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PHARMACOLOGY > BRONCHIAL ASTHMA (QUESTIONS) > Flashcards

BRONCHIAL ASTHMA (QUESTIONS) Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Fill in the blank: Bronchial asthma is a chronic _____ disease of the airways.

A

inflammatory

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2
Q

What does asthma cause in the air passages? (wide spread ____)

A

narrowing

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3
Q

Symptom of asthma: a common respiratory reflex characterized by sudden expulsion of air.

A

cough

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4
Q

Symptom: _____ (shortness of breath).

A

dyspnea

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5
Q

Symptom characterized by high-pitched whistling sound during breathing.

A

wheezy chest

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6
Q

Severe attack symptom: severe _____.

A

dyspnea

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7
Q

Severe asthma attack can lead to bluish discoloration of skin known as _____.

A

cyanosis

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8
Q

Feeling of extreme tiredness during a severe asthma attack: _____.

A

fatigue

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9
Q

Rapid heart rate during severe asthma: _____.

A

tachycardia

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10
Q

Sympathomimetics are divided into nonselective β agonists (e.g. adrenaline) and selective β2 agonists (e.g. salbutamol, salmeterol, formoterol).

A

Classification and examples of sympathomimetics

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11
Q

Mechanism: ____ (expansion of bronchial smooth muscle).

A

bronchodilation

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12
Q

Mechanism: stabilization of _____.

A

mast cells

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13
Q

Mechanism: ↓ bronchial secretions and improved _____ clearance.

A

mucociliary

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14
Q

Adverse effects of sympathomimetics: tremors, tachycardia, tolerance, _____.

A

nervousness

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15
Q

Mechanism of ipratropium bromide: muscarinic antagonist prevents ACh-induced _____.

A

bronchospasm

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16
Q

Use of ipratropium: COPD and late-onset asthma in _____ patients.

A

older

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17
Q

Ipratropium does not cross the _____-brain barrier.

A

blood

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18
Q

Theophylline inhibits PDE4 leading to ↑ intracellular _____ and bronchial smooth muscle relaxation.

A

cAMP

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19
Q

Theophylline stabilizes mast cells leading to ↓ release of allergic _____.

A

mediators

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20
Q

Theophylline blocks _____ receptors, contributing to bronchodilation.

A

adenosine

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21
Q

Theophylline ↓ release of _____ after mast cell activation.

A

histamine

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22
Q

Theophylline increases diaphragmatic _____.

A

contraction

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23
Q

Aminophylline dosing: IV 250-500 mg or rectal ____ mg.

A

500

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24
Q

Long-acting theophylline SR dose: _____ mg every 12 hours orally.

A

200

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25
Therapeutic vs toxic theophylline levels: 10-20 μg/mL therapeutic, >_____ μg/mL toxic.
20
26
Theophylline adverse effects include CVS (tachycardia, palpitations, _____).
hypotension
27
CNS adverse effects of theophylline: nervousness, insomnia, _____.
convulsions
28
GIT adverse effects of theophylline: nausea, vomiting, _____.
anorexia
29
Montelukast is a cysteinyl leukotriene antagonist that ↓ frequency of _____.
attacks
30
Zileuton is a _____ inhibitor that decreases leukotriene synthesis.
5-lipoxygenase
31
Cromoglycate mechanism: inhibits mast cell _____ by PDE inhibition and ↑ cAMP.
degranulation
32
Route of administration for cromoglycate: _____.
inhalation
33
Side effects of cromoglycate include headache, diarrhea, pruritus, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, abdominal pain, and _____.
rash
34
Ketotifen is an H1 and 5-HT receptor antagonist and mast cell _____.
stabilizer
35
Ketotifen dosing: _____ mg twice daily orally.
1
36
Most common side effect of ketotifen: _____.
drowsiness
37
Uses of mast cell stabilizers: allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and _____ colitis.
ulcerative
38
Corticosteroids mechanism in asthma: _____.
anti-inflammatory
39
Corticosteroids potentiate the effects of ____ agonists on smooth muscle.
β2
40
Corticosteroids inhibit antigen-antibody _____.
reaction
41
Corticosteroids act as mast cell _____.
stabilizers
42
Oral corticosteroid preparations include prednisolone and _____.
dexamethasone
43
IV corticosteroid used in severe asthma: _____.
hydrocortisone
44
Inhaled corticosteroid example: _____.
betamethasone
45
Long-acting inhaled corticosteroid: _____.
budesonide
46
Expectorant used in asthma: ammonium _____.
carbonate
47
Mucolytic agent: _____.
bromhexine
48
Oxygen therapy: _____–60% under pressure.
0.4
49
Heliox mixture: 20% oxygen and _____% helium.
80
50
Oxygen is used in cases of hypoxia, cyanosis, and respiratory _____.
acidosis
51
General measure: identify and avoid the _____.
antigen
52
General measure: stop _____.
smoking
53
General measure: treat upper respiratory tract _____.
infections
54
General measure: avoid stress, emotions, and strenuous _____.
exercise
55
General measure: avoid drugs like aspirin, histamine, and _____.
morphine
56
Acute treatment step 1: salbutamol 2 puffs, repeat after ____ minutes.
20
57
Acute treatment step 2: aminophylline IV _____–500 mg.
250
58
Acute treatment step 3: use expectorants and _____.
mucolytics
59
Acute maintenance step: salmeterol 2 puffs every ____ hours.
12
60
Maintenance theophylline SR dose: 10–15 mg/kg/day in divided _____.
doses
61
Status asthmaticus requires _____.
hospitalization
62
Status asthmaticus: administer oxygen by _____.
inhalation
63
Status asthmaticus IV hydrocortisone dose: 200 mg every ____–6 hours.
4
64
After IV hydrocortisone, switch to oral prednisolone and ____ the dose.
taper
65
Bronchodilators used in status asthmaticus include salbutamol and _____.
aminophylline
66
Status asthmaticus: correct dehydration with _____% glucose.
5
67
If theophylline is contraindicated in status, use ____ bromide.
ipratropium
68
Status asthmaticus may require _____ for bacterial infections.
antibiotics
69
Long-term prophylaxis: avoid _____ factors.
precipitating
70
Prophylaxis: use long-acting β2 _____.
agonists
71
Prophylaxis: administer inhaled sodium _____ or nedocromil.
cromoglycate
72
Prophylaxis: use long-acting theophylline or leukotriene _____.
antagonists
73
Prophylaxis: inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate 50 μg/puff, 2 puffs ____ times daily.
3
74
Prophylaxis: use expectorants and ____ between attacks.
mucolytics
75
Drug categories in asthma: I Bronchodilators, II Anti-inflammatory, III Expectorants & mucolytics, ____ therapy.
Oxygen
76
Bronchodilator subtypes: sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, ____ & aminophylline.
theophylline
77
Anti-inflammatory subtypes: leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and _____.
corticosteroids
78
Nonselective β agonist example: ____.
adrenaline
79
Short-acting selective β2 agonist: ____.
salbutamol
80
Long-acting selective β2 agonists include salmeterol and _____.
formoterol
81
Brand name of ipratropium bromide: ____.
Atrovent
82
Brand name of ketotifen: ____.
Zaditen
83
Budesonide is a long-acting inhaled _____.
corticosteroid

PHARMACOLOGY (5 decks)

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