building blocks of cells

Question 1

How can biological molecules be organized?

Answer 1

Biological Molecules can be organized into a number of higher-order structures

Question 2

what are the biological building block molecules?

Answer 2

• amino acids
• nucleobases
• simple carbohydrates
• glycerol & fatty acids
• hydrocarbon rings

Question 3

what are the biological macromolecules?

Answer 3

• proteins
• DNA & RNA (nucleic acid)
• complex carbohydrates
• lipids

Question 4

what are the biological supramolecular assemblies?

Answer 4

• membranes
• ribosomes
• chromatin

Question 5

what are the biological organelles?

Answer 5

• nucleus
• mitochondria
• Golgi
• ER

Question 6

what are macromolecules composed of?

Answer 6

Typically composed of thousands of atoms or more, adding up to a large molecular
mass

Question 7

what are macromolecules made of?

Answer 7

Made up of smaller units called building blocks (or monomers)

Question 8

what are building blocks/monomers bonded by?

Answer 8

are joined by covalent (chemically strong) bonds

Question 9

what do the building blocks form?

Answer 9

Most building blocks come together from polymeric molecules, some form nonpolymeric molecules

Question 10

what is a biomolecule?

Answer 10

A biomolecule is ANY molecule that is produced by a living organism

Question 11

what are the four different types of macromolecules?

Answer 11

• polysaccharides (complex carbs)
• nucleic ac ids (DNA and RNA)
• proteins
• lipids (non-polymeric macromolecule)

Question 12

what are some examples of polymeric and non-polymeric macromolecules?

Answer 12

Polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins are polymeric macromolecules, and lipids are
non-polymeric.

Question 13

what are polymeric molecules?

Answer 13

Polymeric molecules are molecules created by polymerization of building blocks

Question 14

what are the four different types of carbohydrates?

Answer 14

• Monosaccharides (Simple carbohydrates, a.k.a. sugars)
• Disaccharides (Simple carbohydrates, a.k.a. sugars)
• Oligosaccharides (Complex carbohydrates)
• Polysaccharides (Complex carbohydrates)

Question 15

what are monosaccharides?

Answer 15

• The single-unit building blocks of carbohydrates
• simple carbohydrates

Question 16

what are the two types of monosaccharides?

Answer 16

• hexose monosaccharides
• pentose monosaccharides

Question 17

what are hexose monosaccharides?

Answer 17

building blocks of higher-order carbohydrates

Question 18

what are hexose monosaccharides?

Answer 18

building blocks of higher-order carbohydrates

Question 19

what are pentose monosaccharides?

Answer 19

Are usually part of larger molecules

Question 20

what are disaccharides?

Answer 20

two monosaccharides joined together

Question 21

glucose + fructose = ?

Answer 21

glucose and fructose monosaccharides form sucrose

Question 22

galactose + glucose = ?

Answer 22

glucose and galactose monosaccharides form lactose

Question 23

glucose + glucose = ?

Answer 23

two glucose monosaccharides form maltose

Question 24

what are oligosaccharides?

Answer 24

• Several monosaccharides linked together
• Three to approx 10 monosaccharides linked together

Question 25

what are polysaccharides?

Answer 25

- Many monosaccharides linked together - Approx > 10 linked monosaccharides - starch (plant carbohydrate) - glycogen (animal carbohydrate) - cellulose - fiber (plant carbohydrate)

Question 26

what are carbohydrates?

Answer 26

Carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides

Question 27

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 27

- recognition - energy - structure

Question 28

what is nucleic acid?

Answer 28

Informational molecules: * deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) * ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 29

what are polynucleotides?

Answer 29

they are the common bases Thymine: T Adenine: A Cytosine: C Guanine: G Uracil: U

Question 30

what are polymers if nucleotides?

Answer 30

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides

Question 31

what are proteins?

Answer 31

Molecules by which cells perform their functions in the whole organism

Question 32

what are proteins polymers of?

Answer 32

Proteins are polymers of amino acids

Question 33

how do the amino acid groups differ?

Answer 33

The 20 amino acids differ by their ‘R’ group (R group = side chain)

Question 34

what is the mRNA?

Answer 34

messenger

Question 35

what is the protein?

Answer 35

workhorse of the cell

Question 36

what are the functions of proteins?

Answer 36

- Structural - Regulatory Insulin - Contractile - Transport - Storage - Protective - catalytic - Toxic

Question 37

what is the structural function of proteins?

Answer 37

Collagen – a protein in skin and bones

Question 38

what is the regulatory function of proteins?

Answer 38

Insulin – a peptide hormone

Question 39

what is the contractile function of proteins?

Answer 39

Actin, myosin – muscle proteins

Question 40

what is the transport function of proteins?

Answer 40

Haemoglobin – carries oxygen Cytochrome c – e.g. carries electrons

Question 41

what is the storage function of proteins?

Answer 41

Egg white (albumin), seed proteins

Question 42

what is the protective function of proteins?

Answer 42

Antibodies (e.g. lgG) – immune proteins

Question 43

what is the catalytic function of proteins?

Answer 43

Hydrolytic in lysosomes RNA polymerase – enzymes

Question 44

what is the toxic function of proteins?

Answer 44

Botulinum toxin, diphtheria toxin

Question 45

what are lipids?

Answer 45

- NOT polymers - Heterogeneous e.g: § Triacylglycerols (“fats”) § Steroids (sterols) § Phospholipids § Glycolipids § Fat-soluble vitamins - Hydrophobic

Question 46

what are the functions of lipids?

Answer 46

- structural - cholesterol and phospholipids in the cell membrane - regulatory - energy

Question 47

what can you build up using repeats of monosaccharides?

Answer 47

disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 48

what makes different sugars?

Answer 48

changes in the groups of 6 carbon rings

Question 49

what happens when there are different carbon chemical group rings?

Answer 49

chemical group on carbon rings makes them act in different ways