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Building Water Supply. Flashcards

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0
Q
  1. When was #3 tunnel for NYC water supply start to build?
A

1970.

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1
Q
  1. Weight of 4” EXCI 1/8 bend?
A

1.55 lb.

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2
Q
  1. How long did it take to compleat tunnel #1 for NYC water supply?
A

6 years.

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3
Q
  1. EPA?
A

Environment protection agency (federal).

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4
Q
  1. Parts of New York City’s water supply system?
A
  1. Croton watershed ( reservoirs, lakes), Croton aqueduct.
  2. Catskills watershed, tunnels and aqueducts.
  3. Delaware watershed, tunnels and aqueducts.
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5
Q
  1. What is potable water?
A

That is suitable for human consumption.

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6
Q
  1. Can water, which contain impurities , be made potable?
A

All water can be treated so as not to be harmful, water from some sources is not affordable for treatment because of the excessive cost of purifying it .

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7
Q
  1. List three principal sources of water supply for municipalities?
A
  1. Rivers.
  2. Lakes.
  3. Wells.
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8
Q
  1. Why are wells the most common source of individual water supply?
A

Municipal water supply systems contain many miles of pipe to convey water from its source to the consumer. A well taps a source close to (usually on the property) where the water is to be used.

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9
Q
  1. List four types of water wells?
A
  1. Dug well.
  2. Bored well.
  3. Driven well.
  4. Drilled well.
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10
Q
  1. Three methods of drilling wells?
A
  1. Cable tool.
  2. Rotary.
  3. Water and air jetted method.
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11
Q
  1. What is the recommended depth of a drilled well when the water and jetted method is used?
A

The recommended depth is 0 to 100 feet.

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12
Q
  1. How does pure water differ from potable water?
A

Pure water contains no impurities whereas potable water does contain some impurities.

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13
Q
  1. What is pure water?
A

An odorless, colorless, tasteless, transparent liquid which contains two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.

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14
Q
  1. What is potable water?
A

Colorless, pleasing to the taste and ell, free of harmful bacteria and free of excessive amounts of dissolved solids.

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15
Q
  1. Four major groups of the harmful impurities frequently found in untreated or raw water?
A
  1. Particles in suspension.
  2. Minerals (dissolved matter).
  3. Gases.
  4. Pathogenic microorganisms.
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16
Q
  1. How can impurities in water be removed or neutralized?
A
  1. Sedimentation.
  2. Filtration.
  3. Aeration.
  4. Addition of chemicals.
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17
Q
  1. What are the treatments of raw water?
A
  1. Sedimentation.
  2. Coagulation.
  3. Filtration.
  4. Chlorination.
  5. Fluoridation.
  6. pH adjustment.
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18
Q
  1. How can turbidity (cloudy) be removed from water?
A
  1. By sedimentation.

2. Use of alum as a coagulating agent to collect the dirt and suspended materials.

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19
Q
  1. How can the rate of settlement be increased in water treatment plant?
A

The water is agitated slowly by moving paddles assuring all suspended materials in the raw water come in contact with the alum.

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20
Q
  1. Describe the flow of water in sand filters of water treatment plant?
A

The water is first pumped to the large basins. It then flows slowly over the baffles, onto the sand filter bed. As the water filters through the sand, any remaining particles of suspended matter adhere to the grains of sand.

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21
Q
  1. What procedure s may be involved at the water treatment plant after filtration?
A
  1. Hydrofluosilicic acid (H2SiF6) may be added to inhibit tooth decay.
  2. Lime is added to increase the pH.
  3. Copper sulfate is added to destroy algae in the distribution reservoirs.
  4. Soda ash can be introduced into reservoirs to reduce acidity.
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22
Q

.23. How can suspended material be removed from an individual water supply?

A

By a pressure type filter (sand).

