Breeds and Characterstics Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
Ohio is number one in what dairy production
A
Swiss cheese
2
Q
How many dominant breeds are there in the dairy industry
A
6
3
Q
What are the two most prominent breeds
A
Holstein and Jersey
4
Q
What breed of cattle is number one in milk production
A
Holstein
5
Q
This breed of dairy cattle makes up of 85% of dairy industry
A
Holstein
6
Q
This breed in the one true small breed of dairy cattle
A
Jersey
7
Q
This dairy cattle breed is number three in milk production
A
Jersey
8
Q
This breed of dairy cattle originated in the Netherlands
A
Holstein
9
Q
What color variations are there in the Holstein breed
A
black and white
red and white
10
Q
When and where was the first importation of the Holsteins
A
Mid 1600s
Boston, MA
11
Q
What color were the Batavian cattle
A
white
12
Q
what color were the Friesian cattle
A
black
13
Q
What were Holsteins selected for
A
Increase in milk yield
14
Q
What is the result of the increase in milk yield and from confined systems
A
Poor structure and poor udders
15
Q
Where did the Jersey breed originate
A
The ile of Jersey
16
Q
What breed was confined to an island for centuries
A
Jersey
17
Q
what breed of dairy cattle is the oldest purebred breeds in the world
A
Jersey
18
Q
this breed of dairy cattle produces the greatest concentrations of milk fat
A
Jersey
19
Q
Jersey’s have a high efficiency of absorbing what
A
B-carotene
20
Q
What are Jersey’s not efficient at
A
converting B-carotene to vitamin A
21
Q
What are the coat variations of Jerseys
A
shades of browns
22
Q
this breed is a dual purpose breed
A
Brown Swiss
23
Q
this breed has an increase of solids
A
Brown Swiss
24
Q
This breed is second in milk production
A
Brown Swiss
25
This breeds size is similar to that of a Holstein
Brown Swiss
26
This breed of dairy cattle has a greater absorption of B-carotene than the Jerseys
Guernsey
27
This breed has an improved udder structure
Ayrshire
28
this breed is sounder on their feet and legs
Ayrshire
29
This breed is dual purpose
Ayrshire
30
This breed is known for being hardy
Ayrshire
31
this breed was imported into the US. in 1978
Milking Shorthorn
32
why were milking shorthorns imported into the US
to improve the cattle industry
33
Does milking shorthorns have their own breed registrations separate from beef shorthorns
Yes
34
This breed is dual purpose
Shorthorns
35
How many cows are in the dairy industry
9.3 million
36
How many pounds of milk are produced yearly
196 billion
37
milk production has _____ while milk consumption has _____
increased, decreased
38
What are the five states that are the highest in milk production
```
California
Wisconsin
New York
Idaho
Pennsylvania
```
39
Why are California and Idaho similar
They both have large systems
40
CAFO has how many head
greater than 500
41
traditional has how many head
less than 200
42
Is CAFO subject to regulations
yes
43
Milk production has _____ but the number of cows has ___
increased, decreased
44
How many herds are CAFO
54.9%
45
How many herds are traditional
32.5%
46
This type of herd represents ____ of dairies
74%
47
Most dairies are ____ driven farms
Family
48
What are the three general systems
Confinement
Management Intensive Grazing
Seasonal Dairying
49
Allows animals to gather in common areas to interact with each other but also has individual stalls
Free stalls
50
confine animals individually to area; put in headlock
tri stall
51
Most common use in parlor systems
herringbone
52
cows are angled at 180 degrees in this parlor system
herringbone
53
cows are side by side: head to butt; animals come in individually
Tandem
54
side by side: head to head
parallel
55
The dairy industry makes up what of the agriculture industry
10%
56
The dairy industry makes what of livestock agriculture industry
22%
57
The dairy is a _____ dollar industry
140 billion
58
What percent does fluid milk make up of the dairy industry
32%
59
What are some types of fluid milk
```
whole
reduced fat
nonfat
flavored
buttermilk
```
60
Products of the dairy industry
```
fluid milk
dried milk
cultured products
condensed and evaporated milk
butter
frozen desserts
cheese
```
61
Examples of cultured products
yogurt
| sour cream
62
butter makes up ____ of the dairy industry
13%
63
20 pounds of milk yields how much butter
one pound
64
cheese makes up ___ of the dairy industry
37%
65
Solid cheese products
Curds
66
Liquid cheese products
Whey
67
Frozen desserts make up ___ of the dairy industry
8%
68
What enzyme is used to curdle milk to make cheese
rennin
69
Purity of ancestry; pedigrees recorded in their breed registry; 1900s trend
Purebred
70
livestock not registered or pedigreed; crossbred
Commercial
71
occurred in the 70s of results in new breeds imported for commercial production of cattle for the feedlot industry.
