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1
Q

Significance of print

A

Allowed language to be bought into play

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2
Q

What are the 3 main themes of cultural studies

A

Representation
Expression
Power

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3
Q

What are the 4 defining features of print

A

Expression
Power
Evolution
The connection of arab print to the west

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4
Q

Sequence of events for print

A

Islamic tradition
Print Revolution
Arab renaissance
Liberal Age and nationalism
Arabic novels
Modern arab press and literature

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5
Q
  1. Islamic tradition
A

Reynolds said that arabic has a particular status due to its religious ties
Religious education was the first thing and the way of teaching still hasnt changed since
Only those of higher socio economic status

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6
Q

What was the way of teaching called

A

Art of Memory
The teacher would recite the words from the book and the childen would memorise and repeat- no actual engagement with text

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7
Q

Then what do we see

A

Children go off to university mosques- majority were of high socio economic status
memorisiation was still the main thing
They elaborated on poetry and jurisprudence
Focused less on discussion but rather passing down knowledge

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8
Q

What was one of the main problems duting the islamic tradition period

A

The manuscripts were handwriten so they were very lmited which limited the type of education that could be carried out

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9
Q

Name one of the unoversity mosques

A

Al azhar Mosque in Cairo

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10
Q

What struck the beginning of the print revolution worldwide

A

The gutnburd press- it allowed for critical thinking and establishment of texts

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11
Q

What was the main issue in the arab world

A

It was hard to be able to mirror the arabic calligraphy through print and thats why handwritten manuscripts were still the main thing

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12
Q

name a significant manuscript and why was it significant

A

The galland manuscipt 1001 nights because it got translated into european languages which allowed the west to engage with arab literature and thinking

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13
Q

What issue did people have with the revolution of press in the arab world

A

many argued that the word of God shouldnt be printed

This was because they didnt want to lose their jobs

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14
Q

What was the revolutionary person that changed press for the arab world

A

ottoman Mutteferrika created the mutteferika in 1729 and this allowed for the print to mirror actual arbaic writing

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15
Q

Key dates in regards to the Mutefferika press

A

1729- The creattion of the press

1742- thousands of books were published allowing the literature to spread amongst peiple

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16
Q

Implications of the Mutteferika Press

A

Text was widely accessible to the general public meaning that formalistic Arabic was no longer being used because it was not only esteemed scholars that had access

Created a plethora of jobs like publishers, editors and proof readers

This meant that epople could actually engage with the tect and have it on hand so we see the watering down of the art of memory

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17
Q

What was the main event of the arab rennaisance?
Say what dates

A

The Egyptian campaign from 1798 to 1801

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18
Q

What was the egyptian campaign?

A

napolean running the french army and decided to carry out a campaign in egypt

Egypt was shocked and amazed at all the technological advances that Europe had like portable printing presses

napolean printed pamplets in Arabic and said that he would help free them from ottoman rule

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19
Q

What was the egyptia campaign of 1798 to 1801 classed as

A

The origin of the arab renaissance
It allowed for the reform and reneweal of the arab world and lead to egypt becoming more autonomous

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20
Q

Who was a significant figure during the Arab Renaissance

A

Muhammad Ali
1830s-50s

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21
Q

What were the features of the public press?

A

It was the tool for official communication- authoritative info could be passed to the public

Tool of rule and statecraft

It was produced by the infrastructure of publishing where trusted collaborators were part of the political establishment.

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22
Q

What was the role of Muhammad Ali

A

He encouraged student expeditions through funding and he would allow students to go and learn local languages and knowledge from abroad and then bring that knowledge back to Egypt

He was known as the father of modern egypt and the birth of the press was closely tied to his reform

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23
Q

What were the main features of the private press

A

news, education, and progress were pivotal
Aimed to give insight on what was happening in areas/ articles about educational reform

They toed the political line- kept in line w what the political leaders were doig