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23
Q
  1. Living organisms, which can be removed during filtration?
A
  1. Cysts.
  2. Algae.
  3. Bacteria.
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24
25. What results in the formation of dissolved gases (hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide) in water supply?
Decomposition of organic matter.
25
26. How can dissolved gases be removed from water supply?
By aeration or degasification.
26
27. What methods can be used to remove gases from water supply accept aeration?
1. Adding chlorine. 2. Adding activated carbon. 3. Both methods require that the water be filtered after treatment.
27
28. How can bacteria and viruses be killed?
1. Boiling. 2. Ultraviolet light. 3. Chlorination.
28
29. What method is used most frequently to kill bacteria and viruses in water supply?
Chlorination.
29
30.what test can be made if a specific problem arises that creates a situation of potential danger?
A fecal coliform test
30
31. What does the term parts per million mean?
One part of a substance by weight, per million parts of water by weight.
31
32. How are impurities in water measured?
1. In ppm - parts per million. 2. In mgl - milligrams per liter. 3. In gpg - grains per gallons.
32
33. What is a grain measurement?
A measurement of weight equal to 0.002285 oz.
33
34. What does the symbol pH represent?
Express the intensity of the acid or alkaline condition of water.
34
35. How does acid and alkaline conditions effect pH values?
Acid conditions decrease and alkaline increase pH values.
35
36. What does the term pH identifies?
Concentration of hydrogen: active hydrogen ions within the hydrogen atom based on the gram-equivalent weight per liter of water.
36
37. Why is important to know the pH value of the water chosen as a source of supply?
1. Acid water is very corrosive. | 2. Alkaline has a soda taste and leaves the skin feeling dry after use.
37
38. How is water treated on a power boiler in anion and cation tanks?
They have to be regenerated using a solution of sulfuric acid and caustic soda.
38
39. What are the common characteristics of both soft and hard water?
Soft water lathers easily, hard lathers with difficulty, leaving the hands rough and form a ring or scum in a lavatory or tub.
39
40. What is responsible for water hardness?
Calcium and magnesium.
40
41. What standards are available to determine whether or not the impurities found in water are at an acceptable level, either before or after treatment?
1. By the water conditioning foundation. | 2. By the EPA (environmental protection agency).
41
42. A quality standard for water by the water conditioning foundation?
1. Bacteria content and toxic substances to conform to public health drinking water standards published by the U. S. Public Health Service. 2. Hardness 3.5 gpg. 3. Iron and manganese 0.2 ppm. 4. Turbidity 5.0 ppm. 5. pH value 7.0 to 10.5. 6. Taste and odor not objectionable. 7. Hydrogen sulfide 1/10 ppm. 8. Dissolved solids 30 gpg. 9. Fluoride 1.5 ppm. 10. Chloride and sulfate 250 ppm. 11. Color - clear.
42
43. The four characteristics of water quality designated by the EPA?
1. Physical characteristics - taste, color, level of turbidity, temperature, and odor. 2. Chemical content - hardened or softness. 3. Biological ingredients - primarily microorganisms that have direct bearing on our health. 4. Radiological substances must be avoided, as must any water that has in any way contracted radioactive materials.
43
50. Parts of typical municipal treatment plant?
1. Screens at raw water source. 2. Sediment basin. 3. Chlorination point 1. 4. Alum point. 5. Flocculation basin. 6. Aeration or degasification. 7. Chlorination point 2. 8. Sand filters.
44
51. What impurities are removed by coarse screens of water treatment plant?
The large pieces of debris such as logs.
45
52. What impurities are removed at sediment tank?
The large-sized impurities that cause the water to be turbid (leaves, etc.).
46
53. An average length of stay for raw water in the basin of municipal treatment plant?
1 1/2 days.
47
54. The process, which occurs at point of adding alum and in the flocculation basin work together. Explain?
Alum is added to start the flocculation treatment process which take place in the flocculation basin. The impurities then settle to the bottom of the basin and are removed periodically. An awe rage length of retention at this basin is 5 hours.
48
55. How can water be made to taste better?
Carbon filters (similar to charcoal) are added to the system. This method of treatment is expensive and is not widely used unless taste and smell are extreme.
49
56. What is used to add a chlorine solution to an individual well water supply system?
A simple feed pump and regular laundry bleach.
50
57. How is chlorine added to well water system?
Chemical feed pump start together with well pump and add chlorine to the feed pipe of pressure tank.
51
58. What are the objectionable characteristics of hard water?
1. No soap lather can be formed until hardness particles are coated. 2. Calcium causes deposits within pipelines.
52
59. What effects has the buildup scale in piping systems?
1. Reduces the rate of heat transfer and efficiency of equipment. 2. Reduces flow rate. 3. Results in odor value operation. 4. Increases power requirements.
53
60. What must be done to watering some localities where it has a high mineral content?
The appliance generally used for the removal magnesium and calcium is a water softener that uses the ion-exchange principle.
54
61. What is an ion?
An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms.
55
62. Siding the term zeolite?
A zeolite Is a solid which will interchange ions with hardness particles in a liquid and still retain its basic structure in water softening equipment.
56
63. List groups and types of zeolites?
``` Organic. 1. Resinous. 2. Carbonaceous. Inorganic. 1. Green sand (glauconite). 2. Synthetic gel type. ```
57
64. Use of different types of zeolites?
1. Clear but hard water - synthetic gel up to about 12,000 grains per cubic foot. 2. Hight temperature and pH, oxidizing conditions - resinous type up to about 35,000 grains on the sodium cycle. 3. Low pH or iron bearing waters - glauconite up to about 3,000 grains per cubic foot. 4. Aggressive waters, metallic cations at low concentrations - carbonaceous type about 800 grains per cubic foot.
58
65. The five major components of water softening devices?
1. Tank or shell. 2. Control valve. 3. Softening material. 4. Gravel or sand filters. 5. Strainers.
59
66. What determines the size of the tank?
The gpm of softened water required and are available from 12"x40" to 84"x60".
60
67. What is a multiport valve?
A valve allows flow in more than one direction available in 2, 3", 4", or 6" sizes. A 6" multiport valve weights over 400l lb and thus requires extra support.
61
68. Why is a layer of gravel or sand filters needed below the softening material?
It helps to keep the softening agent in place and also filters large particles from water.
62
69. List five components of the zeolite regenerating system?
1. Tank. 2. Strainer. 3. Brine injector (Venturi fitting). 4. Dolt. 5. Gravel.
63
70. Trace the flow of water from the supply through the softener?
The hard water enters the multiport valve and is directed to the top of the softening tank. From the zeolite , the water is filtered and sent to the multiport valve, which then directs it to the building.
64
71. How does the brine regenerate the zeolite?
The sodium ions in the salt replaces the magnesium and calcium particles collected by the zeolite.
65
72. Give a brief description of the regeneration cycle for the water softening system ?
The brine is drawn out of the brine tank by the flow of hard water passing through the brine injector. It then flows through the multiport valve which direct the mixed solution to the bottom of the softening tank. It passes upward through the zeolite , back through the multiport valve , and then it washes to a drain.
66
73. How is multiport valve set in the rinse position of water softening equipment?
It sends hard water through the tank to rinse away the brine.
67
74. What determine when the softening agent needs regeneration or when regeneration is complete?
An automatic sensing device is installed in the piping.
68
75. Will the discharge of the rinse water (brine) into septic tank affect its working conditions?
It may be safely discharged into a septic tank under normal working conditions but new tanks and those recently cleaned should be given ample time to become seeded.
69
76. Why should precautions be taken for proper support of softening units?
For example the operating weight of a 2010BIS-3 unit by the manufacture's specification sheet is 28,500 lb.
70
77. Approximately, how many square feet of floor space would the 2010BIS-3 water softener unit require?
A = L1xW = 24'x6'-4" = 151.92 sq. ft.
71
78. What is the minimum ceiling height for 2010BIS-3 water softener unit?
About 12'-4".
72
79. How can iron and manganese be removed from individual water supply?
1. Small amounts can be removed in ordinary water softener. | 2. Larger quantities can be removed by filtration.
73
80. The three operational modes water softener control unit?
1. Fully automatic. 2. Semi-automatic. 3. Manual.
74
81. How can fully automatic operation of twin softeners be accomplished?
By adding a sequencing pilot and pressure switch in conjunction with a Bruner-Matic control center.
75
82. Describe the operation of the automatic Capacity-Trol Brine Maker and flow controller on the Bruner Model HBR water softening unit?
1. It combines salt storage and brine making in a single compact unit. An automatic brine valve is housed at the bottom of a brine well. It controls brine withdrawal and regulates fresh water refill. 2. The flow controller automatically maintains proper backwash and cleansing flows over wide variations in operating pressures. Proper sizing and adjustment is done at the factory.
76
83. What rye of treatment is used to remove gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from individual water supply systems?
Adding a chemical such as chlorine that will convert the gas to a solid, and then filter the solid from the water.
77
84. Who is qualified to make the necessary test on a water supply to determine what treatment is necessary?
A local testing agency take a sample of the water and have it analyzed.
78
85. Why is hard water among the easiest water problems to spot?
It leave white, scaly deposits on plumbing fixtures and faucets, household appliances and kitchen equipment, produce streaky dishes, gray laundry and itchy skin.
79
86. What are some colors of tap water which indicate the presence of hard or acidic water?
1. Green or blue-green generally means overly acidic water. 2. Yellow is the color of decaying vegetation. 3. Red water suggests the presence of dissolved or precipitated iron . 4. Black stains on fixtures and laundry indicate manganese.
80
87. How can the damaging, corrosive effects of hard water be further reduced at the tap?
New faucets use ceramic disc cartridges in the place of plastic or metal parts.
81
88. What is the best solution for removing most odor from potable water?
Special-purpose filters are the best prescription for most water odors.
82
89. Describe the types of water filters which are the most common?
1. Carbon filters. Tap water passes through activated carbon granules, which reduce organic materials, chlorine, dissolved gases and some minerals. Available as carafes, tap mounted and countertop appliances. 2. Revers osmosis filters. A semi porous membrane reduces bacteria, lead, mercury, iron and most other contaminations. Installed under the kitchen sink. 3. Distillers boil, condensate and filtered through a carbon filter water. Available in countertop models as larger, installed appliances.
83
90. What steps should you take when taking a water sample?
1. Secure a 16 oz. container that will not contaminate the sample. Clean, rubber-stoppered, resistant glass bottles or new plastic (baby) bottles are recommended. 2. Before taking samples allow the water to run for at least five minutes. 3. Rinse the container thoroughly with the water that is to be analyzed. 4. Fill the bottle to a point just above the shoulder. 5. Jot downfall pertinent information regarding the water. 6. Send the sample in for the test.
84
91. Pertinent information regarding the sample of the water?
1. Source of the sample. 2. Physical appearance (clean, dirty, highly colored, etc.). 3. Odor. 4. Taste. 5. Number of persons in the family. 6. The number of bathrooms in the home. 7. The pump capacity in gph.
85
92. What are some common complaints by owners of individual supply systems cause by water hardness due to calcium and magnesium?
1. Soap and synthetic detergent wastage. 2. Reduced life of washable fabrics. 3. Poor laundering results. 4. Poorer dish washing results. 5. Lowered efficiently and fuel waste in water heaters. 6. Poorer cooking results. 7. Lack of cleanliness and sanitation in washing the skin, bathing, shampooing. Red, itchy or dry skin.
86
93. What are some common complaints by owners of individual water supply caused by iron and manganese?
1. Water is clear when drawn from faucet, but red rust appears upon standing. 2. Water darkens coffee, tea, and other beverages. 3. Rust stains on fabrics, plumbing fixtures, china, glassware and silverware. 4. Water has metallic taste. 5. Stains and deposits appear almost black when manganese is present.
87
94. Complaints when hydrogen sulfide is present in individual water supply?
1. Water has a rotten egg odor. 2. Silverware tarnishes rapidly on contact with water. 3. Yellow to black stains on plumbing fixtures and rusting of water systems. 4. Darkens coffee, tea and other beverages. 5. Ruins flavor and appearance of foods.
88
95. Complaints caused by corrosive water (chiefly as result of oxygen and carbon dioxide content) in individual water supply?
1. Premature failure of water heater and plumbing through leakage. 2. Clogging of pipes due to corrosion tubercles. 3. Rust stains on fabrics, plumbing fixtures, china, glassware and silverware. 4. Blue stains on plumbing fixtures.
89
96. Complaints caused by live organisms by decaying organic material in individual water supply?
Organic matter, microbiological organisms, or chlorophnols.
90
97. Complaints caused by organic color in individual water supply due to presence of tannins and or humid materials?
1. Yellow or brown colored water. 2. Yellow or brown stains on washable fabrics, plumbing fixtures, utensils. 3. Objectionable flavor and appearance of foods and beverages.
91
98. Complaints caused by turbidity due to presence of fine particles of silt, mud, sand, etc. which are suspended in individual water supply?
1. Cloudy, unpalatable appearance. | 2. Deposits in valves and pipes.
92
99. Complaints due to pathogenic organisms in individual water supply?
Water-borne disease (typhoid, amoebic or bacillary dysentery, epidemic jaundice and cholera).
93
100. Complaints due to fluorides in individual water supply in excess of 1.5 parts per million?
Mottling of teeth.
94
101. Complaints caused by nitrates in individual water supply?
Cyanosis (blueness of skin) and possible death of infants, especially under six months of age.
95
102. Complaints due to excessive total dissolved solids in individual water supply. Laxative effect caused by excessive sulfate content of sodium and magnesium?
Brackish or saline water objectionable salty taste and laxative effect in some cases.
96
103. Why does distribution systems ensure the delivery of potable water from the treatment plant to the consumer?
They are either public or private. Installation practices and protection of water mains and services are same for both. A private system generally means water supply restricted to a private home.
97
104. Where is the biggest water treatment plant in USA?
In Chicago.
98
105. Responsibility of EPA?
Make rules , standards, require publication to consumers.
99
106. Daily usage of domestic water?
100 gal of water per person.
100
107. What is meant by municipal potable water distribution systems?
All piping from the treatment plant to the consumer: main distribution lines, trunk lines, water mains and water see vices owned and operated by a governing body.
101
108. Why is treatment of municipal sources of supply essential?
Sources of water have almost all become polluted and must be treated to produce water fit for human consumption.
102
109. What are the function of main distribution lines and trunk lines?
Main distribution lines are the large water conduits that connect the treatment plant to smaller trunk lines, which further distribute the water to the mains of the system.
103
110. What are the functions of water mains and water services?
Water main distribute water from trunk lines to the individual water services. Water services carry water from the mains directly into the building of the consumer.
104
111. What are the function of water distribution systems?
Originally, distribution systems were installed primarily to furnish protection against fires. Today, fire protection has become secondary, and the primary function of distribution systems is to deliver potable water to the consumer.
105
112. What are three types of water distribution systems?
1. Loop system. 2. Gridiron system. 3. Tree system.
106
113. What is loop system?
Large feeder mains surround many city blocks, and serve smaller cross-feed lines which are connected at each end into the main loop.
107
114. What is gridiron system?
The piping is laid out in checkerboard fashion with piping usually decreasing in size as the distance increases from the source of supply.
108
115. What is tree water distribution system?
There is a single trunk main, reducing in size with increasing distance from its source of supply; branch lines are supplied from the trunk.
109
116. How is tree water distribution system more commonly called?
Dead-end system.
110
117. Which water distribution system is most reliable?
The grid and loop systems provide better reliability because of their multiple paths. The grid is much more likely to permit uninterrupted service in the event of a breakdown in a part of the system, and continuous circulation helps to eliminate tastes and odors that can build up in a dead-end line.
111
118. What is the general conception of a grid water distribution system?
1. treatment plant. 2. Closed reservoir. 3. Trunk lines. 4. Block by block water main grid. 5. Pump station. Location differ from the system layout.
112
119. Three different layouts of grid distribution systems?
1. Water is pumped from treatment plant to a high, closed reservoir and delivered to water main grid by gravity. 2. Pressurized system fed from a closed reservoir. 3. A gravity system fed from a high tank that is, in turn, fed by pressure from a closed reservoir, that is fed by gravity from plant.
113
120. What is the purpose of the multiple distribution layout of grid water supply system?
Continuous service is the purpose. In Oder to accomplish this , reserve capacity is necessary in the form of additional storage, pumping, and distribution facilities.
114
121. How are the trunk lines and mains generally valves in a distribution system?
They are usually valves at each intersection (4 valves on cross intersection and 3 on T, one valve on each line).
115
122. What are two common function of most pumping stations?
1. Deliver water under pressure to higher elevation. | 2. Introduce higher pressures into system.
116
123. What are two type of pressurized water supply systems?
1. In direct system water is pumped from the treatment plant to the distribution system. 2. Indirect system use pump to deliver water to a closed reservoir or tank for distribution.
117
124. Pumps for grid and loop water distribution system?
1. Direct system use positive displacement pumps: reciprocating or rotary type. 2. Indirect system use non-positive displacement pump of the centrifugal type.
118
125. How do main distribution lines, trunk lines, and mains of water supply vary in size?
Main distribution lines generally are largest lines. Trunk lines are usually smaller than the distribution lines. Mains in most cases are smaller than the trunk lines. Whenever possible, sizes are graduated to keep down the cost of installation and maintenance.
119
126. List eight installation practices that can apply to all portions of any water distribution system?
1. Safety procedures for excavating and shoring, handling pipe, making joints, and testing. 2. Proper depth of burial. 3. Proper bedding of pipe. 4. Proper placement of rods and thrust blocks to prevent rupture to joints. 5. Thorough testing to ensure against leakage or contamination. 6. Protection to prevent corrosion. 7. Care in backfilling. 8. Chlorination of pipelines after installation to prevent pollution due to unsanitary conditions in the pipe.
120
127. Why are safe work practices and procedures ignored in many cases?
Lack of experience, poor attitude or for reasons of supposed economy.
121
128. What are some safety procedures to follow when working in a ditch (trench)?
They should be sloped or shored, or both. Ditches in crumbling or sandy soil should be solid sheeted. Never work alone in a ditch. Be alert at all times; there is no such thing as a completely safe ditch.
122
129. List five safe work practices which should be adhered to when handling or lifting heavy pipe with hoisting equipment?
1. Be sure lifting cables and rigging equipment are in good working condition. 2. To avoid confusion, have only one competent person giving signals and giving orders. 3. Be alert at all times. 4. Never work or stand under a hoisted load. 5. Utilize proper rigging procedures.
123
130. Why must pressurized water piping in a distribution system be thoroughly tested to guard against leakage and contamination?
The pressure on a dead-end or a fitting can develop into tons of thrust.. In the event of a failure, the resultant blowout can cause extensive damage and perhaps personal injury.
124
131. Where should persons keep during the testing pressurized water piping in distribution system?
Clear of fittings and dead ends.
125
132. How much thrust can develop at a dead-end during a hydrostatic test of a pipeline? For example a 10" line being tested at 100 psig.
Tt = .7854xDxDxP =?.7854x10x10x100 = 7,854 lb ~ 3.5 ton. | All blocking or testing equipment must be capable of withstanding this amount of thrust.
126
133. What is probably the earliest material known to have been used for water distribution systems?
Clay pipe.
127
134. Materials for the main distribution lines?
Concrete, steel, and some types of plastic pipe.
128
135. Materials for trunk lines and mains of water distribution systems?
Usually cast iron or ductile iron for ease of tapping for water services.
129
136. Materials for water service piping?
Generally cast iron or ductile iron for the larger services; copper, brass, galvanized steel, and some types of plastic pipes are available for smaller services.
130
137. Types of joints for concrete pipe?
Bell and spigot rubber gasket joints.
131
138. Types of joints for steel pipe?
1. Welded joints. 2. Flanged joints. 3. Mechanical joints.
132
139. Types of joints for cast iron or ductile iron pipe?
1. Push-on joints. 2. Mechanical joints. 3. Flanged joints. 4. Caulked joints.
133
140. What condition, other than poor or unstable soil, can cause a pipeline to settle?
Improper bedding (preparation of the ditch bottom) of a pipe line during installation.
134
141. What does pipe installation include when the soil is poor or unstable?
Usually includes removal of the soil to a depth well below the desired pipe elevation. The ditch is then refilled with stable, compacted material such as bank run gravel.
135
142. Which of the bedding methods for pipe installation is the most effective?
Contouring the ditch bottom to fit the pipe and then tamping the backfill.
136
143. What is used in underground installations to prevent joints and fitting from coming apart (blowing out) when water pressure is applied to the line?
