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1
Q

Identifying factors of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

aerobic, motile, gram-negative rod produces colorful water-soluble pigments (blue, yellow, rust), blue pyocyanin, yellow fluorescin and pyocyanin combine for green color, LPS, oxidase, catalase

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2
Q

virulent factors for pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

pili, flagella, secretes alginate, exotoxin A (exo A), exotoxin S (exo S), elastase, quorum-sensing, pyocyanin

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3
Q

pili

A

attachement to host cell

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4
Q

Alginate

A

P. aeruginosa secretes alginate -> forms biofilm -> protects bacteria by inaccessibility of immune system and antimicrobial agents

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5
Q

Exo A

A

Bacterial population reaches lactone/quinolone threshold (quorum sensing) -> signals direct cytotoxic gene expression -> transcription of Exo A -> Exo A ADP-ribosylation inactivates ribosomal protein EF-2 -> DNA translation arrest -> inhibits protein synthesis -> host cell death

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6
Q

Exo S

A

Exo S -> transported into host cell by type III secretion system (inject via syringe apparatus) -> acts on regulatory G proteins -> affect cytoskeleton and signaling pathways -> trigger apoptosis of host cell

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7
Q

Elastase

A

Elastase -> secreted outside of host cell -> cleaves elastic fibers of lung and blood vessels -> hemorrhagic destruction

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8
Q

Pyocyanin

A

pyocyanin from p. aeruginosa -> reduces cAMP and ATP levels -> decreases ciliary beat frequency -> impairs mucociliary apparatus

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9
Q

habitat of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

primarily found in water, soil, various vegetation, throat and stool of humans (2-10%)

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10
Q

Identifying factors of staphylococcus aureus

A

facultative anaerobic (but grows best aerobically), nonflagellated, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, gram-positive cocci clusters, teichoic acid, catalase, coagulase (beta-hemolysis), ferments mannitol salt

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11
Q

virulent factors for staphylococcus aureus

A

protein A, alpha-toxin (hemolysin), exfoliation, staphSAgs, enterotoxins, clumping factor (CLF) A, fibronectin binding protein (FnBP)

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12
Q

protein A

A

binds to the Fc portion of IgG, leaving antigen-reacting Fab portion turned around (bacteria evades antibody -mediated killing)

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13
Q

alpha-toxin

A

S. Aureus binds via fibronectin binding protein -> alpha-toxin intercalates into the plasma membrane of host cells ->Forms pores in the host cell membrane that allow toxic levels of calcium to leak into cells -> Vital cellular molecular components leak out of the lysed cell and results in cell death (hemolysis/tissue damage)

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14
Q

exfoliation

A

exotoxin that destroy adhesion proteins of desmosomes of stratum granulosum

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15
Q

staphSAgs

A

stimulates proliferation of T-cells

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16
Q

clumping factor (Clf) A

A

binds to host cell fibrinogen clumping blood plasma

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17
Q

fibronectin binding protein (FnBP)

A

binds to host cell fibrinogen and/or fibronectin

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18
Q

MRSA

A

altered penicillin binding protein prevents methicillin binding

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19
Q

habitat of staphylococcus aureus

A

anterior nares, perineum

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20
Q

Identifying factors bordetella pertussis

A

gram-negative coccobacillus, slow growth in medium requiring nicotinamide and charcoal, aerobe

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21
Q

virulent factors for bordetella pertussis

A

filamentous hemagglutinin, pili, pertactin, pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase, tracheal cytotoxin, dermonecrotic toxin

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22
Q

filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA)

A

bind and agglutinate erythrocytes

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23
Q

pertactin

A

binds b. pertussis to host cell cilia

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24
Q

pertussis toxin

A

A and B toxin produced from a single operon -> B subunit mediates adhesion to host ciliated cell through TLR-4, and allows A subunit to enter the cell -> A subunit internalized into the host cell and ADP ribosylates and inactivates G proteins -> G protein unable to inhibit adenylyl cyclase -> increased adenyl cyclase activity -> increased levels of cAMP -> decreased phagocytic activity, lymphocytosis, insulinemia, histamine sensitization

