Lungs go wrong Flashcards
What are the two types of respiratory failure?
Type 1 and type 2
Signs of type 1 respiratory failure?
Causes?
Hypoxemia, PaO2 greater 8 kPa, PaCO2 less 6 kPa
Not enough oxygen at tissue lvl
List causes of type 1 respiratory failure?
Caues: ventilation/perfusion mismatch
- high altitude
- pneumonia- prevent gas exchange
- pulmonary oedema
- heart failure
What are signs of type 2 respiratory failure?
hypoxemia and hypercapnia
PaO2 < 8kPa PaCO2 > 6
Hyperventilation
What are causes of type 2 respiratory failure?
Obesity, muscular dystrophy, motor neurone disease, Guillain Barre, COPD or opioids (loss resp drive)
What shouldn’t be treatment for patients with COPD but respiratory failure?
Can’t give high flow O2 to COPD pts.
Central chemoreceptors reset to accommodate increased paCO2
Oxygen will cause reduction in ventilation
Peri. chemo receptors inhibited by increased O2
Death from acidosis caused by hypercapnia
Hypercapnia depress respiratory drive further
What is COPD?
Polygenic
Environmental factors
Umbrella term emphysema and chronic bronchitis- breathlessness
What is main result of airway obstruction?
Reduced FEV1
Low FVC
FEV1/FVC ratio <70%
Define emphysema?
Reduce lung surface area- destruction and fusion alveoli
Capillaries lost- reduces gas exchange
Lack elastic recoil- distended thorax
What is bronchitis?
Obstruction airway due inflammation and increased mucus
How differentiate COPD and asthma?
Spirometry with/without ventilin inhaler
What is main risk factor for COPD?
Smoking
What are risk factors for chronic bronchitis?
Air pollutants S2 and NO2
Dust and silica
Genetic- family history
Is CF recessive or dominant?
Autosomal recessive
What is CF?
How does cause disease?
Autosomal recessive
Mutations to CF transmembrane regulatory channel (CFTR) Effect lungs, pancreas
Reduced Cl- & HCO3- apical transport
Mucus more viscous
Mucostasis lead poor ventilation and recurrent infections Bronchiectasis over time