Pipe clamps sometimes called friction clamps and tie rods sometimes called rodding.
137
144. How are pipe clamps and tie rods installed to prevent joints and fittings from coming apart when water pressure is applied to the underground water line?
1. A pipe clamps are placed on either side of the joint and they are tied together by means of threaded rods that pass through the clamps on either side of the joint. Washer and nuts then secure the threaded rods. 2. Two pipe clamps are placed on the pipe at angles f stress opposite to one another in front of the joint. Threaded rods are then inserted through the holes of the mechanical joint flanges at two locations. One rod connects to the first clamp and the other rod connects to the second clamp. The threaded rods and mechanical joint flanges are then secured by washers, nuts, and spacers.
138
145. If mechanical joints are being used with rods, is it also always necessary to use clamps?
If section are to be subjected to very high pressure or if the pipe joints must be deflected slightly to follow ground contours, continuous rodding may be required
139
146. How can continuous rodding be done without clamps?
Two rods run from flange to flange, using alternating bolt holes at each joint.
140
147. List two methods of restraining joints water supply pipe that would eliminate continuous rodding?
1. Each length of pipe can be back filled and compacted between joints on straight runs of underground piping installed horizontally prior to testing. The area around each joint or point of connection must be left exposed for visual inspection. 2. Restraining devices are available for both push-on and mechanical joint piping installations.
141
148. How is the entire pipeline often restrained for installations in poor soil or for critical lines?
With the FIElD LOK gasket and push-on joint ductile iron TYTON pipe or fitting the joints are restrained without thrust blocks, bolts, grooves, rods,clamps or retainer glands.
142
149. List eleven steps which must be used in the assembly of a FIElD LOK gasket inside the bell socket of a section of ductile iron pipe?
1. Loop the gasket for insertion. 2. Make the loop between the locking segments to prevent damage to the rubber to metal bond. 3. Place the gasket into the socket with the heel of the gasket in the retainer seat of the socket. 4. Seat the gasket evenly around the inside of the socket with the heel of the gasket fitted snugly in the retainer seat and at or below the level of the throat of the bell socket. 5. Apply a thin film of TYTON JOINT lubricant to the exposed surface of the gasket that will come into contact with the entering pipe spigot end. 6. The outside of the cut end of pipe should be beveled about 1/4" at an angle of about 30* and the leading edge should be rounded with a coarse file or a portable grinder. 7. Clean the last 6" or7" of the end of the pipe. Make an assembly mark infield cut pipe at a location in accordance with the pipe size. 8. Apply a thin film of lubricant around the outside circumference of the spigot end for a distance of about 1". 9. Insert the end of the pipe into the socket until it contacts the gasket. 10. Assemble the joint until the inside edge of the first painted stripe is flush with the bell face. 11. Feeler gauge can be inserted into the socket to verify the proper installation of the joint.
143
150. What is the purpose of TR FLEX GRIPPER rings?
To restrain field cut pipe (pipe without weld meant) inside ductile iron pipe and fittings.
144
151. How are TR FLEX gaskets installed?
1. clean the socket and the gasket. 2. Loop the gasket and place it in the socket with the rounded bulb end entering first. 3. Apply a thin film of TYTON JOINT lubricant to the exposed sur face of the gasket.
145
152. What must be used where thrust blocking is not practicable?
Proper tie rodding.
146
153. What are thrust blocks and where are they used?
Kick blocks are pads of concrete mix poured behind a fitting or a dead-end for the same reason that rods are used to prevent joints from blowing out.
147
154. What is the concrete mix for the pads of thrust blocks?
Not leaner than 1 part cement 2 1/2 part sand, and 5 parts stone or gravel.
148
155. Compute the size of the thrust block needed behind a 12" 90* elbow, in a buried pipeline 4" deep which contains water 90 psig.
A 12" 90* elbow develops 216 lb thrust at 1 psig of water pressure. Tt = 90x216 = 19,440 pounds of horizontal thrust at 90 psig.
149
156. How can contamination be caused by leakage?
In the event of negative pressure in an underground pipeline, contamination may enter through the leak or crack.
150
157. How are potable water distribution system generally tested?
Hydrostatically at pressures equal to at least one and one half times the normal working pressure.
151
158. Are all buried pipelines subject to damage from corrosion?
No. The extent of the damage depends on the soil and water conditions and types of piping materials. Metallic pipelines maybe subjected to corrosion. Plastic piping, although non-corrosive.
152
159. What is cathodic protection?
Electrochemical process in which the metal to be protected is made the cathode in a galvanic cell.
153
160. What are two methods of producing a cathodic protection effect?
1. The impressed circuit process. | 2. Use a sacrificial anode.
154
161. How does impressed circuit process use an anode of less activity?
Connect the positive terminal of a source of direct current to scrap iron while the negative terminal is connected to the pipeline.
155
162 Trace the electric current in the cathodic protection system using a subcritical anode?
The magnesium becomes the sacrificial anode because it is more active than the pipeline. The positive electricity leaves magnesium, flows through the electrolyte ( soil) to the pipelines, and returns through the wire.
156
163. How can contamination that occurs during construction be eliminated?
The pipelines should be flushed thoroughly and then disinfected by inserting liquid chlorine compound into the system. The pipeline is then filled slowly with water and the co cent ration of chlorine checked for disinfecting strength. The full line should be allowed to stand for at least 12 hours and then be thoroughly flushed with potable water.
157
164.How are water services generally classified?
As residential and commercial.
158
165. What factors determine usually water service sizes?
1. Type of use. 2. Number of people using the water. 3. Type of fixtures. 4. Maximum demand at peak use. 5. Pressure loss. 6. Friction loss.
159
166. How are services connected to mains?
1. By installing a tee in the main . | 2. By tapping a main and installing a valve.
160
167. How is tapping done while a pipe is under pressure?
With the use of a yapping machine which strapped to the water main.
161
168. What is the tapping machine used to?
Drill a hole in the main, tap the hole, and screw in the valve (usually called a corporation cock or stop).
162
169. What is method of tapping water mains under pressure other then use of a tapping machine?
By strapping a saddle to the pipe. The valve is screwed into the saddle to make a water tight joint. A hole is drilled into the pipe through the valve.
163
170. How can service connections larger then 2" be made under pressure?
By drilling through a valve that has been connected to the water main by means of a saddle or a split tapping sleeve (T).
164
171. How is water service connected to small water main?
By manifold tapping - several smaller taps joined together by means if a yoke or fittings and then be connected to the service piping.
165
172. Dice components of residential water service?
1. Corporation cock or stop. 2. Curb cock or stop. 3. Curb box. 4. Meter and meter yoke. 5. Shutoff valve immediately inside the structure being served.
166
173. Installation practices for water services?
These practices include safety, bedding, protection and testing.
167
174. Protection practices for water services?
Swing joint following a corporation stop. | A sleeve at point of entry to the structure.
168
175. List some materials that are available for the installation of water services?
Cast iron, copper, brass, galvanized, and plastic.
169
176. The types of water services pipe joints?
1. For cast iron and ductile iron - mechanical, caulked, push-on, and flanged joints. 2. For copper pipe - flared, sweat, flanged and braced joints. 3. For brass pipe - screwed, braced and flanged joints. 4. For galvanized pipe - screwed and flanged. 5. For plastic pipe - bonded, welded, compression, solvent cement or clamped.
170
177. How is the amount of payment for potable water computed?
By the local water purveyor, usually at a fixed rate for the number of gallons or cubic feet of water used.
171
178. What are the most commonly used types of water meters?
1. Positive displacement - register small amount of flow. | 2. Turbine and compound are used for registering large flows.
172
179. Two types of positive displacement meters?
1. Positive displacement meters. | 2. Oscillating-piston and nutating- disc meters.
173
180. How do positive displacement meters operate?
As water passes through the chamber, the piston or disc makes one complete cycle. Each rotation is transmuted to a recording dial by means of a gear train.
174
181. Where is a turbine meter generally used?
When a building requires large and constant volumes of flow with a minimum loss of line pressure.
175
182. Describe the operation of a turbine meter?
Water entering the turbine meter is divided into two equal streams and passed through impellers. The rate of velocity is translated into gallons per minute by means of a series of gears connected to a recording dial.
176
183. Where is compound meter usually installed?
In hospitals or apartment houses when rates of flow will vary greatly because of low and peak load periods.
177
184. What is compound water meter?
It is a combination of a disc or oscillating piston meter and turbine meter. A compound valve closes off flow to turbine during low flow and to the disc portion during peak flow.
178
185. How are meters incorporated into a water service?
By means of a special device or piping arrangement called a meter yoke.
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186. What is a meter yoke?
An arrangement of pipe and unions or flanges that will permit the meter to be removed without interruption of service.
180
187. How is continuing service provided when the meter is removed?
A pipe nipple with washers can be installed in its place.
181
188. Name of meter couplings?
Yokes.
182
189. Where have large meter assembly be contained outside building?
In a meter vault.
183
190. What are the primary reasons for selecting a manifold or flexible battery installation?
Lower weight and cost and greater ease of installation in a large service (8" and lager).
184
191. What are some problems encountered in installing large meters?
No extra space can be built into the meter assembly. The only extra space available is the thickness of two extra gaskets (about 1/4").
185
192. What types of water meter utilize the magnetic drive principle?
Disc meters, oscillating piston meters, turbine meters, turbo meters, single register compound meters.
186
193. Explain how water meter with the magnetic drive operates?
Rotation of a spindle drive magnet. It transmit rotation through the wall of a meter to a second magnet which operates the meter register.
187
194. Parts of disc meter?
1. Chamber. 2. Disc. 3. Spindle. 4. Chamber magnet. 5. Second magnet. 6. Register.
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195. Parts of oscillating piston meters?
1. A bronze case. 2. A sealed register. 3. Heat-treated glass. 4. Piston type measuring chamber. 5. A oscillating piston. 6. Permanent magnets. 7. A magnetic coupling. 8. Follower magnet. 9. Register reduction gearing. 10. A cylindrical strainer. 11. A built-in register retainer. 12. An interchangeable bottom plate.
189
196. Parts of turbine meters?
1. Housing - cast iron. 2. Cover - bronze. 3. Nuts - bronze. 4. Test plug - bronze. 5. Screen - bronze. 6. Turbine cage - bronze. 7. Spindle - stainless steel. 8. Turbine wheels - hard rubber. 9. Bushing - hard rubber. 10. Adjustable bearing - agate.
190
197. Parts of turbo meters?
1. A rotor. 2. Magnetic coupling. 3. A vertical spindle. 4. Gears. 5. The meter's register. 6. Straightening vanes. 7. A nose cone.
191
198. Parts of single register compound meters?
1. A single hermetically sealed totalizer. 2. Magnetic couplings. 3. A measuring chambers. 4. A reduction gear trains. 5. Turbine chamber. 6. A positive displacement (bypass) measuring chamber. 7. A swing action valve .
192
199. Why is goose neck usually installed conterclockvice?
For protection against breakage because curb valve is usually shut off conterclockvice.
193
200. Parts of municipal water distribution system?
1. Main distribution lines. 2. Trunk lines. 3. Water mains. 4. Water service.
194
201. What is a building water supply system?
The piping within a building which conveys water from the water service pipe to the point of use .
195
202. What are five characteristics of a quality installation?
1. Provides an adequate supply of water. 2. Provides necessary safeguard to protect the system from contamination from both inside and out side the building. 3. Maintains suitable pressure for usage demands in the building. 4. Is quiet and relatively maintenance free. 5. Supplies adequate amounts of water to the hot water generation system.
196
203. What are three basic terms associated with making and installing plumbing system?
1. Design. 2. Layout. 3. Installation.
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204. Why is it important, in your study of plumbing systems, to become familiar with design, layout and installation?
Success will depend on how well the basic principles are understood and applied to meet the needs of a particular job.
198
205. Why can't the elements of design, layout, and installation be easily separated and clearly defined in some industries and occupations?
Because of wide variations in responsibilities: a very carefully designed system to install, including drawing and specifications, or no information other than location of plumbing fixtures.
199
206. What are two steps in design of the water supply systems?
1. The architect allocates the space or location of its components. 2. A mechanical or civil engineer does the actual piping arrangement.
200
207. List same specific knowledge a journeyworker might need to design a building water supply system?
1. Customer specifications, piping materials, joining techniques, support, insulation. 2. Code requirements. 3. Locations of components of the system. 4. Equipment size and pipe size requirements.
201
208. List some general knowledge a journeyworker might need to design a building water supply system?
1. What is to be done and how it will be accomplished. 2. Math formulas. 3. Joining and support techniques. 4. How to sketch the system and its components. 5. Material characteristics. 6. Safety requirements.
202
209. Where would the water meter be located, if the water service pipe is from a public source?
Most individual water meters are located out side the building for accessibility. In some cases meter are located inside the building. You might also be required to install a back flow preventer in conjunction with the meter to protect the community water supply system from contamination.
203
210. What are the major parts of a building water supply system?
1. Mains. 2. Mains branch lines. 3. Risers. 4. Minor branch lines. 5. Terminal points.
204
211. Describe the function of a main distribution line in a building water supllly system.
Convey the water to major branches and risers.
205
212. Describe the function of a major branches?
Carry the water from the distribution mains to special equipment, minor branches, and risers.
206
213. Describe the function of raisers in a building water supply system?
Transport water vertically at least the hight of one story ( one floor to another). Risers are supplied either by the main distribution line or a major branch. And they, in turn, supply either a major or minor branch line on a different foor.
207
214. What is the function of a minor branch Ina building water supply system?
Conveys the water from major branch lines or risers to the point of use called a terminal point.
208
215. Are drawing and written instructions or specifications always necessary for designing plumbing systems?
No. Residential and remodeling work are examples of plumbing systems designed by a journeyworker, in a whole or in a part, without drawings or specifications. The basic elements of design are done mentally.
209
216. What does the term layout mean?
Locate the various parts of system.
210
217. What parts of water supply system are not shown on the drawings but are critical to the operation and maintenance and are described in the specifications?
Branch valves, unions, strainers, pressure Gage's, thermometers, and drain valves.
211
218. List some of the specific information which is usually required to lay out a building water supply system?
1. Pipe size to be used. 2. Kinds of pipe or tube materials to be used. 3. Location of mains, risers, and branches. 4. Location and types of sleeves, inserts, hangers, and supports. 5. Types, sizes, and location of fixtures and equipment. 6. Location of hangers, supports, and pipe connections to fixtures and equipment.
212
219. Following an analysis of the general principles of design and layout, list some of the steps that are important in the installation of plumbing systems?
1. Select an area for storing pipe, fittings, etc. on the job. 2. Select an area for pipe cutting and assembly, and set up of equipment. 3. Determine the most logical procedure from design and layout information, such as pre assembly of parts and order of installation. 4. Make working drawing s or sketches when necessary. 5. Determine required pipe and fitting sizes.
213
220. What are four terms closely associated with the design of building water supply systems?
1. Friction. 2. Velocity. 3. Rate of flow. 4. Pressure.
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221. Define the term friction as it applies to a building water supply system?
The water that is in contact with the walls of the pipeline moves at a lower velocity than the water in the center of the pipeline. The result of friction on flow is measured as pressure loss.
215
222. Define the term velocity as it applies to a building water supply system?
The rate at which liquids move through a piping system, measured in feet per second.
216
223. Define the term rate of flow as it applies to a building water supply system?
The volume of a moving fluid related to time. It is measured in gpm, gph, mgd (millions of gallon per day), cfs, cfm, cfd.
217
224. Define the term pressure as it applies to a building water supply system?
Force acting on a surface. It is usually measured in pounds per square inch psig.
218
225. What causes pressure variation at any given point in a building water supply system?
1. Rate of use. 2. Fluctuation of pressure in the main due to rate of use by other customers. 3. Changes in pumping head. 4. Changes in elevation head. 5. Friction of water.
219
226. What term is normally used to designate pressure drop due to elevation?
It can be referred to as head loss.
220
227. How much head pressure is exerted by a column of water 1' high?
A column of water 1' high is equal to .433 psig.
221
228. How much pressure is exerted on the upper gage if pressure at bottom gage is 50 psig and elevation is 14'?
Head pressure is 14x.433=6.06 psig. The pressure on the upper gage : P1-HP=50-6.06=43.94 psig.
222
228. If the upper gage indicated a pressure of 50 psig, and the head pressure 6.06 psig, would the lower gage indicate 56.06psig?
Yes, the head pressure would be added to the upper gage pressure.
223
229. How is pressure per square inch at the base affected by the shape if a container?
Neither the shape of a container, nor the area of its base affects the pressure (static) exerted by a column of water. The vertical height of the column is the factor that must be used.
224
230. What happens if the pressure in a water pipe becomes less than atmospheric and a faucet is opened?
Air flows into the faucet and forces the water ahead of it toward the point of lower pressure. If the faucet opening is submerged at the time of the negative pressure the result is back siphonage.
225
231. Is the pressure in a water supply system the only factor that determines the velocity of the water within a pipeline?
No. Pressure forces the water through the pipelines, but only that fast as that water is used. Velocity in a water supply system is the result of demand at the point of use, capacity of the supply system, and pressure.
226
232. Fill a five gallon pail from a faucet connected directly to a pipe or tube with a 1/2" inside diameter (I.D.). Open the faucet fully, it take one minute to fill the pail. What is the flow rate in gallons per minute and cubic feet per minute?
FR = TF(volume)/T(time) = 5/1 = 5 gpm = 5/7.48 ~ 5/ 7.5 = .67 cfm.
227
233. Five gallons of water moved through the pipe while the pail was being filled. How many cubic inches of water does this represent?
One gallon of water contains 231 cubic inches , therefore: | 231x 5 = 1155 cu. in.
228
234. Determine the volume of water moving through the pipe in cubic inches per second if 1155 cu. in, move per 1 minute?
V(volume) = 1155/60 = 19.25 cu. in. per sec.
229
235. Determine the velocity of water in feet per second (fps) if volume of water is 19.25 cu. in. per sec. and pipe has 1/2" inside diameter?
V = Vol/ A , where V - velocity, Vol - volume, A - area, A = .7854xDxD = .7854x1/2x1/2 = .196 = .2 sq. in. V = 19.25/ .2 = 8.02 fps.
230
236. What are generally accepted rates of flow within building water supply pipelines?
The rate suggested for general service water is from 5 to10 fps. Velocities above the maximum may cause interior erosion of the piping, noise and vibration, below the minimum may cause stagnation of the water.
231
237. . If a faucet on the second floor, 8 feet higher than the first one and the flow was measured at the point with the faucet wide open, would it take longer to fill the pail?
Yes, because 1. The pressure is less at the higher elevation, 2. Pressure is lost in the friction of the longer pipe run.
232
238. List six design considerations taken into account when sizing large or small water supply systems?
1. The available pressure from the water main. 2. Minimum and maximum pressures required at the fixtures. 3. Static pressure losses. (Head). 4. Individual and total fixtures dim and in gpm. 5. Flowing pressure (friction) losses. 6. Velocity limits.
233
239. Determine the demand (including hot water) for each of the fixtures a typical residence and total demand?
1. Water closet 3 gpm. 2. Lavatory 3 gpm. 3. Bathtub 6 gpm. 4. Kitchen sink 4.5 gpm. 5. Laundry tub 5 gpm. Total demand 21.5 gpm.
234
240. Does the water service pipe for the residence need to be sized for a demand of all fixtures of it?
No. The fixtures in a residence are not subject to continuous use. These fixtures are rated as intermittent use fixtures. Most codes have a minimum size service pipe which may take precedence over actual demand.
235
241. What is meant by continuous flow to a water-using device?
For extended period of time, as compared with most plumbing fixtures, water flows to or through the device at a constant rate of flow.
236
242 Examples of continuous flow to a water-using devices?
1. Lawn sprinkling systems. 2. Cooling water for refrigeration and air conditioning compressors. 3. Many type of industrial equipment. 4. Decorative displays. 5. Swimming pool filters. 6. Sill cocks.
237
243. What does simultaneous use mean?
A number of devices demanding water are in use at the same time.
238
244. What is meant by the term demand weight?
The number of water supply fixture units (WSFU) of the fixture as compared to the flow of water to a lavatory which is assigned a value of 1 WSFU.
