Chapter 5 Genetics Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Name the organismal structure from the least abundant to the most
A
organism, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule
2
Q
modem cell theory states what
A
- all living things are composed of cells
- the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living things
- all cells come from pre-existing cells
3
Q
examples of single celled organisms
A
bacteria
4
Q
another name for single celled organisms
A
prokaryote
5
Q
another name for a type of cell where there are thousands of them
A
eukaryote
6
Q
this part of an animal cell breaks down fat and creates hydrogen peroxide
A
peroxisome
7
Q
what happens during proliferation
A
cell replicates itself
8
Q
does replication during proliferation occur at a low or high rate
A
high rate
9
Q
what is apoptosis
A
programmed cell death
10
Q
what is differentiation
A
requires structure and fate
11
Q
a determined cell requires what
A
its fate
12
Q
How does a cell determine what type of cell it will become
A
by its environment
13
Q
How long does a blood cell live for
A
100-200 days
14
Q
what is a stem cell
A
cell that resides in proliferation or a cell in determination
15
Q
what type of cells can become anything over time
A
totripotent cells
16
Q
When cells begin to head to determination
A
multipotent cells
17
Q
adult stem cells=
A
multipotent cells
18
Q
name the four phases of mitosis
A
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
19
Q
Condensing of DNA
A
prophase
20
Q
sister chromatids align in middle
A
metaphase
21
Q
chormatides separate
A
anaphase
22
Q
cells begin to separate
A
telophase
23
Q
part of cell cycle
A
mitosis
24
Q
the longest phase of a cell’s life
A
interphase
25
The different stages of interphase
G1, S, G2, G0
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G1=
growth
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S=
DNA synthesis
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G2=
growth
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g0=
quiescent
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Chromsomes =
DNA
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Why does DNA condense
because of histones proteins
32
What wraps around the histones
DNA
33
What makes up DNA
deoxy base, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
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A=
adenine
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T=
thymine
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G=
guanine
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C=
cytosine
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A pairs with
T
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G pairs with
C
40
Sequences of nucleotides that serve as precursors to proteins
genes
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where is DNA found
mitochondria, and nucleus
42
what produces proteins
ribosomes
43
required in the flow of information from DNA to protein
RNA
44
How is RNA stranded
single stranded
45
what replaces thymine in RNA
Uracil
46
does RNA have thymine
No
47
RNA is ____ from DNA
transcription
48
______ is RNA to protein
Translation
49
how many forms of RNA are there
3
50
what does mRNA do with DNA
reads DNA and takes it out of the nucleus to the ribosomes
51
rRNA=
protein+RNA
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rRNA is associated with what
ribosomes
53
tRNA =
transcribed RNA
54
tRNA is a what
anticodon
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what is a start codon
mythinine
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when was the earliest study of inheritance
mid 1800s
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who conducted the first study of inheritance
Gregor Mendel
58
what was inheritance before Mendel
mixing of blood between male and female
59
How many factors do parents have and how many are passed down to the offspring
2; 1
60
factors=
genes
61
Can traits skip a generation
yes
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diploid=
somatic
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somatic cells are what kind of cells
body cells
64
haploid=
gametes
65
haploid cells are what kind of cells
sex cells
66
What are the sex chromosomes
X and Y
67
X=
homophenic
68
Y
heterophenic
69
can livestock have multiple sets of DNA
no only plants can
70
Does DNA refer to the complexity of the animal
no
71
what animal has micro chromosomes
chickens
72
Number of chromosomes for a human
46
73
Number of chromosomes for cattle
60
74
Number of chromosomes for horses
64
75
Number of chromosomes for swine
38
76
Number of chromosomes for sheep
54
77
Number of chromosomes for chickens
78
78
Number of chromosomes for goats
60
79
Number of chromosomes for llamas
74
80
Number of chromosomes for dogs
78
81
Number of chromosomes for cats
38
82
Number of chromosomes for bison
60
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chromosomes coded with matching information from the male and female
homologous
84
location of the gene
locus
85
given copy of a gene
alleles
86
gene copies are the same
homozygous
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gene copies differ
heterozygous
88
only one randomly chosen allele is found within a gamete
principles of segregation
89
separation of chromosomes is independent
independent assortment
90
when do females go with meiosis 1
before birth
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when do females go through meiosis 2
around puberty
92
animals that crossbred out species
hybrid
93
an example of hybrid
mule
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can some hybrids breed
yes
95
overpowers and prevents expression of the gene at the corresponding loci on the homologous chromosome
dominant allele
96
corresponding gene that is masked by the dominant allele at the corresponding loci
recessive allele
97
what evolved to help animals
dominance
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what can happen to recessive alleles
can have loss of an enzyme function
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example of condrodisplasia
spider lamb
100
this is known as mule foot; digits are fused together
syndactylyl
101
examples of dominance
black coats in cattle
polled cattle
tailessness in manx cats
dexter cattle dwarfism
102
Complete dominance in tailessness of manx cats and dexter cattle dwarfism can be lethal, AA. True or False
true
103
neither allele masks the other and both are expressed
co dominance or no dominance
104
an example of co dominance
roan coat color in cattle
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an allele is expressed in a dose dependent manner
incomplete dominance or partial dominance
106
example of incomplete dominance
palomino horse
107
a gene is influencing another gene also known as diluted gene
epistasis
108
expression of a gene that is located on the X chromosome
sex linked
109
trait is limited to gender
sex limited
110
trait is influence by gender, an allele that is dominant in one sex is recessive in the other sex
sex influenced
111
male cats can be calico but what is their genetic makeup
XXY, and they are sterile
112
what is mutation
insertion, deletion, or substitution of nucleotides
113
calopeach is what
the alteration of myostatin
114
hypertrophy=
sheep
115
hyperplasa=
cattle
116
calopeach does what to the muscles
double muscling
117
one drawback from calopeach
meat is tough
118
observable measures of traits
phenotype
119
what breed of hog is a descendent of cob rollers
Berkshire
120
produce animals that excel for desired traits while eliminating occurrence of undesirable traits.
objective
121
measure descriptive or categorical and classified into groups
subjective
122
examples of objective measures
milk production, loin eye area, weight, and speed
123
controlled by many genes, often on different chromosome each contributing a small effect
polygenic
124
obtaining a desirable phenotype through choosing animals for mating
selection
125
greater environmental influence, variable heritability
quantitative traits
126
less environmental influence, greater heritability
qualitative traits
127
heritability of carcass merit
high
128
heritability of growth
medium
129
heritability of reproduction
low
130
phenotypic advantage of chose parents. superiority of selected animals compared to the herd average for a particular trait
selection differential
131
proportion of phenotypic variation that can be passed from parent to offspring
heritability of the trait
132
average time required to replace one generation with the next. the shorter the generation interval the greater the rate of change
generation interval
133
generation interval of pigs
2 years
134
generation interval of horses
5-8 years
135
generation interval of dairy cattle
3-4 years
136
generation interval of chickens
8-12 months
137
generation interval of beef cattle
5-6 years
138
generation interval of sheep
3 years
139
pairing of males and females
mating
140
increase predictably of progeny as future breeding animals by decreasing variation of contrasting alleles
increased homozygosity
141
increase performance of progeny for production by increasing variation of contrasting alleles.
increased heterozygosity
142
what does inbreeding increase
increases homozygosity for what we desire but also increases homosyosity for what we do not want
143
outcrossing is what
breeding of different populations
144
crossbreeding is what
breeding two different breeds together
145
The Hardi Whenburg theoretical equation would not be possible with what
natural selection
