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Biology Fall > Bugs > Flashcards

Bugs Flashcards

1
Q

Identifying factors of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

aerobic, motile, gram-negative rod produces colorful water-soluble pigments (blue, yellow, rust), blue pyocyanin, yellow fluorescin and pyocyanin combine for green color, LPS, oxidase, catalase

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2
Q

virulent factors for pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

pili, flagella, secretes alginate, exotoxin A (exo A), exotoxin S (exo S), elastase, quorum-sensing, pyocyanin

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3
Q

pili

A

attachement to host cell

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4
Q

Alginate

A

P. aeruginosa secretes alginate -> forms biofilm -> protects bacteria by inaccessibility of immune system and antimicrobial agents

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5
Q

Exo A

A

Bacterial population reaches lactone/quinolone threshold (quorum sensing) -> signals direct cytotoxic gene expression -> transcription of Exo A -> Exo A ADP-ribosylation inactivates ribosomal protein EF-2 -> DNA translation arrest -> inhibits protein synthesis -> host cell death

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6
Q

Exo S

A

Exo S -> transported into host cell by type III secretion system (inject via syringe apparatus) -> acts on regulatory G proteins -> affect cytoskeleton and signaling pathways -> trigger apoptosis of host cell

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7
Q

Elastase

A

Elastase -> secreted outside of host cell -> cleaves elastic fibers of lung and blood vessels -> hemorrhagic destruction

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8
Q

Pyocyanin

A

pyocyanin from p. aeruginosa -> reduces cAMP and ATP levels -> decreases ciliary beat frequency -> impairs mucociliary apparatus

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9
Q

habitat of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

primarily found in water, soil, various vegetation, throat and stool of humans (2-10%)

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10
Q

Identifying factors of staphylococcus aureus

A

facultative anaerobic (but grows best aerobically), nonflagellated, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, gram-positive cocci clusters, teichoic acid, catalase, coagulase (beta-hemolysis), ferments mannitol salt

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11
Q

virulent factors for staphylococcus aureus

A

protein A, alpha-toxin (hemolysin), exfoliation, staphSAgs, enterotoxins, clumping factor (CLF) A, fibronectin binding protein (FnBP)

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12
Q

protein A

A

binds to the Fc portion of IgG, leaving antigen-reacting Fab portion turned around (bacteria evades antibody -mediated killing)

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13
Q

alpha-toxin

A

S. Aureus binds via fibronectin binding protein -> alpha-toxin intercalates into the plasma membrane of host cells ->Forms pores in the host cell membrane that allow toxic levels of calcium to leak into cells -> Vital cellular molecular components leak out of the lysed cell and results in cell death (hemolysis/tissue damage)

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14
Q

exfoliation

A

exotoxin that destroy adhesion proteins of desmosomes of stratum granulosum

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15
Q

staphSAgs

A

stimulates proliferation of T-cells

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16
Q

clumping factor (Clf) A

A

binds to host cell fibrinogen clumping blood plasma

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17
Q

fibronectin binding protein (FnBP)

A

binds to host cell fibrinogen and/or fibronectin

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18
Q

MRSA

A

altered penicillin binding protein prevents methicillin binding

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19
Q

habitat of staphylococcus aureus

A

anterior nares, perineum

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20
Q

Identifying factors bordetella pertussis

A

gram-negative coccobacillus, slow growth in medium requiring nicotinamide and charcoal, aerobe

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21
Q

virulent factors for bordetella pertussis

A

filamentous hemagglutinin, pili, pertactin, pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase, tracheal cytotoxin, dermonecrotic toxin

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22
Q

filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA)

A

bind and agglutinate erythrocytes

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23
Q

pertactin

A

binds b. pertussis to host cell cilia

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24
Q

pertussis toxin

A

A and B toxin produced from a single operon -> B subunit mediates adhesion to host ciliated cell through TLR-4, and allows A subunit to enter the cell -> A subunit internalized into the host cell and ADP ribosylates and inactivates G proteins -> G protein unable to inhibit adenylyl cyclase -> increased adenyl cyclase activity -> increased levels of cAMP -> decreased phagocytic activity, lymphocytosis, insulinemia, histamine sensitization