breed revolution
72
What are most cattle today
commercial crossbred
73
What are the three general categories of beef cattle
British breeds
continental breeds
Zebu
74
Known for maternal qualities and earlier maturity but are less muscular
British breeds
75
this breed originated from Scotland
Angus
76
This breed is ideal for open range
Herefords
77
What year was Herefords imported in the US
1817
78
When and why were Shorthorns imported into the US
1783; because of dual purpose value
79
Known for paternal qualities and large mature size; commonly known as terminal sires
Continental breeds
80
When was Limousins imported
1969
81
Name the British breeds
Angus
Herefords
Shorthorns
82
Name the Continental breeds
Limousin
Simmental
Charlois
83
What are Limousins known for
loin eye area
84
Charlois have what color variation in their meat
red
85
when was the first document of importation of charlois in the US
1878
86
When were charlois imported from Mexico
30s
87
greatest genetic influence worldwide known for heat and insect tolerance, but later puberty, reduced growth rate, and less muscling
Zebu
88
Main breed of Zebu
Brahmn
89
Brahmn tolerate what
heat and insects
90
brahmn have excess what
dewlap
91
What does the oil that Brahmn's produce do
Has odor that repels insects
92
What are the Brahmn's use in the US
crossbreeding
93
If a Brahmn's hump is smaller what does that indicate
better muscle quality
94
Brangus are what
3/8 Angus
| 5/8 Brahmn
95
this breed is dominant in the Brazil beef industry
Nelore
96
this breed traces to ongole
Nelore
97
When was the first records of Nelore
1930's
98
this breed of cattle originated in Scotland
Highland
99
Highland's are known for being what
hardy and durable
100
Highland's need ____ attention to shelter
lesser
101
This breed is leaner and does not need high feed stuff for quality
Highland
102
Japanese cattle
Wager
103
this breed is predominantly black in the US but may be other colors in the world
Wager
104
Wager is known for what
intramuscular fat
105
When were the Wagers imported into the US
1970s
106
Does Wager have a ____ price for meat
greater
107
What can Wagers be marketed as
Kobe-shipping point
108
Does it take ____ for Wagers to reach market
longer
109
This breed was the first one in the US
texas longhorns
110
When were longhorns first imported and from where
1500s, Spain
111
This breed is hardy and able to defend themselves
Longhorns
112
The longhorns were shaped by what
environment
113
What states took part in the preservation of the longhorns
Texas
Nebraska
Oklahoma
114
What are the top five cattle producing states
```
texas
Nebraska
Kansas
California
oklahoma
```
115
In 2013 the beef cattle industry was ____ dollar industry
95 million
116
How many cows were there in 2013 in the US
29 million
117
Whats the average herd size for the industry
40 head
118
What is added to cattles diet based on their environment
minerals
119
What suppresses ovulation in beef
lactation
120
Beef industry is ____ integrated industry
horizontally
121
How many producers own less than 100 cows
90%
122
What percent of the industry owns more than 500 head
1%
123
What percent is intermediate
51%
124
Where is the largest cow calf operation in the US
Florida
125
Where is the second largest cow calf operation in the US
Idaho
126
What is the average time in a feed lot for beef
100 days
127
What percent of forage in feed is fed to beef in a lot
14%
128
How many head does the largest feed lot have
32,000 head
129
The five major packers own ___ of the market share
85%
130
Beef cattle represent ___ of animal agriculture
36%
131
beef cattle represent ___ of agricultural industry
10%
132
Beef industry is worth
188 billion dollars
133
This type of pig has the ability to produce excess body fat, trend in early pork production (short, compact, early maturing with small litter sizes)
Lard type
134
This type of pig has increase body length for maximum yield of bacon (lean carcass, slow maturing, prone to lameness)
Bacon type
135
intermediate of lard and bacon type (length of body, muscling, and rapid growth rates)
meat type
136
Today pork producers emphasize on what
leanness and rapid growth
137
Most of the industry is 90% what
crossbred
138
this type of breeds are known to be white and to excel in litter sizes, fertility, and milk production
Maternal breeds
139
this breed of hog is the most popular in the US