239
245. How long must the drainage pipe from the water closet be able to handle the removal of the entire contents of the closet?
From 6 to 11 seconds.
240
246. What are WSFU and FU ?
1. Water supply fixture units. | 2. Fixture unit used for drainage.
241
247. How are the WSFU in tables used in determining pipe sizes?
The procedure used to determine the WSFU for each branch (H and C) is to rate each branch as demanding 3/4 of the WSFU assigned in the table. It help determine the size of water supply piping as well as water service pipelines when the demand weights of the various fixtures can be totaled and then converted to gpm.
242
248. Why is it better to use a 30*-60*-90* clear plastic draftsman's triangle with a straight line parallel to the short side than a straightedge or ruler?
The clear triangle, with its vertical and horizontal edges, enables the user to read the values at the edges of the graph without moving the device, and also read along the parallel line of the triangle to an intersection point on the graph.
243
249. List the fixtures and their value and determine the total demand units from table for a public building that have the following fixtures installed: 4 lavatories, 1 drinking fountain, 5 water closets (flush valve), 3 urinal, siphon jet, wall-hang (flush valve), 1 janitor's service sink?
``` Make separate list for the cold and hot water:: CW: 5 WC,FV 5x10 = 50 WSFU, 3 UR, FV 3x5 = 15WSFU, 4 L 3/4x(4x2) = 6 WSFU, 1 JSS 3/4x(1x4) = 3 WSFU, 1 DF 1x1 = 1, Total demand 75 WSFU. HW: 4 L 3/4x(4x2) = 6 WSFU, 1 JSS 3/4x(1x4) = 3 WSFU, Total demand 9 WSFU. ```
244
250. Convert WSFU to gpm for determining pipe size if CW system has 75 WSfU and flush valve WC, HW system has 9 WSFU?
Use curve 1 of a graph if water closets are predominantly flush solves or curve 2 if they are tank type. The total demand of the 75 WSFU will be about 60 gpm. HW demand will be used to size the branch to the Water Heater and must be added to the total building demand. That CW demand for water heater branch 9 WSFU equals approximately 8 gpm. Total demand for building 50+8 = 68 gpm.
245
251. Compute the total CW gpm demand for building that has 60 gpm fixtures demand, 8 gpm water heater branch, an air conditioning compressor that requires 21 gpm and sill cock?
Both the compressor and the sill cock are continuous flow devices . Each gpm they use is added to the total gpm calculated for the fixtures. Table shows that 1 sill cock with 50' of hose equals 5 gpm. So the total cold water demand on the system is 8+5+21+60 = 94 gpm.
246
252. What is generally considered to be "private" use for bathrooms, toilet rooms, or kitchens?
All bathrooms in private homes, apartments, hotels or motels rooms, and those for the convenience of an individual and his or her visitors in an office.
247
253. What is generally considered to be "public" use?
All uses for public. It includes all places where the public is served food or drink employee toilet rooms in all commercial, industrial, and institutional building, lobbies of buildings, places of recreation, passenger stations, automobile service stations, airports, public convenience stations, public parks, rest rooms, etc.
248
254. How is water supply demand determined based on use in a public or private situation?
1st curve is used for public and 2nd for privet use in the graph of probable water supply demand (gpm). This curves have been developed from mathematical probability equations.
249
255. Hydrostatic test by NYC code?
50 psi above normal working pressure but not less than 150 psi.
250
256. The minimum diameter of water service pipe by NYC code?
1".
251
257. Separation of water service and building sewer by NYC code?
By 5' of undisturbed or compacted earth.
252
258. Where can the water service pipe be within 5' of the sewer by NYC code?
A minimum of 12" above the top of the highest point of the sewer and the adequate pipe materials.
253
259. How shall water service cross a sewer pipe within 5' by NYC code?
The water service pipe is sleeved to at least 5' horizontally from the sewer pipe centerline on both sides of such crossing.
254
260. Location water service near sources of pollution by NYC code?
It shall not be located in, under or above cesspools, septic tanks, septic tank drainage fields or seepage pits and shall be separated by a minimum of 10'.
255
261. Types of flow charts of water supply system?
1. Smooth copper pipe and tube - K, L, M copper and glass, plastic pipes. 2. Fairly smooth pipe - new galvanized or steel pipe. 3. Fairly rough pipe - new cast iron and used galvanized steel piping up to 10 years old. 4. Rough pipe - old cast iron and steel water pipe.
256
262. What values are expressed by the lines on the flow charts?
1. The vertical lines on the flow chart represent the friction loss in head, measured in pounds per square inch gage per 100' of length. 2. The lines which run diagonally from lower left to upper right represent the nominal inside diameter of the pipe. 3. The lines which run from lower right to upper left, represent the velocity in fps. 4. The horizontal lines represent flow in gpm.
257
263. Friction loss formula?
``` FL = PxL/100: FL- friction loss, P-pressure in psig, L-the length of pipe in feet, 100- hundred feet. ```
258
264. Determine the pressure loss due to friction in a 20'-0" length of 1" diameter type M copper tube. with a 20 gpm flow rate?
9 psig is the friction loss by chart for 100' of pipe. For 20' it will be: 9/5= 1.8 psig.
259
265. What is the velocity in feet per second for the 1" diameter line and flow rate 20 gpm?
Approximately 7.75 ft. per second.
260
266. Calculate the minimum size of pipe that can be run to carry 40 gallons a minute, and the pressure loss cannot be more than 15 psig , the velocity must not exceed 12' per second, and the length of the pipe is 100'.
Using table find the point at which 15 psig and 40 gpm intersect.this point is just above 10 fps, so it is within the velocity limits. That point is just below the 1 1/4" line, so 1 1/4" copper pipe must be used.
261
267. How can you account for friction loss caused by the installation of fittings?
A liner value (length in feet) is assigned to each fitting, which is then added to the length of the pipe run.
262
268. Account following fittings and valves in a straight 25' section of 1" tube: 3-90* elbows, 2-45* elbows, 1-tube, 1-gate valve?
``` Fitting friction loss: 3-90* elbows: 3x1.5=4.5' 2-45* elbows: 2x1.0=2.0' 1-Tee: 0.45=0.45' 1-Gate valve: .3' All together: 7.25' Section of pipe run: 25'. Friction loss: 7.25+25.00=32.25'. Pressure loss for the flow of 25 gpm 1" line is approximately 13 psig per 100' of pipe run. The pressure loss for our section will be: 32.25/100x13 = 4.19 psig. ```
263
269. How is the residual pressure measured?
The flow pressure is measured on the inlet side of the wide open faucet (upstream).
264
270. What is minimum recommended pressure required to all lavatory faucets?
The minimum residual pressure is 8 psig.
265
271. Comparison of static pressure to residual pressure?
Static pressure (no flow) ~ residual pressure (flowing) x 2.
266
272. List four methods of supplying tall buildings with an adequate amount of water?
1. Roof tanks. 2. Hydro pneumatic tanks. 3. Multistage pumps. 4. Variable speed pumps.
267
273. What must be the minimum elevation of the water line in the roof tank above the highest fixture outlet in order to supply the fixture?
H = P/P1ft = 8/0.433 = 18.5'. If water closets with flush valves are used: H = 15/0.433 = 34.6'. Add the pressure losses due to friction for pipe, fittings, and valves and the outlet losses from the tank.
268
274. What controls the pump that supplies water to the roof tank?
When the water level in the tank drops to a predetermined level, a control (either a float assembly or water sensitive switch) activates the pump to re supply the tank. Another switch located just below the tank overflow, shut off the power to the pump.
269
274. Define fire standpipe?
A vertical pipe that runs from the lowest floor of a building to above the roof and feeds water to fire hose cabinets, fire hose outlets, and fire sprinkler systems within the building or on its roof.
270
275. O.S.&Y ?
An outside screw and yoke valve.
271
276. What is a Siamese connection?
A double fire hose connection that is installed on the outside of a building. It is used by the fire department to pump or supply water to fire protection systems inside of a building.
272
277. What may the fire department connect to a Siamese connection?
1. Horses leading to street fire hydrants. | 2. Hoses to fire pumping apparatus.
273
278. Do fire pump era use sources of water other than from fire hydrants?
Yes. Suction houses from fire pumpers may also draw water from rivers, lakes, ponds, irrigation ditches, etc.
274
279. How can the building water supply be protected from contaminated water of fire stand pipe?
1. An elevated roof tank completely separated from the domestic water system. 2. A reduced pressure zone back flow preventer can be placed in the location of the crack valve on the down feed domestic supply from the tank.
275
280. Why are there several fire hose valves installed on the roof manifold?
Firefighters may connect hoses to fight a roof fire regardless of its location.
276
281. What is hydro pneumatic tank?
A vessel which contains approximately two-thirds water and one-third air.
277
282. How is the pressure controlled within the hydro pneumatic tank?
Pressure is sensed by the switches in the control panel through the small pipeline that is run from top of tank. When the desired pressure is reached, normally 60 to 80 psig, the pressure switch opens and shuts off the pump. At a minimum pressure, normally between 30 to 50 psig, the pressure switch activates the pump.
278
283. How is fire protection provided in a hydro pneumatic system?
The fire standpipes can be fed from the pipeline serving the fixtures.
279
284. How does a Multi-pump system work?
The smaller pump is capable of supplying minimum demands. If the demand is too great for the small pump, the pressure will continue to drop until the controller activates the larger pump to compensate for the pressure loss.
280
285. How does Multi-pump system work?
Pressure-sensitive switches control the amount of power delivered to the motor. As the pressure drops due to increased demand, the next switch calls for more power. When this increased power is delivered to the motor, the speed of the motor increases and more head pressure from the pump is delivered to the system.
281
286. List three types of nous in the pipelines of a water supply system?
1. Water hammer. 2. Vibration. 3. Rushing noises.
282
287. What is water hammer?
The shock, and accompanying banging noise, created when a valve or faucet is suddenly closed against water flow. It is caused by the abrupt alteration in the flowing of the water. The shock bounces back and forth along the pipe and may reverse itself several times from a single quick stoppage of flow.
283
288. What can damage be done by water hammer?
Loosen pipe hangers, damaged parts of valves, faucets, or the water meter, loosen pipe joints or burst the piping. Any ordinary pressure gage can be ruined by water hammer.
284
289. Is there any way to deal with water hammer?
1. Mechanical shock absorbers in appropriate locations in the system. 2. Adequately sized air chambers at the top of all risers each branch feeding groups of fixtures or equipment . 3. Provide both mechanical devices and air chambers.
285
290.how does a mechanical shock absorber eliminate water hammer?
The shock and reversed flow are absorbed by an expandable bellows or a heavy- duty flexible tube (installed inside a protection metal cap).
286
291. Where is shock relief needed?
All types of solenoid valves, spring -action faucets, self-closing faucets, icily-closing gate valves, and high-speed motor-operated valves.
287
292. How does an air chamber prevent water hammer?
The air trapped in the upper part of an air chamber is compressed by the shock wave of water hammer and absorbs the kinetic energy of the shock wave.
288
293. How does an air chamber is installed?
On horizontal piping, it is connected by means of a side outlet tee, on risers and water supply branches, it is installed at the top.
289
294. Parts of rechargeable shock absorber?
1. Gate valve. 2. Petcock at base. 3. Petcock at cap.
290
295. How should an air chamber be sized?
1. Not less in diameter than the pipe supply line served. 2. Not less than 18" in length. 3. If it is close to a quick-closing valve, the air chamber body should be at least one pipe size larger than the pipe served and its length should be increased by 18*. 4. The connecting nipples and the shutoff valve should be not less than one-half the diameter of the supply pipe.
291
297. How can noise caused by pipe movement through hangers and other supports be avoided?
By using hangers and anchors that are installed or covered with rubber, plastic, or other sound-deadening materials. If the noise is caused by movement of pipe against a structural member, such as a joist, wall, or column, insulation should be placed between the pipe and the structural member.
292
298. What is cavitation?
The condition that develops in fittings, valves, and at sudden enlargements when water at high velocity makes an abrupt change in direction.
293
299. How can you reduce velocity and maintain rate of flow?
1. Increasing the pipe size. 2. Using fewer fittings. 3. Using reducers instead of bushings. 4. Changing the type of valve for better quality.
294
300. How is the selection of the piping materials to be used in a building water supply system governed by?
1. Specific use. 2. State, local or provincial code requirements. 3. Chemistry of the water. 4. Amount of money to the spent.
295
301. How does water chemistry affect pipe material selection?
The water contain different minerals and dissolved gases. The gases can make the water corrosive or the minerals can build up on metal surfaces. Treating the water supply, selecting materials that resist oxidation, using corrosion resistant glazes or linings and using a sacrificial element are methods used to slow down the corrosion process.
296
302. What must the journeyworker know about design a water supply system for building?
1. Where the service enter the building . 2. Where pipe spaces, pipe chases, and partitions are located. 3. Where pipe is to run above ceilings and how much space are available. 4. Where other mechanical work is to be located.
297
303. What types of drawing allow you to visualize the completed system?
A riser diagram or an isometric drawing.
298
304. How do you select an area for material storage?
1. Consider accessibility to unloading and assembly areas. 2. Select a site out of the way of job progress. 3. Discuss your selected site with the job superintendent for unknown problems or other plans for the area.
299
305. List four factors which should be considered when selecting an area for pipe cutting and assembly?
1. A power source. 2. Nearness to the storage area. 3. Protection from weather. 4. Enough space.
300
306. What are some factors which must be considered for preassembled?
1. The assembly should have some degree of flexibility (one field cut measurement is an example). 2. The final weight of the assembly must be considered. Will special equipment be necessary to transport and install the assembly? If so, is this practical? 3. Typical assemblies, several of the same type should: A. Be made on jigs for uniformity; B. Have frequent checks for accuracy of measurement and quality of workmanship; C. Be considered in the event they present storage problems. D. Have one assembly completed and installed before continuing with production.
301
307. How will the type of material used in a water supply system determine support requirements?
Most installations which require pipe covering also require that the hangers be of sufficient size to allow the covering to pass through the hanger.
302
308. What type of identification shall the journeyworker provide for valves?
1. Place numbered tags on all valves. 2. A valve chart giving the number and location of each valve is another requirement. 3. Provide and locate access panels for valves.
303
309. Testing of a building water supply system?
A hydrostatic test or an air test is usually made.
304
310. How are air test made on building supply systems?
The source of air pressure can be from an air compressor or from a cylinder of compressed air. If compressed air is used, be sure to use a pressure regulator in the tank.
305
311. What can be done to ensure that the materials and tools are available when needed during the installation of a building water supply system?
Be sure you have planned ahead and have the tools and materials available. After receiving them: 1. Provide adequate locked storage. 2. Keep storage area and stock in order. 3. Bag fittings for individual projects where practical. 4. Remind yourself that other tradesmen are usually required to buy their own tools and are more likely to borrow or steal yours. 5. Keep in mind that the tools and materials provided by the employer are not yours to give or loan, but do belong to the employer.
306
312. What is hot water?
Hot water is water to which heat energy has been added, as more heat is added, the water becomes hotter.
307
313. List some of the benefits of modern automatic domestic hot water systems?
1. Better health, through the greater cleaning and sanitizing power of hot water. 2. Safety, because hot water temperature can be thermostatically controlled, unsafe water temperatures also can be controlled. 3. Convenience, because hot water at the desired temperature is always available. 4. Utility, as much of the work requiring water is generally accomplished more quickly with hot water. 5. Comfort, because heated water is easier to work with. 6. Pleasure, increased with heated swimming pools. 7. Leisure time, made possible by automatic clothiers-washers and dishwashers using hot water. 8. Therapeutic effects, as warm water and circulation promote healing.
308
314. What is the function of a hot water supply system?
Provide consumers with adequate hot water to meet their needs, at a predetermined temperature, as economically as possible.
309
315. What effect does heat have on water?
It expands and circulates. | It can be converted from a liquid to a vapor.
310
316. How does increase of volume of heated water relate to hot water storage heaters?
In water heater a volume of water increase approximately 1.7%. For 60 gallon WH it give 1 additional gallon of water.
311
317. What causes static pressure in a hot water heater?
The physical weight of the water in the system above the heater.
312
318. How can you find the static pressure to fill the water supply system to the top?
The height of the system divided by 2.31 (head pressure equal to 1 psi).
313
319. What safety measures are usually taken to guard against the hazards caused by excessive expansion of water in a domestic hot water system?
A combination temperature and pressure (T&P) relief valve be installed at the heat source.
314
320. How does a T&P relief valve work?
In the event the pressure portion of the valve fails, when the water reaches a predetermined temperature, the temperature portion of the valve takes over and discharges overheated hot water.
315
321. What is the rate of expansion of water for each degree of temperature rise?
Water expands at the rate of approximately .00023% for each degree of temperature rise.
316
322. Why does thermal expansion occur in a piping system every time a water heater comes on to recover the temperature lost through usage of hot water?
The greater the draw on the hot water the lower the temperature in the tank drops. The thermostat kicks the burner on and the temperature recovery is under way. The normal setting on the dial of the hot water heater termostat will give you approximately 140*F water.
317
323. What happens when thermal expansion occurs in any hot water system if the water is heated o "recovered" during periods of non-use and the system is operated In an "open" condition or connected directly to the city main?
The volume of expanded water generated during water recovery periods can be dissipated back through the "open" conection to the city main.
318
324. What happens when a back flow preventer or pressure reducing valve is installed in the cold water supply line to a hot water heater?
During periods of temperature recovery and no usage, expanded water has no place to go, so the reassure builds until a relief valve pops, spilling hot water.
319
324. What causes a "non-return barrier" in domestic hot water systems?
Pressure reducing valves and back flow prevention devices in domestic water systems result a non-return barrier between the building water supply and the public water supply to protect municipal water supplies.
320
325. How does thermal expansion cause dangerous increases in pressure in domestic hot water systems?
As water is heated it immediately starts to expand. In a piping system constructed of fairly rigid materials the water in it is confined to a practically fixed area, even though there might be a slight increase of space within the system due to expansion.
321
326. When will a thermal expansion occur in residential usage?
Both in daytime and nighttime periods.
322
327. What are some of the problems which are a direct result of thermal expansion?
Pressure increases resulting from thermal expansion, occurring frequently and repeatedly on a daily basis, produces dangerous stress and strain on hot water system piping and components. It can rupture pipe fittings that have been weakened by corrosion, collapse the center flues of gas-fired water heaters,. Rust-deteriorated tank surfaces can also be ruptured. Can cause malfunction of recirculating pumps, resulting in short-cycling and eventual pump burn-out. Failure of critical components in water use devices, such as solenoid valves and "O-ring" seals in washing machines and dishwashers.
323
328. What is a method which can be used as a solution to thermal expansion to control pressure increases within safe limits in a closed piping system?
An expansion tank with an air cushion, suitably lined to handle aggressive potable water. An expansion tank can have a diaphragm or bladder to separate the air cushion from system water will prevent loss of air through absorption by water.
324
329. How do you lay service pipe (good neck) at connection to main?
To the right of pipe.
325
330. What is back flow?
The undesirable reversal of flow in a potable water distribution as a result of a cross connection.
326
331. Two types of backflow?
1. Back siphonage. | 2. Back pressure.
327
331. Three types of backflow devices?
1. Double check valve. 2. Reduced pressure zone. 3. Air gap.
328
333. Three degrees of backflow and devices to eliminate it?
1. No hazardous - non devices needed. 2. Hazardous - air gap, RPZ. 3. Aesthetically - double check valves.
329
334. SDWA ?
The safe drinking water act.
330
335. When was SDWA originally passed by congress?
1974.
331
336. What does back siphonage mean?
The backflow of contaminated or polluted water, or water of questionable quality from a plumbing fixture or other customer sources, into a public water supply system main due to a temporary negative or sub-atmospheric pressure within the public water supply system.j
332
337. What does backflow means?
A flow condition, induced by a differential in pressure, that causes the flow of water or other liquids and or gases into the distribution pipes of a public water supply from any source other than its intended source.
333
338. What does back pressure mean?
The resulting backflow of contamination, polluted, or otherwise unacceptable quality water from a plumbing fixture or other customer sources into a public water supply system due to a greater pressure within the customer's water system.
334
339. Double check valve assembly components?
