24

What is blood supply to alveoli?

Answer 24

1,000 capillaries Each cap supplies multiple alveoli

Question 25

How thick is the bm? What type?

Answer 25

1um thick Fused bm

Question 26

Function of type 2 alveoli?

Answer 26

Surfactant production

Question 27

What is innervation of trachea?

Answer 27

Parasympathetic supply- recurrent laryngeal nerves, branches of vagus nerve

Question 28

What causes bronchodilation trachea?

Answer 28

Sympathetic nervous system Beta2 adrenergic receptors Adenylyl cyclase Camp

Question 29

What causes bronchoconstriction trachea?

Answer 29

Parasympathetic Cholinergic receptors

Question 30

How to treat asthma?

Answer 30

Anti-muscarinics (anti para) Enable bronchodilation

Question 31

What are asthma treatments?

Answer 31

Tiotropium- long acting Ipratropium- short acting Beta 2 agonists- salbutamol

Question 32

Define physiological deadspace and volume?

Answer 32

175ml Anatomical ds + Alveolar ds

Question 33

Anatomical deadspace

Answer 33

150 ml Upper airways- gas exchange doesn't occur Conducting airways-terminal bronchioles

Question 33

Explain anatomical deadspace? Volume?

Answer 33

150 ml Upper airways- gas exchange doesn't occur Conducting airways-terminal bronchioles

Question 34

Explain alveolar deadspace? Volume?

Answer 34

25 ml No perfusion

Question 35

What are 7 layers of gas exchange?

Answer 35

Fluid lining alveolus Layer of epithelial cells – type I pneumocytes Basement membrane of type I cells Interstitial space Basement membrane Endothelia Erythrocyte

Question 36

What is the outer layer of pleura called?

Answer 36

Parietal pleura- attaches chest wall

Question 37

What is the inner layer of pleura called?

Answer 37

Visceral pleura Cover lungs, blood vessels, bronchi

Question 38

Function of pleura

Answer 38

Protect and cushion lungs Secretes serous fluid- act lubricant

Question 39

Function of serous fluid in lungs

Answer 39

Lubricates pleural surface- easy slide Generate surface tension- pull parietal and visceral pleura together- ensure when thorax expands- lung expands

Question 39

Function of serous fluid in lungs

Answer 39

Lubricates pleural surface- easy slide Generate surface tension- pull parietal and visceral pleura together- ensure when thorax expands- lung expands