Yorkshire
140
This breed of hog traces backs to Large Whites
Yorkshire
141
When were Yorkshires imported in the US
mid 1800s
142
This breed of hog is known as one of the oldest breeds
Yorkshires
143
this breed of hog is known for foraging and once was a truffle pig
yorkshire
144
This breed of hog is fourth in popularity
Landrace
145
Landrace were gifts from what country
Denmark
146
When was the US allowed to purebred Landrace
1950s
147
Landrace and Yorkshires are what kind of breed
maternal breeds
148
This breed type is typically colored and known to excel in leanness, muscling, and growth rate
paternal breeds
149
What are the paternal breeds
Duroc
Hampshire
Berkshire
Poland china
150
this breed of hog is also called the Warren county hog
Poland china
151
Poland china is known as what
heaviest hog
152
Poland china is better known for what compared to Berkshires
More prolific
153
Where was the Berkshire imported from
Europe
154
Berkshires were selected to be what
leaner
155
this breed is known for having black pork
Berkshires
156
where was durocs developed
New York or New Jersey
157
When were durocs developed
1800s
158
Durocs are known for what
larger loin and ham
159
Are Durocs good mothers
No
160
Where did the name Duroc come from
a stallion
161
What color can Durocs be
color of red variations
162
Durocs are ___ in popularity in US
second
163
This breed of hog is adaptable to outdoors
Hampshire
164
what is the origin of Hampshire hogs
europe
165
When was the Hampshire hog imported into the US and where
Kentucky in 1800s
166
What does the Hampshire hog trace back to
Saddle Backs
167
What was the Hampshire hog originally called
Thin Rinds
168
This breed of hog is second in popularity
Hampshire
169
This breed of hog is a descendant of Large Whites and weighs about 250-300 lbs
middle whites
170
What breed of hog is endangered
Middle whites
171
When does middle whites reach market weight
17 weeks
172
What is middle whites ideal for
roasting hog
173
This breed of hog is from Hungary
Wooly pigs
174
What type of pig is the wooly pig
lard type
175
The wooly pig is ____ of fat
50%
176
Wooly pig is also known as
Mangalitsa pig
177
This breeds of hog offspring is born with stripes
wooly pig
178
How many piglets typically does a wooly pig have
5-6
179
how old are wooly pigs when they reach market weight
15 months
180
wooly pigs need what
forage
181
when was meisham hog imported into the US
1989
182
Meisham hog is known for what
very fertile and reaches puberty at 3 months
183
Meisham has good or bad quality of carcass
bad
184
What is the typical litter size of a Meisham sow
16-20
185
This breed of hog entered the US from Canada
Vietnamese pot belly pig
186
How much does a pot belly pig weigh at five years of age
100-150 lbs.
187
Why are pot belly pigs in demand
for pets and companion animals
188
Pot belly pigs are increased chance of what because they are not fed the proper diet
obesity and fat
189
This breed of pig is a miniature pot belly pig
teacup pig
190
What was crossed to create a teacup pig
pot belly pig X miniature pig
191
this breed of pig is not suppose to exceed 60 lbs
teacup pig
192
Name the five states with the highest hog populations
```
Iowa
North Carolina
Minnesota
Illinois
Indiana
```
193
Why does North Carolina have a high hog population
NC use to be large in tobacco and cotton but as those markets decreased hogs became of interest because at first there was no regulations for hog farms
194
Where are most hogs found in the US
corn belt
195
How many hogs were there in 2015
60 million
196
How much breeding stock for hogs were there in 2015
5.98 million
197
Is the hog industry more business based or family based
business based
198
Is the hog industry vertically or horizontally integrated
vertically integrated
199
What groups did Smithfield acquire
Farmland Foods
carol's Food
Murphy-Brown
Circle Four Farms
200
What Japanese group acquire Smithfield and when
Henan Shaunghui in 2013
201
Who has the largest number of sows in US
Smithfield
202
Who has the second largest number of sows in US
triumph
203
Who has the third largest number of sows in US
Maschoffs
204
This facility operation is greatest in investment costs, but reduced labor, improved efficiency, improved disease management
traditional confinement
205
What stages are housed in traditional confinement
all stages