1. Test cock # 1. 2. Shutoff valve # 1. 3. Test cock # 2. 4. Check valve # 1. 5. Test cock # 3. 6. Check valve # 4. 7. Shutoff valve # 2.
335
340. What pressure must be held in the direction of flow by each check valve in double check valve assembly?
At least 1 psi.
336
341. RP components?
1. Test cock # 1. 2. Shutoff valve # 1. 3. Test cock # 2. 4. Check valve # 1. 5. Differential pressure relief valve. 6. Test cock # 3. 7. Check valve # 2. 8. Test cock # 4. 9. Shutoff valve # 2.
337
342. What is the spring loading in the check valves of RP backflowpreventor?
1. The fist will support pressures in the direction of flow of approximately 5-10 psi. 2. The second must maintain a 1 psi.
338
343. What is the best solution to thermal expansion?
Control the pressure it generates within a normal, safe operating range, well below the emergency setting of a relief valve.
339
344. How can pressure be controlled in a domestic hot water heating system?
.1. A properly sized thermal expansion tank for use with domestic hot water heaters on the supply side of the water heater. 2. Using a combination ballcock and relief valve that limit the domestic water system preset static pressure to 80 psig.
340
345. What is the major difference between a thermal expansion tank on the "closed" domestic hot water loop and a conventional diagram expansion tank found on a hot water space heating system?
The addition of a separate rigid, polypropylene liner on the water side of diaphragm. This allows the acceptance of potable fresh water in the expansion tank without corrosion taking place.
341
346. What is the principle of operation and application of a thermal expansion tank?
The utilization of a sealed -in air volume under specific pressurization equal to the minimum cold water supply line pressure at the water heater to accommodate expanded water generated in the water heater during recovery periods.
342
347. The following four operating characteristics of the service/domestic hot water system?
1. The supply line or minimum pressure at the expansion tank location. ( Tank locations are customary on the supply side of the water heater). 2. The desired maximum pressure to be allowed at the water heater. 3. The operating temperature range of the water heater or hot water generator during its recovery period. 4. Volume of water in the water heater or storage tank.
343
348. Explain use of a thermal expansion tank as a solution for handling thermal expansion problems utilizes a calculated volume of air in a small pressure vessel attached to the hot water system?
Expanded water resulting from thermal expansion can enter the tank, compressing the air cushion to create the space it requires. Since the pressure in he air cushion is inversely proportional to the volume, pressure increase can be controlled within desired limits, by correctly sizing the air cushion volume through the application of Boyle's Law for perfect gases.
344
349. What are six components of the thermal expansion tank ?
1. Acceptance fitting. 2. Separate rigid polypropylene-lined water reservoir (NSF listed). 3. Heavy duty butyl diaphragm. 4. Sealed-in permanent air charge. 5. Welded steel pressure support domes. 6. Air charging valve.
345
350. What is the definition of "specific heat" as applied to water which, is to be heated?
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature if 1 lb of water 1*F.
346
351. Weight of 1 gallon of water?
8.33 lbs.
347
352. What is the formula for determining the Btu required to heat a given quantity of water?
H = Wx^T, where H- heat in Btu; W- weight in lbs; ^T- temperature rise in degrees F.
348
353. Efficiency of hot water heaters?
1. Gas water heater - 70%. | 2. Coil and tube water heater - 80%.
349
354. How are the required Btu related to the gas input and efficiency of a gas hot water heater?
GI = H/HE = H/.7, where GI - gas input in Btu; H - heat in Btu; HE - heat efficiency.
350
355. What is it mean when it is estimated that 70% of the contents of a hot water storage tank are available at the desired temperature?
It is the amount of water available and has nothing to do with Efficiency. When hot water is drawn from the tank , cold water enters the tank and mixes with the water in the lower 30% of the tank.
351
356. How many gallons of water per hour and each hour for 4 hours, is available from the heater at 140*F and recovery of 100 gallons per hour and with 100 gallon storage tank?
``` 1 hour peak period: R+TC, where R - recovery = 100 gallons, TC - storage tank contribution = 70 gallons; 100+70 = 170 gallons per hour. 4 hour peak period: TC = 70/4 = 17.5 gallons, 100+17.5 = 117.5 gallons per hour. ```
352
357. Two different methods that can be used when heating domestic hot water?
Direct heating and indirect heating.
353
358. How does a direct water heater work?
The source of heat (gas, oil, or electricity) is located where the water is heated.
354
359. How does indirect water heater work?
Water is heated by a heat source that is remotely located from the water heating equipment.
355
360. How does indirect water heaters are classified?
1. Storage type heaters. 2. Instantaneous heaters. 3. Semi-instantaneous heaters.
356
361. List five types of hot water heaters using the direct heating method?
1. An oil-fired hot water heater. 2. An electric water heater. 3. The gas-fired (under-fired) water heater. 4. An instantaneous, tankless water heater. 5. Point of use domestic hot water heater.
357
362. Components of a gas-fired water heater?
1. Auto gas control. 2. Heat sensor. 3. Thermocouple. 4. Burner. 5. Flue baffles. 6. Draft diverter. 7. Vent (flue). 8. Cold water inlet. 9. Dip tube. 10. Anti-siphon hole. 11. Anode rod. 12. Hot water outlet. 13. Temperature and pressure relief valve. 14. Pipe to floor drain from T&P relief valve. 15. Insulation. 16. Drain valve.
358
363. Parts of gas-fired instantaneous water heater?
1. Gas inlet. 2. Gas valve. 3. Slow ignition device. 4. Thermocouple lead. 5. Pilot pipe. 6. Pilot. 7. Gas cock: A. Manual gas cock handle. B. diaphragm. C. High pressure duct. D. Pressure duct. E. bearing plate. F. Push rod. G. Gas valve seat. H. Gas valve spring. 8. Burner. 9. Combustion chamber. 10. Heat exchanger. 11. Cold water inlet. 12. Venturi. 13. Transfer coil. 14. Hot water outlet.
359
364. What are examples of an indirect heating method?
1. A solar domestic hot water supply system. 2. A heating coil that conveys hot water or steam from a boiler (or other remote heat source) to a hot water storage tank.
360
365. Parts of a solar domestic hot water supply system?
1. Solar collectors. 2. Heat exchangers. 3. Storage tanks. 4. Backup heaters, 5. Pumps. 6. Controls.
361
366. List three ways heat energy is transmitted to water?
1. Conduction. 2. Convection. 3. Radiation.
362
367. What is conduction?
The heat energy transmitted by solids.
363
378. What is convection?
Process of heat travel with liquids or air. Substance that is heated is lighter and for that reason travel upward starting the gravity circulation.
364
379. What is radiation?
Radiation is a process in which energy is transmitted by heat rays.
365
380. What are two specific classes of installation for almost all water heaters?
Residential and commercial/industrial.
366
381. Why are there differences in the type of construction water heaters?
The design of commercial maybe different to meet special job situations not encountered in residential work. Commercial must meet requirements of American gas association or Underwriters laboratories, National sanitation foundation, ASME.
367
482. List the reasons for the popularity of direct heat water heaters and residential and commercial/industrial applications?
They are adaptable to widely varying job requirements by installing them as a single unit or in multiple units. They are mass-produced, self-contained units that are relatively simple to install, operate and maintain. The heat energy may be provided by gas, electricity, or oil any of which are generally available.
368
483. List five flue designs which provide heat transfer for hot water storage heaters?
1. Center flue. 2. Multiple flue. 3. External channel flue. 4. Full floating with external flue. 5. Full floating with internal flue(s).
369
484. Source of fuel for gas-fired water heater?
1. Natural gas. 2. Manufactured gas. 3. Propane gas.
370
485. Give a brief description of the function of a gas-fired water heater?
They are particularly susceptible to loss of efficiency and to malfunctions(puffs or explosions) if the source of combustion air is inadequate. Combustion efficiency vary by the types of burner: 1. Atmospheric - 75%. 2. Forced-draft - 80%. 3. Condensing-type - 90-95%.
371
486. How can safety of a gas-fired hot water heater be compromised by?
1. The lack of adequate air for combustion. 2. An improperly sized or improperly installed gas vent or chimney. 3. Incorrectly located operating controls.
372
487. Typical components of energy saver and high recovery gas fired water heaters?
1. Tank. 2. Insulation. 3. Jacket. 4. Gas supply. 5. Thermostatic controller (rod-and-tube type). 6. Sensing element. 7. Thermocouple and pilot burner. 8. Main gas burner. 9. Combustion chamber. 10. Crown. 11. Flue. 12. Flue baffle. 13. Draft diverter. 14. Cold inlet. 15. Dip tube. 16. Anti-siphon tube. 17. Hot outlet. 18. Temperature and pressure relief valve. 19. Relief valve discharge. 20. Sacrificial anode rod. 21. Drain cock.
373
488. In larger commercial installations, the most commonly used gas-fired hot-waters are of the following types?
1. Hot-water supply boilers. 2. Instantaneous heaters. 3. Combined automatic heater and storage tank. 4. Circulating hot-water heaters used with a storage tank.
374
489. Types of oil-fired water heaters?
1. Generally direct-fired and have forced-draft burners. 2. Fully automatic in operation and are provided with a storage tank. 3. Larger installations may include hot-water boilers, instantaneous-type heaters, or circulating-type heaters with an associated storage tank.
375
490. What does the fuel oil grade number indicate?
The viscosity of it.
376
491. What fuel oil is used for oil-fired water heaters?
1. Number 3 fuel oil or domestic fuel oil is most widely used, except in very large installations. 2. Light-grade fuel oils are generally used to minimize repairs and maintenance.
377
492. How does a layer of oil soot reduce the efficiency of the oil-fired heater?
A layer of soot only 1/8" thick may result in a loss of efficiency of about 10%.
378
493. How are electric water heaters made?
Fully automatic and have a storage tank, one or more electric heating elements along with operating and safety controls.
379
494. The use of an electric water heater is advantageous because:
1. This type of heater does not require a supply of combustion air. 2. It does not require venting to the outside. 3. It does not require a chimney. 4. It is inherently a clean system, no soot or grime is generated, and it may be installed in areas of a building where a heater fired by a fossil fuel may be impractical. 5. It may reduce space requirements for a heater. 6. The possibility of fuel leakage is eliminated.
380
495. List some of the tank and tank lining materials used by water heater manufactures to provide maximum tank life?
1. Glass (ceramic lining). 2. Galvanizing today is changed for cross-linked polyethylene and copper plating . 3. Stone lined tank that are coated with a cement-like material. 4. Stainless steel, monel, aluminum, or copper-base alloys as tank materials.
381
496. What are magnesium anodes?
Mag rods are form of a stand by protection, used to plate the steel in the event of tank lining damage or failure. A film of magnesium is transferred (by electroplating) from the rod to the inside of the tank wall.
382
497. Whit is a third way that heater manufacturers design long life into their products?
By eliminating or insulating unlike metals within the tank.
383
498. Name a threaded openings welded into the hot water heater tank?
Spuds.
384
499. List spuds of a typical hot water heater by location and purpose?
``` 1. In top of the tank: A. Cold water inlet. B. Hot water outlet. C. Anode rod opening. 2. On the side of the tank: A. Temperature (thermostat) control opening. B. Drain valve opening. ```
385
500. Use of female threaded openings on the side of the tank of some water heaters?
They can be used to furnish space heating along with domestic water service.
386
501. Why does the cold water inlet at the top of a domestic hot water heater use a dip tube?
Factory installed dip tubes are designed to the correct length. If a dip tube duties orates and breaks off the incoming cold water short cycles and mixes with the outgoing hot water, leaving the customer with little or no hot water.
387
502. What would happen if a dip tube is accidentally installed on the outlet (hot) side?
The effect on the amount of hat water delivered to the customer is dramatic.
388
503. How should the hot water and cold water connections be made?
1. Copper to iron pipe adapter must be installed to make the transition. 2. Metallic pipe connections within a specified distance above the heater if plastic piping materials are used in piping. 3. A shutoff valve be installed close to the cold water inlet.
389
504. What are categories apply to water heating systems?
1. Up-fed. 2. Down-fed. 3. A combination of both. 4. A gravity system. 5. A forced circulation system. 6. No circulation at all.
390
505. What are broad categories apply to water heating systems with regard to temperature?
1. One temperature. | 2. Multiple temperatures.
391
506. What are one temperature hot water supply systems?
1. Instantaneous system for car washing and photo processing with constant demand and no storage. 2. Recovery systems with storage. 3. A commercial booster heater for the sanitizing rinse in a dishwasher.
392
507. Where are multiple temperature water supply systems that are used to heat water to various temperatures usually found?
Food service water heating systems usually require 140*F water for general purposes and 180*F water for the dishwasher rinse.
393
508. Types of multiple temperature water supply systems?
1. Tank water heater make 180*F water. Water mixing valve is set for 140*F. 2. Large size water heater preheat water to 140*F and booster water heater make 180*F water. 3. Water heater make 180*F water and storage tank produce 140*F water. 4. Steam boiler maintain 180*F water from storage tank and water mixing valve make 140*F water.
394
509. List four types of piping materials that are available for use in a normal hot water installation?
1. Copper. 2. Brass. 3. Steel. 4. Plastic.
395
510. List six types of valves generally used in a hot water distribution system?
1. Gate valve. 2. Check valve. 3. Balancing valve. 4. Ball valve. 6. Butterfly valve.
396
511. Parts of gate valve: A. Solid wedge, B. Split wedge?
1. Body. 2. A. Solid wedge disc. B. split wedge disc. 3. Stem. 4. Hand wheel. 5. Identification plate. 6. Union bonnet. 7. Gland. 8. Packing. 9. Packing nut.
397
512. Parts of swing check valve?
1. Body. 2. Cap. 3. Disc. 4. Disc carrier. 5. Disc lock-nut. 6. Hinge pin.
398
513. Parts of lift check valve?
1. Body. 2. Cap. 3. Disc.
399
514. Parts of balancing valve ?
1. Body. 2. Core or plug. 3. Port (in core or plug). 4. Lock nut.
400
515. Parts of globe valve?
1. Body. 2. Disc. 3. Disc lock-nut. 4. Stem. 5. Hand wheel. 6. Identification plate. 7. Bonnet. 8. Packing. 9. Packing nut.
401
516. Parts of ball valves?
1. Body. 2. 2 seats. 3. Ball. 4. Retainer. 5. Stem. 6. Stem packing. 7. Gland nut. 8. Handle nut.
402
517. Parts of butterfly valve?
1. Disc. 2. Lower stem. 3. Upper stem. 4. Stem retainer.
403
518. What are the function of the valves used in a hot water distribution system?
1. Ball and gate valves - primarily to isolate the various portions of the system and are sometimes installed as convenience valves for maintainable purposes. 2. Globe valves - used when a throttling operation is desired and for shutoff purposes. 3. Check valves - prevent reverse flow in hot water supply system. 4. Balancing valves - equalize circulation throughout a hot water supply system. 5. Butterfly valves - as balancing valves and are sometimes used to isolate sections of a piping system.
404
519. List the names of the major parts of a domestic hot water supply system?
1. Mains. 2. Risers. 3. Major branches. 4. Minor branches. 5. Terminal points. 6. Circulating lines.
405
520. Describe the route the hot water takes to reach the terminal points?
The heated water passes from the heater into water mains which are generally the largest diameter puppies in the system. The mains distribute the water primarily to risers and major branches. Risers and major branches connect to minor branches which reach the terminal points in the system.
406
521. How does the heated water deliver to the terminal points at the desired temperature?
By means of circulating lines.
407
522. What is the difference between the operation of a gravity circulating system and a forced circulating system?
Gravity circulation can be obtained when the water heating equipment is located below the level of hot water use. Return lines are provided to permit circulation of the water. When it will cool it will travel by gravity through the return lines back to heat source. Forced circulation requires the use of a circulating pump. The pump is operated by an automatic temperature control or heat sensing device such as an aqua stat, located at the end of the circulation loop. The control is set to start the pump whenever the water temperature cools to a pre-determined minimum and shutoff it when the water at the end of loop is up to max temperature.
408
523. How do the circulating lines relate to the rest of the system?
The circulating lines leave the ends of the risers and the branches and tie back into a main circulating line (HWR). It is almost the same as the hot water distribution system in that each system has a main, risers and branches.
409
524. Types of domestic hot water circulation systems which operate by gravity?
1. Conventional up feed system. 2. Conventional down feed system. 3. Conventional combination up feed and down feed system.
410
525. What causes the gravity (natural) circulation in gravity domestic hot water circulation systems?
Circulation by gravity occurs in the se systems because the density (weight) of water, decreases with an increase an increase in temperature, and because arrangement are made in the piping system for the hottest water to rise and the coldest water to settle, thus causing circulation within the system.
411
526. Types of invert domestic hot water circulation system?
1. Inverted up feed system. 2. Inverted down feed system. 3. Inverted combination down feed and up feed system.
412
527. Why are the circulating pumps required on the inverted domestic hot water supply system?
Systems have their heat source at the top of, or above the distribution system. Since gravity circulation works by cooler water flow downward to a heat source, a circulation pump must be used to revers the flow.
413
528. Would there be any variation in pressure at the base of hot water and its return risers?
Theoretically, a difference of about 1/2 psig would occur for 100' tall risers, because return is cooler (100*F) than supply (140*F) and for that reason heavier (61.998 lb per cu. foot) than supply (61.386 lb per cu. foot).
414
529. Under normal conditions, when would a circulating pump be needed in a hot water system designed with the heat source below the piping?
The system is located in a one or two-story buildings, the height of the hot water risers might must not be sufficient to produce gravity circulation. Generally speaking, if a point of use is located at a distance of 100' or more away from the heat source, a circulation system with a circulating pump should be installed.
415
530. What causes air pockets to develop in closed pressurized piping such as a hot water supply system?
When a system is filled with water bubbles of air are trapped against the side and top walls of piping. Dissolved air in water is often liberated when the water is heated and this air also accumulates at the high points in the system.
416
531. Why do air pockets slow down or stop sirculation?
A closed piping system under pressure produces equal static pressure in all portions of the system. Pressure equalize in the system and compress the air slightly. The air will always remain at the highest point in the system to block circulation because the air will compress rather than move.
417
532. Types of pump for a circulating hot water system?
Low-head pumps (pumps that produce only low pressures).
418
533. How can accumulation of the air be eliminated from a domestic hot water supply system?
1. By placing automatic air vents at high points in the system. 2. By placing a fixture outlet at the high points in a system.
419
534. How does a popular type of air vent operate?
A hollow ball that floats against a seat in the vent outlet to stop the passage of water. If air is present ball doesn't float, and thus the air escapes through the vent outlet.
420
535. Explain how can domestic water be heated by an indirect-fired hot water heater installed in the same boiler that heats a building?
High-efficiency combination boilers and indirect-fired water heaters are used. The hot water storage tank-within-a-tank design features a corrugated stainless steel inner tank; steel outer tank.
421
536. Parts of indirect-fired hot water storage tank?
1. Enameled steel jacked. 2. Rigid polyurethane insulation. 3. Steel outer tank. 4. Circulating boiler water. 5. Boiled supply water inlet. 6. Boiled return water outlet. 7. Corrugated stainless steel inner tank. 8. Domestic could water inlet. 9. Domestic hot water outlet. 10. CPVC dip tube. 11. Thermostat remote sensing bulb. 12. Adjustable thermostat. 13. Electrical connection. 14. Built-in manual air vent.
422
537. How do you size combination boiler and indirect-fired domestic hot water storage tank?
The most common rating is the maximum number of gallons of hot water available in one hour: 115*F domestic water supply, 50*F inlet water and 200*F boiler water supply to the water heater.
423
538. Priority of heating cycle of combination boiler and indirect fired domestic water heater?
1. Domestic: when the storage tank calls for heat, boiler water is switched from the heating system to the tank. 2. Non-domestic: the heating system and the storage tank share the energy available from the boiler and the storage tank operates as a separate zone.
424
539. What absorb expansion in hot water supply system?
1. Expansion loops. 2. Swing joints. 3. Mechanical expansion joints.
425
540. Give several examples of the piping arrangement for various types of indirect heat domestic hot water supply systems?
1. High efficiency boiler, priority valve, DWC heat exchanger, DWC circulator/adapter, water heater storage tank, 2. High efficiency boiler, DWC circulator/adapter, tankless heater. 3. Boiler, water heater with circulator, priority valve, 1st radiation load with circulator, .2nd load with circulator. 4. Boiler, circulator, water heater with zone valve, priority valve, 1st radiation load with zone valve, 2nd radiation load with zone valve.
426
541. Parts for combination hot water heating and domestic hot water installation?
1. Cold water supply. 2. Shutoff valve for water heater. 3. Pre charged expansion tank. 4. Water heater. 5. Thermostat control. 6. Combination temperature and pressure relief valve. 7. Domestic hot water supply. 8. Shutoff valve for boiler. 9. Double check valve with atmospheric vent with drain and air gap. 10. Pressure reducing valve. 11. Hot water heating boiler. 12. Pressure relief valve. 13. Domestic hot water circulator. 14. Check valve on the line to water heater. 15. Pre charged expansion tank on hot water heating system. 16. Check valve on heating system. 17. Hot water heating circulator. 14 domestic hot eaterci
427
542. Construction of a double check valve with an intermediate atmospheric vent?