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25
adenylate cyclase
Catalyzes the conversion of host cell ATP to cAMP -> increase of cAMP -> interferes with cell signaling , chemotaxis, superoxide generation by neutrophils, and function of immune effector cells -> Can cause apoptosis of macrophages and inhibit neutrophils and macrophages and paralyze cilia
26
tracheal cytotoxin
Peptidoglycan fragment generated during cell wall syn, and are directly toxic to ciliated cells causing them to be extruded from the mucosa and eventual cell death, and loss of mucociliary action
27
dermonecrotic toxin
stimulates inflammation, vasoconstriction, and local necrosis
28
habitat of bordetella pertussis
trachobronchial tree, spread by respiratory droplets
29
Identifying factors of bordetella parapertussis
gram-negative coccobacillus, slow growth in medium requiring nicotinamide and charcoal, aerobe
30
virulent factors for bordetella parapertussis
same as b. pertussis without pertussis toxin
31
Identifying factors of haemophilus influenza
gram-negative coccobacilli, grows on blood (chocolate) agar requiring hematin (x factor) and/or nicotinamide (V factor), facultative anaerobe, HiB is encapsulated
32
virulent factors for haemophilus influenza
pili, capsule, LPS, LOS, polyribitol phosphate, IgA protease
33
capsule
allows bacteria to resist phagocytosis and resists complement mediated lysis
34
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
lipid A endotoxin -> toxic to cells promotes immune response
35
lipooligosaccharide (LOS)
helps h. influenza bind to host cell, LOS is toxic to ciliated respiratory cells
36
polyribitol phosphate
allows phagocytic resistance to h. influenzae
37
IgA protease
degrades secretory IgA from host cell
38
habitat for haemophilus influenzae
nasopharyngeal, spread by respiratory droplets
39
Identifying factors of klebsiella pneumoniae
gram-negative, nonmotile, rod-shape, encapsulated, pink on mackonkey agar, facultative anaerobe, lactose fermenting
40
virulent factors for klebsiella pneumoniae
pili, capsule (K-antigen), LPS endotoxin (lipid A and O-polysaccharide antigen),
41
habitat of klebsiella penumoniae
mouth, skin, and intestinal tract
42
Identifying factors of proteus mirabilis
gram-negative, rod, motile, hyper-flagellated swarming, pili, facultative anaerobe, urease, no lactose metabolism
43
virulent factors for proteus mirabilis
LPS, urease, pili, flagella
44
urease
hydrolyzes urea into ammonia (NH3) and CO2 -> alkaline urine -> struvite (ammonium, magnesium, phosphate) stones
45
habitat of proteus mirabilis
human intestine, soil and water
46
proteus mirabilis susceptible to
penicillin, resistant ampicillin and cephalosporins
47
Identifying factors of streptococcus pyogenes
gram-positive, cocci chains, nonspore-forming, nonmotile, facultative anaerobe, M surface protein, hyaluronic capsule, lancefield group A antigen, lipotechoic acid, beta-hemolysis, lactic acid forming
48
virulent factors for streptococcus pyogenes
M protein, lipoteichoic acid, hyaluronic capsule, StrepSAgs, streptolysin O and S, streptokinase, protein F, C5a peptidase, streptodornases, hyaluronidase
49
M protein
supports nasopharyngeal cell adherence and keratinocyte binding (highly variable with 100+ serotypes types, allows for repeat infections with new M types occur) antiphagocytic properties bind to factor H causing decreased alternative pathway C3b availability, binds to fibronectin of host cell
50
Lipotechoic acid (LTA)
participates in attachment to host cell via fibronectin
51
hyaluronic capsule
antiphagocytic properties
52
StrepSAgs Strep super antigen
superantigen; exotoxins produce scarlet fever, rash, T cell proliferation, cytokine release, causes streptococcal toxic shock (SSTS
53
Streptolysin O
not active in presence of oxygen -> pore forming cytotoxin inserts itself into cell membrane of host cell -> forms transmembrane pores -> lyses leukocytes, tissue cells, and platelets -> responsible for beta-hemolysis
54