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25
Q

adenylate cyclase

A

Catalyzes the conversion of host cell ATP to cAMP -> increase of cAMP -> interferes with cell signaling , chemotaxis, superoxide generation by neutrophils, and function of immune effector cells -> Can cause apoptosis of macrophages and inhibit neutrophils and macrophages and paralyze cilia

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26
Q

tracheal cytotoxin

A

Peptidoglycan fragment generated during cell wall syn, and are directly toxic to ciliated cells causing them to be extruded from the mucosa and eventual cell death, and loss of mucociliary action

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27
Q

dermonecrotic toxin

A

stimulates inflammation, vasoconstriction, and local necrosis

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28
Q

habitat of bordetella pertussis

A

trachobronchial tree, spread by respiratory droplets

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29
Q

Identifying factors of bordetella parapertussis

A

gram-negative coccobacillus, slow growth in medium requiring nicotinamide and charcoal, aerobe

30
Q

virulent factors for bordetella parapertussis

A

same as b. pertussis without pertussis toxin

31
Q

Identifying factors of haemophilus influenza

A

gram-negative coccobacilli, grows on blood (chocolate) agar requiring hematin (x factor) and/or nicotinamide (V factor), facultative anaerobe, HiB is encapsulated

32
Q

virulent factors for haemophilus influenza

A

pili, capsule, LPS, LOS, polyribitol phosphate, IgA protease

33
Q

capsule

A

allows bacteria to resist phagocytosis and resists complement mediated lysis

34
Q

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

lipid A endotoxin -> toxic to cells promotes immune response

35
Q

lipooligosaccharide (LOS)

A

helps h. influenza bind to host cell, LOS is toxic to ciliated respiratory cells

36
Q

polyribitol phosphate

A

allows phagocytic resistance to h. influenzae

37
Q

IgA protease

A

degrades secretory IgA from host cell

38
Q

habitat for haemophilus influenzae

A

nasopharyngeal, spread by respiratory droplets

39
Q

Identifying factors of klebsiella pneumoniae

A

gram-negative, nonmotile, rod-shape, encapsulated, pink on mackonkey agar, facultative anaerobe, lactose fermenting

40
Q

virulent factors for klebsiella pneumoniae

A

pili, capsule (K-antigen), LPS endotoxin (lipid A and O-polysaccharide antigen),

41
Q

habitat of klebsiella penumoniae

A

mouth, skin, and intestinal tract

42
Q

Identifying factors of proteus mirabilis

A

gram-negative, rod, motile, hyper-flagellated swarming, pili, facultative anaerobe, urease, no lactose metabolism

43
Q

virulent factors for proteus mirabilis

A

LPS, urease, pili, flagella

44
Q

urease

A

hydrolyzes urea into ammonia (NH3) and CO2 -> alkaline urine -> struvite (ammonium, magnesium, phosphate) stones

45
Q

habitat of proteus mirabilis

A

human intestine, soil and water

46
Q

proteus mirabilis susceptible to

A

penicillin, resistant ampicillin and cephalosporins

47
Q

Identifying factors of streptococcus pyogenes

A

gram-positive, cocci chains, nonspore-forming, nonmotile, facultative anaerobe, M surface protein, hyaluronic capsule, lancefield group A antigen, lipotechoic acid, beta-hemolysis, lactic acid forming

48
Q

virulent factors for streptococcus pyogenes

A

M protein, lipoteichoic acid, hyaluronic capsule, StrepSAgs, streptolysin O and S, streptokinase, protein F, C5a peptidase, streptodornases, hyaluronidase

49
Q

M protein

A

supports nasopharyngeal cell adherence and keratinocyte binding (highly variable with 100+ serotypes types, allows for repeat infections with new M types occur) antiphagocytic properties bind to factor H causing decreased alternative pathway C3b availability, binds to fibronectin of host cell

50
Q

Lipotechoic acid (LTA)

A

participates in attachment to host cell via fibronectin

51
Q

hyaluronic capsule

A

antiphagocytic properties

52
Q

StrepSAgs Strep super antigen

A

superantigen; exotoxins produce scarlet fever, rash, T cell proliferation, cytokine release, causes streptococcal toxic shock (SSTS