1. Union inlet connection. 2. Stainless steel strainer screen. 3. Primary check valve. 4. Vent and drain connection. 5. Secondary check valve. 6. Union outlet connection. Brass body, stainless steel working parts.
428
543. Equipment required for a hydronic heating system?
1. Shutoff valve. 2. Double check valve with atmospheric vent and drain with air gap. 3. Pressure refusing valve. 4. Tee on the cold water fill line to compression tank. 5. Tank fitting. 6. Compression tank. 7. Boiler fitting. 8. Flow control valve. 9. Balances on return lines . 10. Booster pump. 12. ASME relief valve.
429
544. Pressure setting an ASME pressure relief valve of a hydronic heating system?
To relieve water or steam if the pressure exceeds 30 psig.
430
545. Why is more critical demand placed on a safety relief valve in hydronic heating system?
1. Pound of water converted to the steam increases in volume 1,700 times. 2. The emergency stage is coursed by an over-firing of the burner. The heating system can not dissipate the heat energy as fast as it is developed in the boiler, and temperatures and pressures continue to rise.
431
546. Give a brief description of the function of flow-control valve?
Stop over heating from gravity circulation in hot water heating systems usually by means of a positive-closing, precision-machined, brass-to-brass seat and disc.
432
547. How shall you choice pressure relief valve?
Pipe size, relief pressure (operating), and Btuh rating are the same on the valve nameplate and boiler one.
433
548. Why are pre charged expansion tanks installed in a forced hot water heating system?
In lieu of a compression tank.
434
549. What does a pre charged expansion tank combination packages includ?
1. Tank. 2. An air scoop. 3. A float type. air vent.
435
550. What is an air scoop?
In-line air separator.
436
551. Explain how does the pressure reducing (boiler fill) valve, automatically feeds cold water into a heating system whenever the system pressure falls below some predetermined level?
Factory set to open when the system pressure declines to less than 12 psig. They should be adjusted when necessary to provide a maximum of 4 psig at the highest point of the system. It does not protect the boiler from a lower water condition if the system pressure is above 12 psig.
437
552. Types of pressure reducing valves boiler fill) valves?
1. It's not equipped with a fast fill features. 2. Equipped with a fast fill feature. 3. As a combination backflow preventer and boiler fill valve. 4. Dual unit - combination relief and pressure reducing valves without fast fill feature. 5. Dual unit with fast fill feature.
438
553. Typical installation of pressure reducing valve serving a hot water heating system?
``` Cold water supply: 1. Shutoff valve. 2. Strainer. 3. Backflow preventer with air gap and drain. 4. Pressure reducing valve. Boiler: 1. Hot water supply line with cold water supply connection tee. 2. Return line with shutoff valve. 3. Relief valve. Hot water supply line: 1. Combination package of a pre charged expansion tank. 2. Shutoff valve. 3. Circulating (booster) pump 4. Triple duty valve. ```
439
554. Give a brief description of the air control system consist of an air-tight compression tank, a boiler fitting and a tank fitting?
The combined function of the two fittings is to separate free air (as it is released at the point of highest temperature and lowest velocity in the boiler) and put that air in the compression tank , where it can effectively act as a cushion against changing system pressures.
440
555. What can the boiler fitting consist?
A tube inserted in a T-shaped fitting. The tube extends from the supply main down into the boiler water and prevents air which accumulates at the top of the boiler from rising into the supply piping and heating units.
441
556. Types of air control boiler fittings?
1. Top outlet air control boiler fittings: A. Supply main size 1"-4". B. supply main size 6"8". 2. Side outlet air troll boiler fittings.
442
557. How are top outlet air troll boiler fittings installed?
1. Size 1"-4" with a short nipple . 2. Size 6"-8" require a separate top opening in the boiler for connecting the line to the compression tank and the flanges (welding or screwed type) for adjustable dip tube.
443
558. How are air control tank fittings are sized?
As required by the diameter of the compression tank.
444
559. Types of airtrol fittings?
1. ATF. 2. ATFL with vent tube cut 2/3 the diameter of tank installed in separate manual air vent. 3. Valve types compression tank fittings.
445
560. Size and pitch the horizontal pipe between the ATFL fitting and the boiler?
Pich-up to tank at least 1" in 5' and min 1" diameter or 1 1/4" for more than 7' long up to 20' and 1 1/2" for longer pipe.
446
561. Describe the operation of the valve type compression tank fittings?
All free and entrained air collected by an air separator, or other air collection device, is routed through the tank fitting , and it allows air to pass freely into the compression tank. When the 1/8" plug is removed additional air is admitted into the tank when valve is open and drain water from tank.
447
562. Types of inline air separators?
1. Large size centrifugal type air separator. | 2. Air separator with built-in dip tube.
448
563. Explain how are in-line air separator used as a low velocity area when a boiler is not available or usable as the point of air separation?
Water and entrained air enter the air separator where the velocity is reduced because of the large volume of the separator. Air separates out as velocity is refused rising to the top of the separator. The air now enter the pipe., leading to the compression tank.
449
564. Where can in-line air separator fitting be installed?
1. On the top outlet boiler instead airtrol boiler fitting. 2. On the side outlet boiler instead side outlet boiler fitting. 3. On hot water steam converter supply line.
450
565. Parts of hot water steam converter?
1. Steam in line. 2. Heat exchanger. 3. Condensate out line. 4. Cold water supply line to air separator: A. Shutoff valve. B. pressure reducing valve with double check valve (atmospheric vent). C. Tee to air separator and compression tank through tank fitting. 5. Supply line from air separator with pressure relief valve. 6. Return line to heat exchanger.
451
566. Expansion tank with accessories?
1. ASME expansion tank. 2. Tank fitting. 3. Tank drain. 4. Sight glass tappings.
452
567. Parts of in-line air separator with booster pump installed in system supply?
1. Boiler with pressure relief valve. 2. Air separator with a booster pump on supply line. 3. Cold water supply line with compression tank line. 4. Compression tank with tank fitting . 5. Pressure reduction valve, double check valve with atmospheric vent, shutoff valve. 6. Return line to the boiler with drain valve.
453
568. Describe the application of several types of circulating pumps which can be used to circulate water in a hot water heating or in a domestic hot water supply system?
1. Provide zone control in a multiple zone hydronic heating system. 2. Used to circulate boiler water through a heat exchanger to provide domestic hot water. 3. A single booster pump in hydronic heating system using zone control valves. 4. It will operate equally in the return piping as well if installed in the supply piping of the hydronic heating system.
454
569. Types of circulating pumps in a domestic hot water supply system or in a hot water heating?
1. The in-line circulating pump. 2. End-suction close-coupled pump. 3. Ends unction base mounted with flexible coupling.
455
570. How are in-line centrifugal pumps sized?
According to rated capacities of delivery in gallons per minute(gpm) and head pressure in feet of water.
456
571. What is a residential type zone control valve?
It is usually an electrically operated valve that will open fully on a call for heat from a thermostat located in an area or zone supplied by this valve. When the zone is satisfied, the thermostat will de-energize the valve, causing it to close.
457
572. Difference between residential and commercial type zone control valve?
Commercial are designed to function in a similar manner either by electric or pneumatic operation.
458
573. Types of zone control valves?
1. Two wire motor operated type. | 2. Four wire motorized type.
459
574. How should the zone control valve be used?
1. With a 24 volt two wire thermostat with a 0.6 ampere heat anticipatory. 2. A maximum of three zone control valves can be installed using 115/24 volt transformer rated at 40 VA (volt amps). It must be dedicated to the zone control valves and must not be used to power any other device.
460
575. How shall you join two s circuit in a single zone ?
1. Supply Tee. 2. Tee to 1st and 2nd circuit. 3. Tee from circuits to return line. 4. Tee on return line.
461
576. Explain how the air trapped in the tank and, acting as a cushion or compressed spring , supplies pressure to all parts of the system?
Every times the burner goes on and the water expands, the relief valve will discharge. Every time the burner goes off and the pressure in the system reduces, fresh water will be fed into the system. All of this can be avoided by correctly installing proper types of air-control equipment.
462
577. How must all piping be pitched in hydronic heating system?
So that air in the system can be vented either into the expansion tank or from automatic or manual air vents.
463
578. What should be done when piping must be run around an obstacle?
It is advisable to drop the piping below the beam and install drain valve at lower point. If it is looped over the beam, it will be necessary to provide for venting of air from the high point of the pipe. On series loop systems, it is possible to eliminate all manual air vents in the system and use a single purge valve at the return to the boiler.
464
579.. How are high points in heating system piping vented?
Air vent fittings and accessories available for the elimination of trapped air in hydronic heating and cooling systems. In large systems, vent tubing from the system high points can be assembled in a manifold at some convenient point in a mechanical room or other location.
465
580. Types of vent fittings?
1. Manually operated air vents. 2. Float type air vent. 3. Air purger with float vent.
466
581. Why should eccentric fitting be used when changing the size of horizontal runs of pie?
To keep the tops of the pipes in line to permit free passage of air along the inside of the pipe.
467
582. How are piping circuits laid out and installed in the case of divided circuiits?
1. The return ends of the supply mains can be dropped directly into a pump header connected tithe boiler. 2. Do not use bull head connections on the return piping of divided circuits to the boiler. 3. Square head cocks, combination balancing and purging valves or circuit setters should be used to regulate the flow of water in several circuits of return piping to a boiler.
468
583. Where are low head pumps usually installed?
On either the supply or return piping, usually at a location in close proximity of the boiler. Return piping is the most common location. Installation section of straight pipe five times the diameter of the suction pipe size between the suction side of the pump and first elbow. Install a square head , or combination purge and balance valve, and a check valve in the discharge pipe close to the pump. The check valve should be between the square head valve and the pump discharge nozzle. Do not try to hold the pump up by putting a support under the motor, misalignment will occur. .
469
584. What must be done after the installation of the a pump is completed?
The pump and motor must be lubricated immediately.
470
585. How are low head (circulating) pumps generally considered?
As pumps having 1/2 hp motors or less and operating below 12' of pressure head . A low head pump is less than the static height (operating pressure) of the system.
471
586. How can low head pumps be installed?
Circulating (booster and in-line centrifugal) pumps can be installed to pump either up or down or to the left or right. This can be accomplished by separating the bearing assembly from the pump body and rotating the body until the arrow points in direction of water flow.
472
587. What is a heat exchanger?
A heat exchanger is a pressure vessel designed for operation at certain specific limits of pressure and temperature.
473
588. What are the most frequent cause of nonperformance of heat exchanger?
Improper venting and fouling. Be sure that both sides of the exchanger are clean, carefully vented and full of fluid.
474
589. Typical installation of steam heat exchanger when used with storage tank?
1. Cold water line with shutoff valve and pressure relief valve to the farther bottom corner of hot water storage tank. 2. Worm water line to the heat exchanger with all bronze circulating (booster) pump controlled by tank temperature control. 3. Steam in line with steam control valve controlled by devise on heat exchanger outlet. 4. Condensate line to steam trap from exchanger. 5. Air vent or vacuum breaker on heat exchanger. 6. Top hot water line to hot water storage tank. 7. Domestic hot water line from the top of storage tank.
475
590. Typical installation of heat exchanger when used as an instantaneous heater?
1. Line from boiler to heat exchanger with flow-control valve. 2. From heat exchanger to boiler with circulating (booster) pump. 3. Cold water line to heat exchanger with shutoff valve and pressure relief valve. 4. Domestic hot water line to tempering valve with circulating pump control.
476
591. What type of heat exchanger is available for installation in hot water heating boilers?
1. For domestic and commercial service hot water. 2. For industrial process water. 3. For pool heating. 4. For hot water radiation heating. 5. For snow melting. 6. For hot water space heating. 7. For hot water radiant heating.
477
592. Recommended piping for heat exchanger in hot water heating boilers in apartment house?
1. Space heating: A. Hot water supply to heating system with shutoff valves. B. return water from heating system with circulator and shutoff valve. C. Boiler expansion tank with a shutoff valve. 2. Tankless indirect heating coil for domestic hot water: A. Cold water supply through shutoff valve and check valve to a) recirculation line, b) tempering valve. B. Recirculating line with shutoff valve, strainer and circulator pump to the cold water Tee, drain valve, coil relief valve to the boiler. C. Tempered water to fixtures with thermometer and shutoff valve. 3. Indirect heating coil for swimming pool heating: A. Heated water to pool line with Tee to by-pass valve. B. return water from pool filter to by-pass Tee with temperature control and pool temperature control valve to boiler.
478
593. Recommended piping for heat exchanger in hot water heating boilers in motel - hotel?
1. Space heating line: A. Hot water supply line to heating system with shutoff valve. B. return water from heating system with shot off valve to boiler. C. Boiler RV. D. Expansion tank. 2. Indirect heating coil for domestic hot water storage tank application: A. Hot water line to storage tank with coil relief valve, expansion tank, shutoff valve. B. circulation line from storage tank to boiler coil with circulator, shutoff valve and drain valve. C. Storage tank with relief valve. D. Hot water line to tempering valve with shutoff valve. E. tempered water line from tempering valve with thermometer and shutoff valve. F. Recirculation tempered water line to storage tank with check valve, shutoff valve and circulator to cold water supply Tee, and after to storage tank with shutoff valve. G. Cold water supply lines to a) tempering valve with check valve and shutoff valve, b) recirculation tempered water line with shutoff valve and check valve.
479
594. Recommended piping for heat exchanger in hot water heating boilers in restaurant?
1. Steam line for steam tables: A. Supply line with shutoff valve. B. condensate return with shutoff valve. C. RV. 2. Indirect heating coil for domestic hot water storage tank application: A. Hot water supply to storage tank with expansion tank and RV, shutoff valve. B. circulation line with circulator, shutoff valve and drain valve. C. Storage tank with relief valve. D. Hot water line to tempering valve with shutoff valve from storage tank. E. tempering water line from tempering valve with thermometer and shutoff valve. F. Tempered recirculation line to storage tank with check valve, shutoff valve, circulator, cold water supply Tee shutoff valve. G. Cold water supply lines to a) tempering valves with check valve and shutoff valve, b) recirculation line with shutoff valve and check valve. 3. Indirect heating coil for snow melting: A. Hot water supply with expansion tank that has shutoff valve and anti-freeze fill with shutoff valve, RV, shutoff valve. B. return water line with cold water supply Tee, circulator,!shutoff valve, drain valve. C. Cold water supply to return water Tee with check valve, shutoff valve, pressure reducing valve.
480
595. Recommended piping for heat exchanger in hot water heating boiler in factory?
1. Steam line for process or space heating: A. Steam supply line with shutoff line. B. condensate return line with shutoff valve. C. Boiler relief valve. 2. Tankless indirect heating coil for domestic hot water: A. Hot water line to tempering valve with shutoff valve . B. Tempered water to fixtures from tempering valve with thermometer and shutoff valve. C. Recirculation line to cold water supply Tee with shutoff valve, check valve and circulator. D. Cold water supply line to tempering valve Tee with shutoff valve and check valve. After that Tee to circulation line Tee and to heating coil through check valve, drain valve, coil relief valve. 3. Indirect heating coil for hot water space heating: A. Hot water supply to heating system with boiler expansion tank, thermometer, shutoff valve. B. return water from heating system with cold water supply Tee, circulator, shutoff valve, drain valve. C. Cold water supply to return water from heating system Tee with check valve, shutoff valve, pressure reducing valve.
481
596. Recommended piping for heat exchanger in hot water heating boilers in Multi-purpose system?
1. Space heating line: A. Hot water line to space heating from Tee connecting two boilers. From boiler hot water outlet to that Tee through shutoff valve. B. return from space heating to boiler manifold Tee and to separate boilers through insulating valve. C. Expansion tank, pressure gage, pop safety from boiler. D. Cold water supply with pressure reducing valve and check valve to boiler. 2. Hot service water: A. From heat exchanger to tempering valve with shutoff valve. B. from tempering valve to hot service water manifold with thermometer and insulation valve. C. Cold water service to circulation return Tee with shutoff valve and check valve. D. Circulation return to cold water service Tee with circulator pump that keep continuous operation. E. line from Tee cold water service and circulation return to heat exchanger manifold. F. From heat exchanger manifold Tee to Tee serving separate boilers and from that Tee to tempering valve through shutoff valve and other branch to heat exchanger through insulation valve, drain valve , pressure relief valve.
482
597. Recommended piping for heat exchanger in hot water heating boilers with vertical type storage tank?
1. Water heater connections. A. Water heater fill/make-up line with boiler fill valve and shutoff valve. B. boiler drain valve. C. Expansion tank with insulation valve and expansion tank drain. D. Boiler relief valve. E. supply space heating connection. F. Return space heating connection. 2. Heat exchanger lines: A. To storage tank with exchanger relief valve and tank insulation valve. B. circulation line with tank drain valve, tank insulation valve, steamer, exchanger circulator, tank temperature control, exchanger drain valve. 3. Storage tank lines: A. Cold water supply with check valve, insulation valve and diffuser pipe. B. hot temperature system circulation return line with circulator, check valve and insulation valve. C. High temperature water to fixtures at tank temperature control setting with insulation valve to tempering valve tee. D. Combination temperature and pressure gauge. E. tank temperature control. F. Tank limit control. G. Tank relief valve. 4. Tempering valve lines: A. High temperature water line with insulation valve. B. cold water supply line with check valve, insulation valve, 27" riser pipe to Holby valve Tee. C. Low temperature system circulation return to Tee with circulation pump, check valve, insulation valve. D. Line from Holby valve to circulator and cold water Tee with union. E. Low temperature line at tempering valve setting with insulation valve and thermometer.
483
598. Translate name "ruchnyj nasos kolonka"?
A piston type lift pipe commonly known as a pitcher pump.
484
599. Describe the operation of a piston type lift pump?
When handle pressed down piston going up and atmospheric pressure in water well open bottom check valve to let water in. When handle lifted up piston going down closing bottom check valve and pushing water up through upper check valve.
485
600. What is a reciprocating pump?
It can be described as pumps that have a backward and forward or an upward and downward motion.
486
601. Types of reciprocating pumps?
1. Pitcher pump. 2. Air compressors. 3. Boiler feed pump. 4. Deep well piston pumps (for water or oil). 5. Hydraulic power pumps. 6. Vacuum pumps. 7. Diaphragm type ditch pumps. 8. Hydrostatic test pumps.
487
602. What is double acting pump?
The valves and piping are arranged to allow a positive discharge on the return stroke as well as the primary stroke.
488
603. What are the differences between a piston pump and a plunger pump?
The piston is shorter than the stroke and seal is on the piston. The plunger is longer than stroke and the seal is on the cylinder.
489
604. What is diaphragm pump?
It employs a substance such as rubber or neoprene in place of piston or plunger to remove water from trenches, flooded foundations, drains and other places where there is a high proportion of mud, silt or sand to water.
490
605. Parts of diaphragm type pump?
1. Suction accumulator. 2. Suction. 3. Suction Check valve. 4. Diaphragm pot. 5. Diaphragm. 6. Plunger spring. 7. Eccentric. 8. Gear box. 9. Oil cup. 10. ! Discharge check valve. 11. Discharge.
491
606. What type of positive displacement pump discharges fluids in a smooth flow?
The rotary gear pump.
492
607. Common use of rotary gear pumps?
1. Pump fuel oil in oil burners. 2. Pumping of the high pressure hydraulic fluid which provides the power to operate hydraulic pistons on backhoes, loaders and other hydraulic equipment. 3. For pumping viscous fluids.
493
608. What type of pumps are often used in refrigeration systems?
The lobe and slinging vane type rotary pumps.
494
609. What is another classification group from positive displacement pump?
Non-positive displacement pumps. This would include centrifugal pumps, propeller pumps, and special pumps such as jet pumps and hydraulic rams, etc.
495
610. What are the characteristics of a centrifugal pump which make it so popular for use in piping systems?
They generally cost less and perform economically and reliably throughout various pressures and flow rates. They can produce up to several thousand feet of head, they can handle liquids up to 1000*F, and they can pump abrasives and solids. They have few moving parts and if properly installed and serviced, will last a long time with little maintenance, can be easily modified. They can tolerate considerable corrosion and erosion before their performance is substantially affected.
496
611. How does oxygen cause corrosion?
Air dissolved in water consist of about 30% oxygen. It degrades metals through an electro-chemical process of internal oxidation.
497
612. Four examples of closed systems using centrifugal (circulating) pumps are?
1. Hydronic hot water heating. 2. Chilled water. 3. Domestic hot water. 4. Condenser water.
498
613. What is centrifugal force?
