Building Blocks of Life Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
The internal balance necessary for a human to survive
2
Q
What are the 3 mechanisms that maintain homeostasis?
A
Receptors, Set points, and effectors
3
Q
What does the receptor do?
A
Detect the change in the body
4
Q
What are set points?
A
is when the change in the body is sent to the brain
5
Q
What does pH tell you?
A
pH tell you wether a solution is acidic or basic.
6
Q
What will the pH be below if the solution is acidic?
A
below 7
7
Q
If the solution is basic what will the pH be?
A
pH will be above 7
8
Q
What is the pH of human blood?
A
7.4
9
Q
is bleach acidic or basic?
A
Basic
10
Q
Is water acidic, basic, or neutral?
A
Neutral with a pH of 7.
11
Q
What organic substance provides much of the energy that cells require and is often stored to reserve energy?
A
Carbohydrates
12
Q
What is the organic substance that can’t be dissolved in water?
A
Lipids
13
Q
What 3 compounds do lipids contain?
A
Steroids, Fats, and Phospholipids
14
Q
What compound stores more energy than carbohydrates and is made up of 3 fatty acid chains + 1 glycerol molecule.
A
Fats
15
Q
What compound has one less fatty acid chain than fats?
A
Phospholipids , they are soluble in water.
16
Q
What compound is connected rings of carbon atoms?
A
Steroids
17
Q
What is an important steroid?
A
Cholesterol
18
Q
What serves as structural material and can be an energy source?
A
Protein
19
Q
What proteins detect and destroy foreign objects in the body?
A
Antibodies
20
Q
What protein catalyzes chemical reactions?
A
Enzymes
21
Q
What are the building blocks of protein?
A
Amino Acids
22
Q
What organelles determines what objects enter and exit the cell.
A
The cell membrane
23
Q
What is the gel-like substance that suspends the organelles?
A
the cytoplasm
24
Q
What is responsible for protein synthesis?
A
Ribosomes
25
What are ribosomes made up of?
protein and RNA
26
What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?
Transports molecules from one cell part to another.
27
What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum's?
Rough ER and Smooth ER
28
What is the rough ER?
The stuff around the nucleus tats studded with ribosomes that produce protein that are then sent on by the protein
29
What is the Smooth ER?
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes, but has enzymes that support lipid synthesis
30
What is lipid synthesis?
Lipid synthesis helps absorb fats and metabolize drugs
31
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
refines, packages, and transports the protein synthesized by the proteins in the ribosomes in rough ER.
32
What happens in the mitochondria?
Chemical reactions occur and then create ATP
33
What organelle is the garbage disposal of the cell?
Lysosomes, they contain powerful enzymes that break down nutrient molecules or foreign particles
34
What do the peroxisomes do?
The peroxisomes house chemicals that speed up certain reactions, they help detox alcohol and hydrogen peroxide
35
What do microfilaments and microtubules help with?
they help with maintaining cell structure
36
where are the centrosomes/centrioles located in the cell?
they are housed near the nucleus and Golgi apparatus
37
What are the centrosomes made up of?
two crossed hollow cylinders called centrioles
38
what are the centrioles made up of?
microtubules
39
what do both cilia and flagella do?
assists with cell movement
40
What is cilia like?
small hair like fibers that help pass objects (such as mucus) around the cell
41
what is flagella like?
Large tail like object that helps cell move through a space, (only in sperm cells)
42
What in the cell stores protein?
the ribosomes and rough ER
43
What is the post office of the cell?
The Golgi apparatus
44
Peroxisomes are the hype man in the...
mitochondria
45
this helps things pass over it
cilia
46
this helps it move/swim through the cell
flagella
47
Nucleus
Houses the cells dna, contains chromatin and has nuclear pores that allow certain molecules to excite nucleus
48
Chromatin
contains loosley coiled strand of DNA and protien that combine to form chromosomes
contains information for protein synthesis
49
what are the two mechanisms
Passive and Active
50
what are the two mechanisms
Passive and Active
51
What do both the mechanisms do?
Both are used to transport objects from one place to another
52
What do passive transports do
they move things from one place to another based on the concentration, WITHOUT the use of ATP
goes from high concentration to low concentration
equilibrium is reached
53
what do active transports do
moves things from one place to another and it requires ATP to move objects, equilibrium is NOT reached
54
What are the 4 types of passive mechanisms
Diffusion, Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Filtration
55
What is simple diffusion
a process where molecules/ions spread from higher concentration to areas with lower concentration
This way it reaches equilibrium
56
What is the difference of the concentration called
Concentration gradient
57
Diffusion in and out of the cell can only occur if what two things are true
1. the cell membrane is permeable to that substance
2. a concentration gradient exists
58
What is facilitated diffusion
when substances are unable to pass through the lipid bilayer and need the assistance of membrane protein
this can't be done on its own, the proteins help them
this also only works if there is a concentration gradient
59
What is osmosis
deals with the movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low concentration
osmosis = water
60
What is osmotic pressure?
the ability of water to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water
61
What is filtration
When molecules are forced through a membrane via hydrostatic pressure (AKA weight of water)
this separates solids from liquids and its not a random event, it has to be done on purpose
filtration= coffee
62
What is endocytosis
Particles that are too large to be transported across a membrane by other means, are conveyed in a vesicle
63
What are the three types of endocytosis
Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
64
What is pinocytosis
"cell drinking"
the membrane indents, taking in the fluid and particles inside
a vesicle forms and eventually disperses allowing the fluid and particles to enter the cytoplasm
65
What is phagocytosis
"cell eating"
like pinocytosis but takes in solids rather than fluids
the particles attach to the cell membrane stimulating part of it to surround the particle and draw it into the cytoplasm
66
What is Receptor mediated endocytosis
particles bind together with receptors on the surface of the cell membrane in order to enter the cell
67
What is the first phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
- the time during which a cell grows and duplicates most of its contents, preparation for cell division
68
What are the 3 (sub)phases in interphase?
- G1 (growth phase): other non DNA structures are duplicated
- S (synthesis phase): DNA is replicated
- G2 (growth phase): other non DNA structures are duplicated
69
What is after interphase?
Mitosis
70
what happens in mitosis
division of the nucleus
- when a single parent cell divides into two daughter cells
71
All cells divide through mitosis EXCEPT:
1. sperm cells
2. egg cells
3. red blood cells
72
What is the sequence of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, then cytokinesis
73
What happens in Prophase?
the uncoiled DNA in the nucleus condenses and form visible chromosomes
nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse
spindle fibers form between centrioles
(in pictures the dashes around the nucleus says its in prophase)
74
What happens in metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell due to microtubules activity
the centrioles replicate and move to either side of the cell
75
What happens in anaphase
the chromosomes break apart at centrosomes and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
the spindle fibers shorten and pull the chromes to opposite sides of the cell
76
What happens in telophase
the new chromosomes are pulled towards the centrioles and they begin to unwind
77
Cytokinesis
cytoplasm is separated and cell divides