Was a voice for religious minorities like arab chritians

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24
Q

Who was a key figure in regard to Private press

A

Butrus al Bustani

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25
Key dates for Butrus al Bustani
1819-1883
26
What did Butrus al Bustani do
He was involved in the translation of the bible into the Arabic language. Saw an opportunity to spread technological advancements and helpred reform the arabic language bringing it closer to the demands of the 19th centruty
27
Which country played a central role in the arab press
Egypt
28
Who played a pivotal role in specifically egypt during the time of the arab renaissance
Khedive Ismael
29
What was khadive Ismaels Aim
he was fascinated by social and economic modernisation and wanted egypt to look more like european cities Infrastructure and architechtual adancements
30
Discuss the modernisation of Egypt
Cairo quickly became the cultural capital of the arab world By the 1870s there were 16 regular newspapers, 10 were in arabic. There was enough of a readership for newspapers to be solely in arabic While egypt was beocming more modern, lebanon and syria were going through secratian strikes so a lot of them came to egypt to work in printing sector
31
What was one of the significant Egyptian newsppapers
Al Ahram Newspaper
32
When was Al Ahram Newspaper created
1876
33
What was al ahram newspaper
Longest running newspaper in the Arab World Became authoritative and the reference covering news of the arab world
34
What was a key group during the Liberal Age?
The effendiya
35
Who were the effendiya
They were western- educated upper middle class notables They had nationalistic views like the need for the reform of womens rights They would use newspapers mainly to educate themselves
36
What was one of the main problems with Khedive Ismael in leadership
he was bringing in so many architects from the west causing debt to the country Couldn't pay back the debts, so had to give over the sovereignty of the country This created discontent through newspapers
37
What can we see a lot of during the liberal age? Who makes this remark
Ami Aylon in book The Arabic Print Revolution Cafes became a space of socialisation Coffee shop owners made sure to always have newspapers available for patrons to read They would read out loud and as a collective Writers had to ensure that what they were writing was clear
38
What took place due to the way in which newspapers were consumed
Democratisation- allowed discussion and ideas
39
What did newspapers do
Created political effect
40
What was the main event for colonialism When did it occur
The Urabi Revolt 1881-1882
41
What was the reason for the revolt
Upset at the loss of sovereinty
42
What happened during the urabi Revolt?
Lead an uprising within the army and take over Alexandria British sent a fleet to bombard Alexandria and then colonise it as a result of the revolt
43
What was a main danger following the cbritish colonisation of Egypt?
Sectarianism on the rise All the Syrians and lebansese were accused of being pro colonial and the press becomes a cite of attack between the Christian and the muslims J ournalists appear as scribes for hire and it becomes a tool for attack rather than a source of info
44
When did the Denshaway pigeons affair occur?
1907
45
What happened during this?
2 british colonial officers shoot pigeons that belonged to local Egyptian peasant Lead to riots and attacks Boiling point to impose regulation over the media sector
46
Progression of egypt from WW1 to WW@
Before WW1 newspapers portrayed views and stimulated debate 144 newspapers in Egypt By 1940s there was an estimated 100,000 readers in Egypt.
47
The arabic novel origin
emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, influenced by European literary traditions and the rise of the Arab press.
48
What were themes of arabic novel that Roger allen posed?
Nationalism Modernity Colonialism
49
What were the froms and themes
Maqamat- rhymed prose stories and historical chronicles played a major role
50
Relation to the west of arabic novel
European novels transalted into arabic seen as a key development
51
Who was a key figure for the Arabic Novel
Naguib Mahfuz
52
Key dates for Naguib Mahfuz
1911- 2006
53
Who was he
Civil servant Wrote the Cairo trilogy 1956-1957
54
Books in cairo Trilogy MAin theme
Palace Walk Palace of Desire Sugar street Colonial and anti colonial struggle
55
When did he win nobel prize for literature
1988
56
What were the key developments of the Arabic Novel
Linguistic innvovations- no longer just formalistic arabic Shift from classical arabic to more formal arabic Novels would contain aspects of social realism and taboo topics More of a western tinge and novels would be translated
57
Name an arabic novel and state author
Yagoubian Building Alaa Al Aswany
58
Arab Novel Features today
Diverse and globalised Traditional storytelling but also modern platforms Translation of arab literature to other languages- allowed for international recognition
59
What is the situation of the Arab press tofay
Digitalisation of many newspapers Blogs also seen a rise,ie. al jumhuriya use of social media platfroms like instagram and twitter
60
Influences on current press
Still social and political influences Regulated by state and some censorship Explore themes of war, migration a nd memory
61
Pros of arab press
Independent journalism gowing impactful cuz it has wider audience
62
Cons
Still censorship and degree of control exercised Decline in phsycial readershi due to digial shift
63
Present status
More and more ppmare educated and can form their own opinions on what theyre seeing So many newspapers which creates competition Capital funds
64
Notions surounding current press Who was under fire
the media in question is overly influenced or controlled by external forces, such as the government, political entities, or powerful elites, rather than operating freely. the media’s responsibility to **hold those in power accountable** by investigating and reporting on corruption, abuses of power, and other societal issues. The quote implies that the Dajani Print

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