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Broadcasting Flashcards

1
Q

Significance of Television in the home

A

Television represents a cornerstone of American life

Sofas tend to be aligned towards the T- connected to the social practises of television

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2
Q

Television: Notion of surveilance and propaganda
Who posits this theory?

A

George Orwell
Depicts a dystopian society
Items within homes of the main character- telescreen- both-way media form- you can watch, and it’s always watching you
Arabs identify with it- es of surveillance and propaganda

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3
Q

Significant date in regard to television and why

A

1984
Idea of new speak
speak- distorts how people experience reality by framing it into politically acceptable terms

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4
Q

4 defining feayutes

A

Expression
Evolution
Power
West

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5
Q

Structure of television

A

The state model
Saddam and Iraq
The lebanon case
The satellite revolution

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6
Q

What was the state model

A

Before the age of new media, that screen would show that the broadcast didn’t start
Illustrates the leading features of the state model

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7
Q

What were the 3 phases of the state model

A

Formative phase
National expansion
Globalisation phase

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8
Q

Wen was the formative phase

A

1954-1976

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9
Q

When was the national expansion phase?

A

1976- 1990

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10
Q

When was the globalisation phase

A

1991 onwards

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11
Q

Who made thr phases

A

Mohammed Ayish in Television broadcasting in the Arab world

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12
Q

What was the formative stage

A

Building up of the media, needed funding

Egyptian state create lines and antennas but technology is still expensive

Television is still under the responsibility of the state and the ministry of education

Budget received from the state- television boring and monolithic way to transmit information rather than entertainment, focused on the leaders

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13
Q

What were the features of the atate model?

A

Illustrated by the official news reader at the official news- male with formal Arabic

Newscastyer not a journalist, more of a rep of the state

Official truth rubber-stamped by the authroitites

Nothing else to watch- became the figurehead of the state

Restricted budfgets and programmes

Little freedom of expression
A lot of censorship

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14
Q

What was the republican officers coup in Iraq and who was involved

A

Programme of national development based on sovereignty
Jailed political opponents
Nasser tends to be remembered as a glorious leader
Inspired people in Syria and Iraq

Bad party- intellectuals trying to revive th greatness of the arab nation
Carried out coups that brought to power the same

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15
Q

Modernisation in iraq- when did it take place and how did it come about

A

1960s to 1970s
Baghdad Iraq, oil producing country
1970s sees the country changing most rapidly
Rise of young political leader

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16
Q

Why did saddam manage to come into power

A

Saddam- someone who came from a security background
Saddam would create plots- when bath comes to power in 1959, he becomes number 2
Involed in the security forces of the country
He deposed the number one at his daughters birthday party

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17
Q

what year was the rise and pruge and what was it

A

1979
Carried out the purge of members announcing a discovery of a plot seeking to go against them

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18
Q

How did Saddam maintain power

A

Surveilance and violence

centralisation of power and corruption
Repressed media to only show him in positive light

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19
Q

Time line of eventa that saddam was alive for

A

1980-88 Iran Iraq War
1988 Halabja Chemical Attack
1990-91 Kuwait Invasion & Gulf War
1990s Sanctions and “oil for food”
2003 US-invasion of Iraq

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20
Q

What was sanctions and oil for food n

A

Oil for food- in order to be able to import goods, they had to swap for oil

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21
Q

Characteristics of saddams rule

A

Personality cult
control
Censorship
Glorification

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22
Q

Why was he so popular and how did television help this

A

Centred the figure of Sadam

Portrayed in various different guises- general/father figure/defender

Children sould decnounce their parents if they overheard their parents complaining abt him

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23
Q

Feautures of broadcasting in iraq

A

Single state-owned media
The official “truth”
Jamming incoming signal
Fines & prison
Cult of Personality

Single state-owned media
TV coverage was considered as the official truth- represented how Iraq saw the world
Effort to prevent other signals and media channels
Authorities would frequently arrest ppl trying to get external media

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24
Q

How was he trialed

A

Carried out a trial that was to show justice
shows him discheveled
Hanged in secret, vieo of his hanging was leaked and spread online
There was a desire to break the image of Saddam to de-bathify the country