53
Q

Streptolysin O

A

not active in presence of oxygen -> pore forming cytotoxin inserts itself into cell membrane of host cell -> forms transmembrane pores -> lyses leukocytes, tissue cells, and platelets -> responsible for beta-hemolysis

54
Q

Streptolysin S

A

active in presence of oxygen -> pore forming cytotoxin inserts itself into cell membrane of host cell -> forms transmembrane pores -> lyses leukocytes, tissue cells, and platelets responsible for beta-hemolysis

55
Q

streptokinase

A

can cause ARF by molecular mimicry and through its plasminogen activation capacity, converts plasminogen to plasmin (protease) -> lysis of fibrin clots

56
Q

protein F

A

binds to fibronectin

57
Q

C5a peptidase

A

degrades and inactivates complement component C5a

58
Q

Streptodornase

A

DNAses that degrade DNA in necrotizing tissues/exudates

59
Q

hyaluronidase

A

disrupts organization of ground substance

60
Q

antistreptolysin O

A

streptococcus progenies is antigenic therefore quantitation of antibodies against it test for antistreptolysin O (ASO)

61
Q

habitat of streptococcus pyogenes

A

spread by respiratory droplets

62
Q

streptococcus pyogenes susceptible to

A

beta-lactams (penicillin), not aminoglycosides

63
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Identification

A

negative sense, linear ssRNA virus, enveloped glycoproteins causes multinucleate giant cells in tissue culture (syncytium)

64
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) replication

A

RSV attaches to host cell receptors via glycoprotein (G) protein (viral surface G protein two subgroups A and B, Group A more severe)-> via fusion (F) protein fuses viral envelope with host cell membrane -> virus enters host cell -> nucleocapsid and genome released into cytoplasm -> viral replication occurs in cytoplasm starting with transcription and protein synthesis -> individual mRNAs for each protein and a full length positive sense RNA template -> codes negative sense genome -> new genome and antigenome associate with L, N, and P proteins to form nucleocapsid -> nucleocapsid join with M (matrix) proteins on viral glycoprotein-modified plasma membrane -> mature virion buds from host cell plasma membrane -> exits cell -> F protein can cause cell-cell fusion creating large multinucleate giant cells (syncytia)

65
Q

VZV replication

A

respiratory droplets with VZV -> attaches to host cell (adsorption) via protein spikes and host cell receptor -> VZV penetrates by direct fusion -> VZV nucleocapsid released into cytoplasm of host cell -> shuttles via host cell cytoskeleton/microtubules to nucleus -> VZV DNA injected into nucleus (uncoating) -> VZV uses hots cell RNA polymerase to synthesize viral mRNA -> immediate early mRNA -> transcribes alpha proteins via early mRNA in cytoplasm -> alpha proteins travel back to nucleus -> alpha proteins stimulate transcription of early mRNA -> early mRNA transcribe in cytoplasm producing beta-proteins -> beta proteins travel to nucleus to stimulate late mRNA and concatemeric DNA -> late mRNA transcribe in nucleus to form gamma-proteins -> gamma proteins travel back to nucleus -> joins with concatemeric DNA (nucleocapsid assembly) -> VZV progeny virus buds from nucleus into rough ER obtaining envelope -> VZV transported via vesicle to golgi -> signal tag triggers exocytosis from cell ->

66
Q

variola

A

respiratory droplets -> attaches to host cell (adsorption) via protein spikes and host cell receptor -> partial uncoating and early transcription via viruses own RNA polymerase -> synthesizing DNA and RNA polymerase, transcription factors, growth factors, immune defense molecules -> genome replication -> intermediate mRNA synthesis -> uncoating of core uses viral DNA to synthesize concatemeric DNA molecules -> late mRNA transcription -> structural proteins -> assembly of structural proteins and packaging in virions (synthesized by early transcription) -> maturation -> golgi wrapping into vesicles and tagging - > exocytosis from cell

67
Q

VZV identification

A

linear dsDNA, icosahedral, enveloped

68
Q

variola identification

A

linear dsDNA, helical, enveloped

69
Q

H antigens are?

A

flagella

70
Q

O-antigens are?

A

outer membrane LPS

71
Q

K-antigens are?

A

polysaccharide capsule

Biology Fall (10 decks)

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