Streptolysin S
active in presence of oxygen -> pore forming cytotoxin inserts itself into cell membrane of host cell -> forms transmembrane pores -> lyses leukocytes, tissue cells, and platelets responsible for beta-hemolysis
55
streptokinase
can cause ARF by molecular mimicry and through its plasminogen activation capacity, converts plasminogen to plasmin (protease) -> lysis of fibrin clots
56
protein F
binds to fibronectin
57
C5a peptidase
degrades and inactivates complement component C5a
58
Streptodornase
DNAses that degrade DNA in necrotizing tissues/exudates
59
hyaluronidase
disrupts organization of ground substance
60
antistreptolysin O
streptococcus progenies is antigenic therefore quantitation of antibodies against it test for antistreptolysin O (ASO)
61
habitat of streptococcus pyogenes
spread by respiratory droplets
62
streptococcus pyogenes susceptible to
beta-lactams (penicillin), not aminoglycosides
63
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Identification
negative sense, linear ssRNA virus, enveloped glycoproteins  causes multinucleate giant cells in tissue culture (syncytium)
64
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) replication
RSV attaches to host cell receptors via glycoprotein (G) protein (viral surface G protein two subgroups A and B, Group A more severe)-> via fusion (F) protein fuses viral envelope with host cell membrane -> virus enters host cell -> nucleocapsid and genome released into cytoplasm -> viral replication occurs in cytoplasm starting with transcription and protein synthesis -> individual mRNAs for each protein and a full length positive sense RNA template -> codes negative sense genome -> new genome and antigenome associate with L, N, and P proteins to form nucleocapsid -> nucleocapsid join with M (matrix) proteins on viral glycoprotein-modified plasma membrane -> mature virion buds from host cell plasma membrane -> exits cell -> F protein can cause cell-cell fusion creating large multinucleate giant cells (syncytia)
65
VZV replication
respiratory droplets with VZV -> attaches to host cell (adsorption) via protein spikes and host cell receptor -> VZV penetrates by direct fusion -> VZV nucleocapsid released into cytoplasm of host cell -> shuttles via host cell cytoskeleton/microtubules to nucleus -> VZV DNA injected into nucleus (uncoating) -> VZV uses hots cell RNA polymerase to synthesize viral mRNA -> immediate early mRNA -> transcribes alpha proteins via early mRNA in cytoplasm -> alpha proteins travel back to nucleus -> alpha proteins stimulate transcription of early mRNA -> early mRNA transcribe in cytoplasm producing beta-proteins -> beta proteins travel to nucleus to stimulate late mRNA and concatemeric DNA -> late mRNA transcribe in nucleus to form gamma-proteins -> gamma proteins travel back to nucleus -> joins with concatemeric DNA (nucleocapsid assembly) -> VZV progeny virus buds from nucleus into rough ER obtaining envelope -> VZV transported via vesicle to golgi -> signal tag triggers exocytosis from cell ->
66
variola
respiratory droplets -> attaches to host cell (adsorption) via protein spikes and host cell receptor -> partial uncoating and early transcription via viruses own RNA polymerase -> synthesizing DNA and RNA polymerase, transcription factors, growth factors, immune defense molecules -> genome replication -> intermediate mRNA synthesis -> uncoating of core uses viral DNA to synthesize concatemeric DNA molecules -> late mRNA transcription -> structural proteins -> assembly of structural proteins and packaging in virions (synthesized by early transcription) -> maturation -> golgi wrapping into vesicles and tagging - > exocytosis from cell
67
VZV identification
linear dsDNA, icosahedral, enveloped
68
variola identification
linear dsDNA, helical, enveloped
69
H antigens are?
flagella
70
O-antigens are?
outer membrane LPS
71
K-antigens are?
polysaccharide capsule

Biology Fall (10 decks)

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