The force generated by rotation which acts directly outward from the center of rotation.
499
614. What is the major difference in the design volute centrifugal pump and diffusion or turbine pump?
The rotating impeller is surrounded within the casing by stationary guide vanes. The diffusion vanes provide gradually expanding passages in which the direction of flow is sharply changed.
500
615. Use of diffusion or turbine pumps?
They are applied to high pressure and, at times, in combination with high temperatures. Turbine pumps having top centerline discharge are self-venting and have the ability to handle vapors without vapor lock. This characteristic allows handling of boiling liquids and liquefied gasses at suction heads slightly over the vapor pressure.
501
616. Three kinds of impellers used in centrifugal pumps?
1. Open. 2. Semi-open with plate on one side (web). 3. Enclosed with both sides covered and shroud on the end of the blades.
502
617. Types of centrifugal pump impellers?
1. Open end suction. 2. Semi-enclosed end suction. 3. Enclosed end-suction. 4. Enclosed double-suction. 5. Paper stock.
503
618. What shall you do in order to begin pumping action?
The impellers must begin revolving at the proper speed and the pump must first be primed.
504
619. How is the suction pipe kept full of water in order to maintain the prime?
Many shallow well installations have foot valves at the end of the suction pipe.
505
620. How can a pump be made to retain its prime if the level of the water is below 34'?
By use of a deep well pumps: 1. A submersible. 2. A reciprocating. 3. A jet pump.
506
621. How does a submersible pump retain its prime?
It, including the motor, is completely immersed within the liquid it is pumping and, therefore, the impeller is always filled with liquid.
507
622. How may a submersible pump become seriously damaged?
If allowed to run dry for any significant length of time because pumped liquid lubricates and cools the submersible pump.
508
623. Other name for deep well reciprocating pumps?
1. Sucker rod pumps. 2. Stroke pumps. 3. Working heads.
509
624. Parts of working head pump?
1. Foot valve. 2. Cylinder. 3. Plunger. 4. Drop pipe. 5. Pump rod (wood rod and wood rod coupling). 6. Discharge. 7. Air-pump. 8. A V-belt driven gear box. 9. Electric motor.
510
625. Describe the operation of a reciprocating pump?
The up and down movement of the wooden rods makes the upper and lower plunger and check valve open and close simultaneously allowing water to enter the drop pipe. Water is forced up through the drop pipe the discharge outlet on the working head.
511
626. Types of rotary pump?
1. Cam-and-piston. 2. External-gear. 3. Internal-gear. 4. Two-lobe. 5. Three lobe. 6. Four-lobe. 7. Single-screw. 8. Two-screw. 9. Three-screw. 10. Swinging-vane. 11. Sliding-vane. 12. Shuttle-block. 13. Universal-joint. 14. Eccentric in flexible chamber. 15. Flexible tube.
512
627. Describe the operation of a jet pump?
The centrifugal pump sends apportion of its discharge to the jet fitting where a partial vacuum is formed by the high velocity fluid discharge from the jet nozzle. After the water passes through restriction into the expanding Venturi fitting the velocity decreases with a corresponding increase in pressure. This increase in pressure is used to push the water to within the limits of the centrifugal pump suction lift.
513
628. What is a multistage pump?
Each stage is essentially a separate pump, they are located in the same housing and the impellers are attached to the same shaft. Two or more stages may be found in a single housing.
514
629. Explain appearance and function propeller pump?
The liquid enter the pump parallel to the shaft or axis, pass through the impeller axial lay and leave through the discharge still in an axial direction. The pressure of the liquid was increased by the propelling or lifting effect of the vanes of the impeller on the liquid.
515
630. Parts of propeller pump?
1. Shaft. 2. Propeller. 3. Suction bell. 4. Discharge bowl.
516
631. Types of propeller pump?
1. Axial flow. | 2. Mixed flow.
517
632. Give a brief description concerning the operation of a peripheral pump?
The liquid enter the impeller at its periphery opposite the suction opening of the pump. The short impeller vane causes the liquid to be thrown away from the center of rotation. The channel reverses this flow and again the liquid is fed into the impeller vane farther around the channel in the direction of rotation. The liquid flows through the pump in a spiral pattern continuously receiving energy and building up pressure toward discharge of the pump.
518
633. FHV?
Fire hose valve.
519
634. Roof tank controls?
Low and level alarms..
520
635. Symbol OSY valve?
---->T<----.
521
636. Size of air chambers in NYC?
Use of air chambers is prohibited by NYC code.
522
637. Where are not flame water heater always approved for installation?
On combustible floors.
523
638. Why is accessibility of the heating equipment an important consideration on laying out a hot water system?
Any controls or auxiliary equipment, such as pumps, for the system should be easily reachable for setting and maintenance. Most large indirect systems have coils and an inspection manhole in the tank. The coil are generally long. Positioning must take into consideration removal of the coils and access to the inspection manhole.
524
639. Components generally installed on large indirect domestic hot water system?
1. Thermometers. 2. Circulating pump. 3. Isolating valves and drain valves. 4. Declining tees. 5. Operating controls. 6. Water hammer arresters.
525
640. List the purpose and function of thermometer installed on large indirect domestic hot water systems?
At the inlet of a heater, and at the outlet, provide an indication of the satisfactory operation of the heater. A deviation from the usual operating temperatures is indicative of a malfunction of the equipment (or that recantation of a thermometer is required.
526
641. List the purpose and function of circulation pump generally installed on large indirect domestic hot water systems?
To obtain 1 appropriate heat transfer without an excessive temperature rise and 2 the rated capacity of the heater, water must be forced through the heating coil by a circulation pump that is correctly selected for its specific application. A flow switch prevents firing of the heater unless the circulation pumps in operation and water is flowing through the heater.
527
642. List the purpose and function of isolating valves and drain valves installed on large indirect domestic hot water systems?
Isolate the flow of water to each heater or to permit any specific part or all of the system to be drained for repair or maintenance purposes.
528
643. List the purpose and function of deliming tees installed on large indirect domestic hot water systems?
They are provided at the entry and outlet of a heater to permit the temporary installation of deliming equipment periodically.
529
644. What water is considered soft water?
Containing less than 1 grain per gallon of dissolved calcium and magnesium hardness minerals (17.1 parts per million).
530
645. List the purpose and function of operating controls installed on large indirect domestic hot water systems?
Include devices that turn a heat source on and off automatically and devices that control the valves which admit hot water to a heat exchanger. Usually an immersion-type aquastat (a sensor immersed in the water being heated) that controls 1 electric heating elements or 2 gas or oil burners; the heating is turned on when the temperature of the water falls to a set temperature; the heating is turned off when the temperature rises to a second set temperature. Appropriate secondary safety devices must be included that are set slightly higher than the operating controls and will shutoff the energy supply ( electricity, gas, or oil) should the operating controls fail to function.
531
646. List the purpose and function of water hammer arresters on large indirect domestic hot water system?
Absorb sudden increase in pressure in the pipe line as a result of a sudden change in the rate of water flow or an abrupt stop of the water flow.
532
647. What methods can be utilized to accomplish increase system capacity where is not practical to increase the size of the basic hot water producing unit.
1. A water-mixing (tempering) valve. 2. Solar tempering tanks. 3. Pre-heaters. 4. Heat reclaimers (waste hot water).
533
648. On what principle does the solar tempering tank operate?
The incoming cold water is heated by solar panels through the use of a heat exchanger. In cooler less sunny climates, the tempering tank is the secondary source of heat and the storage heaterbisbthebptimary source. In sunny, warm climates, the tempering tank is the primary source of water heating and the storage heater is a backup.
534
649. Solar tempering valve installation?
``` A. Heat exchanger tank: 1. Large surface area heat exchanger. 2. Fill valve line. 3. Drain valve. 4. Thermometer. 5. Level gage. 6. Heat sensor. 7. Line to heat collectors. 8. Line from heat collectors. B. Line to heat collector: 1. Thermometer. 2. Gate valve. 3. Strainer. 4. Pump. 5. Globe valve. 6. Tee to collector. 7. Drain valve. C. Line from collector: 1. Air vent. 2. Vacuum breaker. D. Differential thermostat electric connections: 1. 115 volt AC. 2. Collector heat sensor. 3. Exchanger heat sensor. 4. Pump. E. line to water heater from exchanger: 1. Insolation valve. 2. Bypass Tee. F. Line to heat exchanger: 1. Gate valve of cold water supply. 2. Tee to mixing valve. 3. Tee to bypass valve. 4. Heat exchanger insulation valve. G. Water heater: 1. Cold water line with Tee from heat exchanger and cold water bypass valve and dip tube. 2. Hot water line to mixing valve. 3. Auxiliary electric elements. 4. Temperature and pressure relief valve. 5. Drain valve. H. Mixing valve connections: 1. Line from water heater. 2. Line from cold water supply. 3. Line to domestic hot water system. ```
535
650. Describe a pre-heater and the typical methods of installation?
It is simply a water heater of adequate capacity installed in series with the incoming water line ahead of the primary heater. In colder climates, where surface water supply temperatures drop sharply in winter, there is often a need for increased water heating capacity. In such instances, the pre-heater is put into operation until warmer incoming water temperatures again prevail.
536
651. How can wast heat in a building be used to pre-heat cold water?
Warm air within a building is forced through a heat pump; then the air is exhausted to the outdoors. The heated water is then fed to a reservoir equipped with an auxiliary electric water heater.
537
652. What is heat pump?
A device that transfers heat from a cooler space or reservoir to a warmer one.
538
653. Explain how can a heat pump be used either as a very energy efficient heating device or as a cooling device?
Warm ambient air is drawn into the top of the unit through a filter. The evaporator extracts heat from this air and transfers it to the refrigerant. The compressor compresses the hot refrigerant gas and concentrates the hot heat in the refrigerant. The heat is then transferred from the refrigerant by a heat exchanger to the water to be heated.
539
654. Provide an eight step description of the operation of a residential-type heat pump water heater. Identify the steps which explain how the heat is gathered and the steps that describe how the water is heated?
A. The heat is gathered as follows: 1. Air containing waste heat enters through a filter. 2. The evaporator extracts heat from the air and transfer it to the refrigerant system. 3. The compressor concentrates heat in the refrigerant system. 4. Heat is transferred by the heat exchanger from the refrigerant to the water. B. The water is heated as follow: 5. Cold water enter the tank. 6. Water is drawn from the bottom of the tank into the heat exchanger in the heat pump unit, where it is heated. 7. Heated water is returned to the tank through an inlet dip tube. 8. The heated water is drawn from the top of the tank where it has risen after having returned from the heat pump unit.
540
655. What kind of gases are generally used to heat water?
Natural, mixed, and manufacture gases are utility (underground) types. Propane and butane or a mixture it both are liquefied petroleum gases, commonly called LP gas which are transported to the point of use.
541
656. Identify the kind of gases that are lighter than air and those which are heavier than air. Why is this information important?
The gases that you will encounter are odorized to aid in detecting leaks. Natural, mixed, and manufactured gases are stored and delivered in a gaseous state. If the gas should escape prior to burning , it will rise into the air of a room and possibly escape to the atmosphere. Thus, these gases are lighter than air, and leakage can be detected by smell. LP gas is heavier than air, and if it escapes unburned, it will accumulate in the lowest areas of the space. You would, therefore, have to be at the level of the vapor to detect leakage by smell.
542
657. Which of the gases has the most widespread use in domestic hot water heating?
Natural gas. Propane, a heavier-than-air gas, is the second most popular fuel. Butane has a slightly higher heating value, per cubic foot, than propane. However propane is popular because its low boiling point permit it to be used in climates where the temperature drops below freezing.
543
658. Define combustion?
The release of heat energy from fuel gas and is a result of rapid oxidation or burning.
544
659. Products of complete combustion?
``` To burner: 1. Gas. 2. Oxygen in primary air. 3. Oxygen in secondary air. Products: 1. Light and heat. 2. Carbon dioxide. 3. Water vapor. ```
545
670. How can carbon monoxide gas be caused?
By incomplete combustion of the gas being burned: 1. Improper primary air adjustment. 2. Lack of combustion air. 3. Gas input in excess of the water heater rating and flame impingement.
546
671. What does flame impingement mean?
The flame does not have room for complete combustion. If an object is held too close to a flame, the flame will produce heat but will not have sufficient combustion air. Flame impingement reduces the flame temperature to a point below that required for complete combustion.
547
672. Why do the product of combustion rise and flow out the chimney?
The weight per cu. ft. Of hot combustion gases is less than that of the surrounding cooler air. The resulting current of air leads to a natural exhausting of the gases from the combustion chamber. Down-drafts will blow the combustion products back into the flue pipe.
548
673. Difference condensation beyond the heater and in the heater?
The low temperature of the incoming water causes condensation on the heat exchange surfaces of the water heater. Condensation in the flue results from problems in the chimney.
549
674. What could restrict the flow of combustion products or cause condensation to form?
The flow can be affected and allow water vapor to condense if: 1. The flue pipe has excessive turns or is unusually long, 2. The chimney absorbs too much heat.
550
675. What may condensate in flue pipe cause?
A corrosive condition in the flue and hot water heater or or become a nuisance by dripping on the floor.
551
676. List some of the ways in which venting problems can be solved?
Where a back-draft or an insufficient draft condition cannot be avoided, a forced vent system may be needed. If a cold chimney is the cause, double -wall vent material along with a flue exhauster ( draft inducer) can be used to maintain the heat content of the combustion gases.
552
677. What is the purpose of a draft hood, and how does it work?
1. A draft hood, installed directly on the heater flue, prevents sudden changes in draft from affecting flame characteristics in the combustion chamber. 2. The hood also permits the combustion products to escape when there is no draft, or a stoppage. 3. Draft (products of combustion) draws air directly into the flue pipe through the draft hood.
553
678. How can draft hood operation be checked?
When checking, be sure the chimney is hot or that the heater has operated for 15 minutes. A test for flue gas (combustion products) spillage can be made with a lighted match held at the lower edge of the skirt ring. When the flue is operating correctly, the flame is drawn into the draft hood and continues to burn. If the match flame is blown away or is extinguished by spilling flue gases, the vent is not operating correctly.
554
679. What can continued operation with a faulty vent cause?
Sooting and damage to the water heater and may be hazardous to life.
555
680. Other names of draft hood for gas fired and oil fired water heaters?
For gas: draft diverter, for oil: draft regulator or barometric damper.
556
681. Can the draft hood be left off the water heater, relocated, or altered?
No. The draft hood as furnished is apart of the appliance and as such must be attached directly to a gas fired water heater. You cannot locate the draft hood in another room or above a ceiling. Alternation of the design or extending or shortening the height or distance of the hood from the heater is also forbidden. The draft regulator should be located in the flue pipe close to the heater.
557
682. What kind of air does flame-generated water heaters require to operate properly?
1. Combustion. 2. Ventilation. 3. Draft hood dilution air.
558
683. How many is air needed to effect complete combustion of 1 cu. ft. Of natural gas, propane, 1 gallon of #2 fuel oil?
1. Natural gas - 10 cu. ft. 2. Propane - 24 cu. ft. 3. Oil - 40 cu. ft.
559
684. What is ventilation air necessary for flame-generated water heaters?
Prevent the surrounding temperature from rising due to the normal operation of the heater.
560
685. Do exhaust fans cause problems in the heater room?
Yes, in the case of gas or other flame operated water heaters. Exhaust fans, ventilation systems, clothes dryers, or fireplaces may create conditions requiring special attention. It is possible for a ventilation system to draw outside air down the chimney while the water heater is trying to send up the products of combustion.
561
686. When should a draft inducer be installed?
Generally, if the chimney cannot safely vent the heater, a draft inducer may be installed in the vent pipe between the heater and the chimney.
562
687. Two types of "contaminants" in the air that the installer of combustion equipment should be aware of and avoid?
1. Air that has considerable dirt or lint particles. | 2. Air that contains the vapors of chemicals in the chlorine family.
563
688. How can the small particles in air effect the water heater?
Clog air passages and cause improper combustion and soothing of heat exchange surfaces. Try to avoid locating the equipment in a dirty area.
564
689. How can the vipers of chemicals in chlorine family effect water heater?
When the burner flame heats combustion air containing chlorine fumes, the resulting hydrochloride acid attacks the heat exchange surfaces of the appliance.
565
690. Where are the most common trouble spots consist the vapors of chemicals in the chlorine family?
Swimming pool, beauty shop, and dry cleaner installations are the most common trouble spots.
566
691. How can you combat air that contains the vapors of chemicals in the chlorine family?
Locating the heater in a separate building or enclosure.
567
692. Briefly describe the two basic designs of electric water heaters?
1. With internal (immersion) elements - transfer heat directly into the water at the point where they project into the tank. 2. With external (wraparound) elements - offer the advantage of element replacement without draining water but the heat from the elements must be transferred through the tank wall.
568
693. How much heat does one watt of electricity produce?
3,415 Btu.
569
694. How are the required Btu related to the electric input and efficiency of an electric water heater?
Electric water heaters are generally considered to be 100% thermal efficient. To calculate the amount of electricity required to heat the water for 1 hr., divide heat output by 3.415 Btu/watt.
570
695. How can voltage be compared with the flow of water through pipes?
Voltage is the force or pressure that causes electrons to flow through a conductor as electric current. The unit used in measuring the pressure is the volt.
571
696. What voltages are generally used to produce heat from electric hot water heater elements?
The higher voltage best serves electric water heaters although 120 volt elements are available. High voltage, which is generally used in commercial and industrial applications, ranges from208to440 volts.
572
697. What wire is used in the manufacture of water heater elements?
Nickel-chromium wire with high resistance characteristics slows the flow of electricity and produce the heat that is transferred from the electrical insulation and element sheath into the water.
573
698. What is the wattage?
A measure of the power that is released as heat in the heating element: W= IxE.
574
699. What size fuse should be selected to protect the circuit if the elements of an electric water heater will draw a maximum of 4000 watts at one time. The heater is connected to a 236-volt electric service?
I = W/E = 4000/236 = 16.9 A. | A fuse or circuit breaker with a rating of 20 amperes is needed.
575
700. How does an increase or decrease of voltage affect heater operation?
Just as higher or lower water pressure causes more or less water to flow through a given size of pipe, a change of electrical pressure (voltage) will cause a similar increase in heating ability.
576
701. List four problems that might be inherent in a hot water supply and would affect system operation?
1. Water that forms scale (hard water) or contains suspended matter, 2. Aggressive water that attacks metals (water that is highly corrosive). 3. Incoming water temperature, 4. Water pressure.
577
702. Aggressive water can cause rapid disintegration of the magnesium anode rods usually found in the water heaters. This results in?
1. Sputtering at the hot water faucet, 2. Specks of magnesium suspended in the hot water, 3. Noisy heater operation (undergirded heaters only).
578
703. What can cause water to become odorous in a hot water heater?
Sulphur-bearing water can react with the magnesium anode to form magnesium sulphide, which is highly odorous.
579
704. Explain why is the lighting of gas and oil fired equipment for start-up a good time to check the safety devices which will protect the system from over-heating or developing excessive pressures?
1. Turn the thermostat to its coldest setting to see if the burner goes off. 2. Turn the thermostat back to a normal setting to see if the burner goes on when the thermostat calls for heat. 3. For gas fired heaters with the main fuel control in the full open position, extinguish the pilot. If the pilot safety is working, no fuel should be able to get the burner after the pilot goes into a fail/safe position. 4. Lift the lever on the combination temperature and pressure relief valve to make certain it will open and pass water to relieve pressure.
580
705. Why does a water heater requires regular maintenance?
To prevent most water heater accidents like tap water scalds.
581
706. Two of the most argumentative overlapping and confused issues that exist in the piping industry today?
Scald protection and thermal shock. Scalds from hot water are the cause of thermal shock which sometimes results in personal injury from falls and other injuries as individuals react to the sudden change.
582
707. Provide a list along with a brief description of several types of anti-scald thermostatic mixing and diverting valves?
1. The mixing or diverting valves. | 2. The mixer of the thermostatic type with a liquid filled thermal motor.
583
708. Give a brief description of three types of protection afforded by the mixer of the thermostatic type?
1. The water flow is cut-off if the thermostat's liquid motor fails. 2. It responds automatically if the hot water supply is interrupted, or if the temperature changes. 3. It guards against scalding if the cold water supply is interrupted.