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25
Features of lebanon
Known as being a liberal channel for various views Created as an independent state from the ottoman empire in 1920s and switch to French mandate Semi-autonomous Created as a multi-confessional country and the political system reflected this
26
Key part of lebanon date
Census of populations 1932 For powersharing came up with the idea for every 6 Christian reps, needed to be five from other groups
27
Features of lebanon broadcast
Not the single-state model Compagnie Libanaise de Television Private Ownership (1978) Some Red lines Private Income Entertainment content Lebanese company for television- commercial and pruvate capita More entertainment than news Programmes in French but also contained other cartoons etc Semi private not controlled didn’t mean that you could say anything
28
When was the civil war in lebanon
1975-1990
29
significance of the civil war
Civil war breaks out in 19th century Accelerated cuz of the geo-politics with increase of Palestinian refugees Country divided up and undergoes fighting netween muslim west and Christian east Civil war created a shift in the media landscape, which allowed for the licencing of a number of media channels
30
Lebanon post civil war
Diverse media landscape does not necessarily mean demoracy and liberalisation Maybe cuz there's a sectarian dimension- a lot of channels pro hezbollah aniti hezbollah stormed- future t
31
General observation of arab teleision and politics
Television is a tool for authoritarian leaders Manages their image and creates complex discourses
32
What can we owe the revolution of televsion to
Satelite
33
Quote by rughe in 2004
A revelution has taken place in televicision since 1990
34
Problem w state model
limited cuz you could only receive tv from antenna or cable
35
Implications of shift from state model to privatised
Sattelite has allowed for the privatisation and the ability for the audience to look at other audiences elsewhere
36
Context of arab satelite
Arab Socialism _ Liberalization (70s-90s) Post-73: Oil Spike and Arab Gulf End of Cold War and US role in MENA
37
Discuss context
Start giving up policies 1966- law of opening up World bank pressring arab states so they start tightening budget and firing civil servants Arab gulf becomes a major player in arab affairs due to the spike of oil Saudi arabia puts embargo on states that support israel. ME becomes very wealthy and acquire political infleucne Ronald Reagan and king fahd shows iberalisationa nd socialism US becoming more involved in Middle eastern affairs
38
What was the game changer in television in arab world
Satellite dishes
39
What regions were satelites really common
1. east jerusalem cairo cassablanca baghdad
40
Implication of satelite
Time between the innovation and its reception to the arab world decreased
41
Features of the privatised model
New channels cater to what the public want rather than previous model that implemented passing messages Gulf is central to the story,through funding or capital or being developed there Technology- the fact that theres a new generation of western trained journalists Return and bring expertise from the west Commersialisation and professions not civil servants but rather ppl that know
42
what are the 4 major outcomes of the satelite revolution?
New Formats: Transnational Channels: MBC and al-Jazeera Infrastructure/Logistics: Cairo, Dubai Media City Hybrid Broadcast Model: 2M and Dubai TV Sitcom Entertainment: Dramas and pan-Arab audiences
43
What does MBC stand for
Middle east broadcasting corporation
44
JHow did the MBC come about
1990-1: Gulf War CNN: Model and Bias accusation 1990: Nilesat (Egypt) 1991: Middle East Broadcasting Corporation (MBC); London-HQ- now saudi
45
Case study on MBC
Imported Programs Interactive Shows Lifestyle Religion/Openness Free, Accessible Commercials Arabic language All in Arabic, dubbed Funded from a gulf state so started with religious recitation Interactive shws Funding started with capital but they also had commercials
46
When was al jazeera made
1996
47
CAse study" Al ajazeera
Created when taking over BBC Based in Qatar, not abt entertainment about the news and political development Al Jazeera ‘effect’ it was able to grow thanks to the new technology
48
What were the media cities
Cairo Dubai
49
What year was egypt significant and what was it called
1995- cairo as the hollywood of the east
50
Role of media city
Infrastructures in order to produce or film all of these channels Egypt pioneer of the arab film industry-har Created instiutions to train people
51
Media name airo
EMPC
52
When was dubai made a media city
2001
53
What was dubai called
Media capital of arab world
54
Difference between egypt and dubai whys dubai more successful
1995 Egypt ceates town Dubai creates masisve studios and tax breaks on media industries that come and settle in dubai
55
Moroccan television timeline
1961- Morocan radio television 1989- creation of 2m- mixed venture 1997- government buys 70% 2010s- privatisation not as successful
56
UAE hybrid model timeline
1992: Dubai TV broadcasting 24h 1995: Emirates Broadcasting Corporation 1999: Emirates Media Incorporated (autonomous)
57
Implications of the hybrid model
Allows for the development of sitcoms Sateylite technolog allows for them to be watdhed all day Liberalised satelite Transational political broadcast reformed state tv to become more enteratinung
58
who talks about sitcoms and in what book
Lila Abu Dramas of nation hood
59
What does lila abu posit
desire of sitcoms to shape public morality that evoke the propaganda of television
60
Features of sit coms
Melodrama/Comedy Diversity of Plots (?) Strong moral message Excess of emotion Construction of a modern national subject
61
What d we see an emergence of
Musalsalat- tv series rosalinda
62
Whats the current arab broadcast like today
Co-existence of diferent media forms: Transnational Satellite Hybrid Satellite & Terrestrial Government Controlled Terrestrial
63
Factors controlling modern boradcase
Funding Political Control Technology Public Tastes (?)
64
What did the betering of broadcasting do
Democratisation and public sphere cultural revivalism and entertainment

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