584
709. How should the mixing valve of the thermostatic type be installed in a single temperature recirculating system?
1. Line from hot storage tank with heat trap (27" drop) to the hot side of valve. 2. From cold water supply through the valve to Tee of storage tank and tempering valve. 3. From Tee of cold water supply to tempering valve cold side with check valve and recirculation line Tee. 4. From cold water supply Tee to storage tank through check valve and recirculation line Tee. 5. From circulation line to Tee of tempering valve cold water side and cold water supply to storage tank with aquastat temperature setting, shutoff valve, recirculating pump. 6. From Tee of recirculation line to Tee of tempering valve clod water side through check valve. 7. From recirculation Tee to Tee of storage tank cold water supply with balancing valve and check valve.
585
710. How should the mixing valve be installed in a dual temperature recirculating system?
A separate recirculating loop and pump are required to return high temperature hot water to the water heater.
586
711. When a heat trap need to be installed between hot water supply and tempering valve?
If is not possible to install the mixing valve below the hot water tank or heater.
587
712. List a twelve step procedure for setting the mixing valve for wide flow range thermostatic mixer?
1. Flush the system thoroughly. 2. Make sure the hot water supply is heated to normal temperature. 3. Close and tag all fixtures to ensure they are not used during this procedure. 4. Turn off the recirculating pump. 5. Creat a draw on the system greater than the minimum flow rating of the mixing valve. 6. Allow water to flow through the mixing valve until the water temperature is stable. If necessary, readjust the mixing valve. 7. One the temperature is set, start the recirculating pump and allow the system to reach the set temperature. 8. Measure the water temperature at the return pump and adjust the aquastat to shutoff the pump souls the return water exceed the set point 2*F. Set the low limit switch to restart the return pump when return water temperature drops 5*F below the set temperature. 9. Set the balancing valve in the full open position. 10. Shutoff all fixtures and ensure there is no draw on the system. The cold inlet to the mixing valve should be warm. 11. Allow the system to run in this condition for at least 30 minutes. 12. In some cases, an increase in water temperature may occur during a no draw period. If this occurs, slowly close the balancing valve until the water temperature is back to the original set temperature.
588
713. Why is proper piping system design, including recirculation an area of concern when installing thermostatic mixing valves?
A well designed recirculation system will not only optimize the performance of the mixing valves, it will also save money and energy. They may be required by state, local or provincial codes, especially when the length of the hot water piping exceeds 100'.
589
714. Typical low and high temperature recirculating system using a thermostatic mixing valve?
1. Steam input to water heater tank with spans valve on it. 2. Cold water supply to water heater with check valve, Tee from low temperature hot water return, Tee to CW side of mixing valve, check valve, Tee from high temperature hot water return, Tee to expansion tank. 3. High temperature hot water loop from water heater with Tee of mixing valve, Tee of fixtures, high temperature hot water return connections, aquastat and controlled by it pump, Tee of CW to water heater. 4. Low temperature hot water loop from HTHW Tee with heat trap, by-pass Tee, check stop of mixing valve, thermostatic mixing valve, insulation ball valve, supply pressure gauge, PRV, outlet pressure gauge, by-pass Tee, pressure gauge, sensor of temperature sensing device that control solenoid valve, shock absorber, solenoid valve, fixture connections, LTHW return connections, aquastat for pump, pump, check valve, CW supply Tee. 5. By-pass line from HTHW to LTHW Tees with checkstop of manual mixing valve, manual mixing valve, insulation ball valve. 6. Cold water line from supply to mixing valves with by-pass Tee, check stops of mixing valves.
590
715. Why should the water heater user (customer) should be instructed in the operation and care of the equipment?
It is the simplest way to avoid needless service calls, dissatisfaction, personal injury and unnecessary lawsuits.
591
716. Why have various associations made efforts to help plumbing contractors promote consumer safety?
This is done to help the pipe trades constructor become a proactive force in consumer safety, especially in the areas of flammable vapor fires and tap water scald burns.
592
717. List communication tools which can be used to promote the water heater consumer safety?
1. Professional video covering the dual hazards of flammable vapors and tap water scald burns. 2. A safety checklist. 3. A danger label, to be reviewed with building owners and affixed to water heaters installed before the label becomes mandatory. 4. A size right for safety brochure, explaining the importance of moderate temperature setting on water heaters and effect of such settings on unit sizing.
593
718. How can you get a water heater danger label?
Since 1989 every hot water heater shipped by a U.S. manufactures has a danger label affixed to it. Also supply of these labels available free to all pipe trades contractors.
594
719. What is important in protecting contractors from lawsuits after installation of hot water heaters?
The checklist should include a section where the contractor or journeyworker can document the temperature setting of the water heater thermostat. It must provide a place for the building owner to sign, acknowledging that he or she has reviewed and understands the precautions noted on the checklist.
595
720. What are five points which should be followed by journeyworkers when using a safety checklist?
1. Discuss each item on the list with the customer. 2. Indicate the approximate full-on hot water temperature at the nearest faucet. 3. Fill out your name and the customer's name and address at the bottom of the checklist. 4. Ask the customer to sign at the bottom. 5. File one copy of the checklist and ask the customer to keep another copy for future review.
596
721. Explain why doesn't it take long for tap water to scald?
150*F water scalds in just 1/2second. 140*F in1second. But 120*F in 4 four minutes.
597
722. List five rules which should be followed when discussing scald burns with a customer?
1. To start a bath, turn on the cold water first, then the hot. When the tub is filled, turn off hot first. 2. Never permit a child to turn on the bath water. Always check the temperature of the water with your hand before immersing a child in a bathtub which contains hot water. Fill around the entire tub for hot spots. 4. Never leave a child alone in the tub or shower. 5. Use combination valves that have both pressure-balancing and thermostatic features.
598
723. What is a significant difference between anti-scald and thermal shock devices?
1. Anti-scald devices are temperature control devices to limit discharge temperature to 120*F in the case of domestic hot water. 2. Thermal shock devices utilize pressure balancing to prevent rapid temperature fluctuations in water temperature.
599
``` Q1. The three principle sources of water supply for municipalities are lakes, rivers and : A. Oceans. B. Streams. C. Wells. S. reservoirs. ```
C. Wells.
600
``` Q2. The chemical symbol for water is: A. 2HO. B. H2O. C O2H. D. HO2. ```
B. H2O.
601
``` Q3. Water which is considered safe for use in home has a pH value of: A. 4.0 to 7.0. B. 7.0 to 10.5. C. 10.6 to 14.6. D. None of the above. ```
B. 7.0 to 10.5.
602
``` Q4. The type of well that is considered to be the best all-round is the: A. Bored. B. drilled. C. Driven. D. Dug. ```
B. drilled.
603
``` Q5. Suspended materials can be best removed by: A. Sand filters. B. coarse screens. C. Sedimentation. D. Chlorination. ```
C. Sedimentation.
604
``` Q6. The principle by which water softeners remove hardness particles from water is:: A. Distillation. B. reverse osmosis. C. Ion exchange. D. Coagulation. ```
C. Ion exchange.
605
``` Q7. Water that is suitable for human consumption is termed ... water: A. Distilled. B. potable. C. Mineral. D. None of the above. ```
B. potable.
606
``` Q8. Living organisms can be removed by: A. Sand filters. B. flocculation. C. Aeration. D. Ionization, ```
A. Sand filter.
607
Q9. Pure water usually exists only under laboratory conditions: T or F.
T.
608
Q10. The most frequently used method used to kill harmful bacteria and viruses is by ultraviolet light: T or F?
F.
609
``` Q11. The two most reliable systems for water distribution are: A. Grid and branch. B. grid and loop. C. Tree and loop. D. Tree and branch? ```
B. grid and loop.
610
``` Q12. The shape of a trust block is: A. Rectangle. B. horizontal. C. Semi fan. D. Elliptical? ```
C. Sami fan.
611
``` Q13. What is the purpose of a multiple distribution layout? A. To control water supply. B. to provide continuous service. C. to remove odors. D. To make potable water? ```
B. to provide continuous service.
612
``` Q14. The depth of MYC water service pipe is buried at a depth of: A. Depends on location. B. 3'. C. 4'. D. 5'? ```
C. 5'.
613
``` Q15. Underground water main piping should be protected against: A. Contamination. B. freezing. C. Settling. D. All a, b and c? ```
D. All a, b and c.
614
``` Q16. What type of water main distribution system is laid out in a checkerboard fashion? A. Tree. B. loop. C. Trunk. D. Grid? ```
D. Grid.
615
``` Q17. Why are water mains "riffed": A. To prevent blowouts. B. to provide hanger attachments. C. To clean stoppages. D. To allow for expansion? ```
A . To prevent blow outs.
616
``` Q18. Potable water distribution system are usually tested: A. With bottled gas. B. using compressed air. C. Hydrostatically. D. All a, b and c? ```
C. Hydrostatically.
617
``` Q19. What types of joints are used for ductile iron water piping? A. Caulked or welded. B. welded or groved. C. Brazed or mechanical. D. Mechanical or flanged? ```
D. Mechanical or flanged.
618
``` Q20. An example of sacrificial anode is: A. Srap iron. B. magnesium. C. Manganese. D. Electrolyte? ```
B. magnesium.
619
``` Q21. The water meter used to register small amount of flow is: A. Positive displacement. B. turbine. C. Compound. D. Current? ```
A. Positive displacement.
620
``` Q22. Water meter generally register consumption in: A. Gallons. B. gallons per minute. C. Cubic feet per hour. D. Cubic feet? ```
D. Cubic feet.
621
``` Q23. A cubic foot of water contains .. gallons? A. 8.5. B. 7.5. C. 7.0. D. 10.5? ```
B. 7.5.
622
``` Q24. The minimum diameter water service pipe in NYC is: A. 3/4". B. 1". C. 1 1/4". D. 2"? ```
B. 1".
623
``` Q25. The hight of a meter dial above the floor shall be no more than: A. 2 feet. B. 30 inches. C. 42 inches. D. 3 feet? ```
D. 3 feet.
624
``` Q26. Which is not a type of water meter: A. Turbine. B. positive displacement. C. Yoke. D. Compound? ```
C. Yoke.
625
Q27. A compound meter is two meters in one: T or F?
T.
626
Q28. There two methods of producing cathodic protection: T or F?
T.
627
Q29. Large meter yokes include a bypass: T or F?
T.
628
Q30. Two types of positive displacement meters are oscillation piston and mutating disk: T or F?
T.
629
``` Q31. The two main types of backflow are back pressure and : A. Air gap. B. Positive displacement. C. Pressure breaker. D. Back siphonage? ```
D. Back siphonage.
630
``` Q32. The safe drinking water act was established in: A. 1996. B. 1978. C. 1974. D. 1986. ```
C. 1974.
631
``` Q33. What two approved divorces could be used in a building with a hazardous degree situation: A. Double check valve & RPZ. B. air gap & RPZ. C. Air gap & double check valve. D. Check valve & vacuum breaker. ```
B. air gap & RPZ.
632
Q34. A thermal expansion tank for a domestic water heater is installed: a. In front of the reload valve. B. on the outlet piping. C. On the supply side. D. Near the flue.
C. On the supply side.
633
Q35. A backflow preventer prohibit the back flow of water into the potable water supply: T or F?
T.
634
Q36. The environmental protection agency determines the degree of hazard: T or F ?
F.
635
Q37. Water supply piping shall be tested: A. At a minimum of 50 psi. B. at one and one halftimes the normal pressure. C. At not less than 150 psi. D. At maximum of 150 psi?
C. At not less than 150 psi.
636
``` Q38. A column of water one foot high exerts a pressure of : A. 8.33 lbs. B. 2.31 lbs. C. 7.5 lbs. D. .433 lbs? ```
D. .433 lbs.
637
``` Q39. A force acting on a specific surface area is called: A. Pressure. B. velocity. C. Flow rate. D. Friction. ```
A. Pressure.
638
``` Q40. The maximum pressure allowed at a fixture in NYC shall not exceed: A. 100 psi. B. 85 psi. C, 75 psi. D. 50 psi? ```
B. 85 psi.
639
``` Q41. The formation of partial vacuums in a swiftly moving liquid which causes pitting of the piping and exterior walls is known as: A. Water hammer. B. cavitation. C. Demineralization. D. Electrolysis? ```
B. cavitation.
640
``` Q42. When a valve or faucet is suddenly closed against a flow of water, a condition called ... occurs: A. Cavitation. B. mutation. C. Water hammer. D. Back wash. ```
C. Water hammer.
641
``` Q43. The most common type of pump installed is the : A. Rotary. B. piston. C. Positive displacement . D. Centrifugal. ```
D. Centrifugal.
642
Q44. To improve efficiency, the vanes of an impeller are curved backward from the direction of the rotation: T or F?
T.
643
``` Q45. Theoretically, a pump can not lift water by suction more than: A. 2.2 feet. B. 33.9 feet. C. The capacity of the motor. D. .433 feet? ```
B. 33.9 feet.
644
Q46. A positive displacement pump discharges a definite quantity of liquid for each operating cycle: T or F?
T.
645
``` Q47. Pressure reducing valves are designed to fail: A. In the open position. B. in the closed position. C. If the inlet pressure gets to low. D. If the outlet pressure is to high? ```
A. In the open position.
646
``` Q48. The best way to reduce velocity while maintaining flow rate in a building water distribution system is by: A. Installing globe valves. B. increasing pipe size. C. Using stainless steel pipe. D. Adding more fittings? ```
B. increasing pipe size.
647
Q49. Using a gravity tank to supply a building with water relies on the compressibility of air: T or F?
F.
648
Q50. Circulating pumps use hydrostatic force to raise water: T or F?
F.
649
Q51. A PRV is used to regulate pressure: T or F?
T.
650
Q52. Formula for total thrust (force)?
TT = DxDX.7854xP, where TT - total thrust ( force) in lb , D - diameter in inches, P - pressure in psig.
651
Q53. Formula for head pressure?
HPr = .433xH, where HPr - head pressure in feet, H - height in feet.
652
Q54. Formulae for volume of tank?
V = .7854xDxDxH, where V - volume in cu. in., D - diameter in in., H - hight in in..
653
Q55. Atmospheric pressure?
14.7 psi.
654
Q56. How much pressure of 1 psi raises water?
2.31'.
655
Q57. How much atmospheric pressure raises water ?
33.9'.
656
A1. Water that is suitable for human consumption is termed ... water?
Potable.
657
``` A2. The three principal sources of water supply for municipalities are lakes, rivers, and ... : A. Oceans. B. wells. C. Streams. D. Boathouse a and c? ```
B. wells.
658
``` A3. Wells which serve individual water supply systems are classified as driven, dug, drilled and: A. Tapped. B. bored. C. Machined. D. Holed. ```
B. bored.
659
``` A4. The chemical symbol for water is: A. 2HO. B. HO2. C. O2H. D. H2O? ```
D. H2O.
660
``` A5. Harmful impurities contained in water are particles in suspension and: A. Minerals. B. gases. C. Pathogenic microorganisms. D. All of the above? ```
D. All of the above.
661
A6. Driven wells are considered to be best all-around type: T or fF?
F.
662
A7. All water can be treated so as to be harmful: T or F?
T.
663
A7. Wells are usually the last source of individual water supply: T or F?
F.
664
A9. Pure water contains no impurities whereas potable water does contain some impurities: T or F?
T.
665
A10. Pure water usually exist only under laboratory conditions: T or F?
T.
666
``` A11. The treatment used by a municipal water system that will meet the standards for public drinking water include: A. Sedimentation and chlorination. B. inoculation and isolation. C. Filtration and fluoridation. D. Both a and c? ```
D. Both a and c.
667
``` A12. Suspended materials can best be removed by: A. Sand filters. B. coarse screens. C. Sedimentation. D. Chlorination? ```
C. Sedimentation.
668
A13. Bacteria and viruses can be destroyed by boiling, ... And ... ?
Ultraviolet light and chlorination.
669
``` A14. The material used as a coagulating agent to collect mud and suspended material in raw water is: A. Chlorine. B. fluorine. C. Alum. D. Aluminum? ```
C. Alum.
670
``` A15. To produce a good floc, water is agitated by slowly moving: A. Paddles. B. screens. C . Baffles. D. None of above? ```
A. Paddles.
671
A16. Sand filters strain out turbildity , cysts. Algae and bacteria: T or F?
T.
672
A17.the most frequently used method to kill harmful bacteria and viruses is by ultraviolet light: T or F?
F.
673
A18. Detection of coliforms in the water in the water supply indicates sewage pollution has occurred and the waterbmay contain pathogenic organisms: T or F?
T.
674
A19. The peeve dire of adding hydrofluosilicic acid to water at a treatment plant to inhibit tooth decay is called flocculation: T or F?
F.
675
A20. Gases in water can be removed or neutralized by aeration: T or F?
T.
676
A21. pH is an abbreviation or symbol used to describe the ... or alkalinity of water?
Acidity (aksiditI).
677
``` A22. Hard water contains dissolved: A. Calcium. B. sodium. C. Magnesium. D. Both a and c. ```
D. Both a and c.
678
``` A23. Heavy materials such as logs are removed from municipal water supplies by: A. Skimming. B. settling. C. Coarse screening. D. Flocculation? ```
C. Coarse screening.
679
A24. In order to expedite sedimentation ... Is introduced into the raw water?
Alum.
680
``` A25. Water that is considered safe for use in the home has pH value of: A. 4.0 to 7.0. B. 7.0 to 10.5. C. 10.6 to 14.6. D. None of the above. ```
B. 7.0 to 10.5.
681
A26. Hard water can result in clogged water supply lines: T or F?
T.
682
A27. Aeration or degasification removes hardness from water: T orF?
F.
683
A28. Individual water supplies, as a rule, require no sediment basin: T or F?
T.
684
A29. Regular laundry bleach is frequently used to add chlorine to an individual water supply system: T or F?
T.
685
A30. Carbon filters can be used to make treated water taste better: T or F?
T.
686
``` A31. The chemical used for disinfection is: A. Carbon dioxide. B. chlorine. C. Fluoride. D. Hydrogen sulfide? ```
B. Chlorine.
687
``` A32. The word not associated with municipal water distribution is: A. Branch. B. Grid. C. Loop. D. Tree? ```
A. Branch.
688
``` A33. The two systems that are most reliable are: A. Tree and branch. B. grid and loop. C. Grid and branch. D. Tree and loop? ```
B. Grid and loop.
689
``` A34. What is the purpose of a multiple distribution layout? A. To make water potable. B. to control the water supply. C. To provide continuous service. D. To remove odors from the water. ```
C. To provide continuous service.
690
A35. ... are usually installed at the intersection of trunk lines and mains?
Valves.
691
A36. Pumps used to deliver water pressure from the treatment plant directly to the distribution system are usually positive displacement type pumps: T or F?
T.
692
A37. The type of pump used to pump water to a high elevation to be delivered to a distribution system by gravity is a centrifugal type: T or F?
T.
693
A38. Privately owned distribution systems function in the same manner as municipally owned systems: T or F?
T.
694
A39. The direct system of distribution is more widely used than the indirect system: T or F?
F.
695
A40. Accept standards require finished potable water to be free of all organisms of a pathogenic nature: T or F?
T.
696
A41. State , local or provincial codes usually govern the size of piping that can be installed. The minimum size allowed for a residence is normally ... in diameter?
1".
697
``` A42. In a water distribution system, the largest diameter lines are generally: A. Mains. B. trunk. C. Branch. D. Main distribution? ```
D. Main distribution.
698
``` A43. The word not associated with good safety practices when working in a ditch is: A. Sloped. B. shored. C. Speed. D. Sheeted. ```
C. Speed.
699
``` A44. The formula to calculate thrust during a hydrostatic test is: A. 2xpyxRxpsig. B. .7854xDxDxpsig. C. PyxDxDxpsig. D. 2xpyxDxpsig? ```
B. .7854xDxDxpsig.
700
``` A45. The thrust developed testing six in. Pipeline at 100 psig is nearest to: A. 1000 lb. B. 2000 lb. C. 3000 lb D. 4000 lb. ```
C. 3000 lb.
701
A46. The percentage of bearing always decreases in ditches that have tamped backfill or are contoured to fit the pipe: T or F?
F.
702
A47. If the bottom of a ditch is not properly prepared for the pipe, the pipe may have to act as a beam: T or F?
T.
703
A48. Water piping is buried to the same depth in all geographical areas: T or F?
F.
704
A49. Welded joints are sometimes used on cast iron main installations: T or F?
T.
705
A50. Individual water services are connected to mains by using tapping machines: T or F?
T.
706
``` A51. To prevent pipe joints from blowing out, you should use the rods and: A. Hangers. B. angle iron. C. Friction clamps. D. All of the above. ```
C. Friction clamps.
707
``` A52. To prevent blowouts, water distribution systems are usually provided with concrete thrust blocks at: A. 90* turns. B. dead-ends. C. Tees. D. All of the above? ```
D. All of above.
708
``` A53. Potable water distribution systems are usually tested: A. Hydrostatically. B. using compressed air. C. With bottled gases. D. All of the above? ```
A. Hydrostaticallly.
709
A54. Cathodic protection is a/an ... Process in which the metal to be protected is made the cathode in a galvanic cell?
Electrochemical.
710
``` A55. An example o a sacrificial anode is: A. Scrap iron. B. manganese. C. Magnesium. D. Lectrolyte? ```
C. Magnesium.
711
A56. There are ... methods of producing cathodic protection?
Two.
712
A57. Blocks of concrete poured to reinforce fittings or dead-ends are usually ... shaped?
Semi-fan.
713
A58. ... Is the degradation of a material by its environment?
Corrosion.
714
A59. Selection of backfill materials is important in minimizing exterior attack on buried pipelines: T or F?
T.
715
A60. If pipe joints must be defected slightly to follow ground contours, continuous rodding may be required: T or F?
T.
716
``` A61. The pipe, which delivers water from the main to the consumer, is called the water: A. Branch. B. provider. C. Service. D. Supply? ```
C. Service.
717
A62. Water lines in a distribution system are usually disinfected by inserting some form of ... Into the system?
Chlorine.
718
``` A63. Four in. Water mains are usually not tapped larger than: A. 1/2". B. 3/4". C. 1". D. 4"? ```
C. 1".
719
``` A64. Corporation cocks generally range up to: A. 1". B. 2". C. 3". D. 4"? ```
B. 2".
720
``` A65. Most small domestic water services require a swing joint in the event of movement due to: A. Contraction. B. expansion. C. Settling. D. All of the above? ```
D. All of the above.
721
A66. The process of using several small taps for one line is called header tapping: T or F?
F.
722
A67. Large taps under pressure are usually made through a split tapping sleeve or a saddle: T or F?
T.
723
A68. Water services are generally classified as residential and municipal: T or F?
F.
724
A69. Small connections in cast iron mains are usually made by placing a corporation cock or stop in the main: T or F?
T.
725
A70. Residential water services generally have a shutoff valve immediately outside the structure being served: T or F?
T.
726
``` A71. Which answer is not one of the most commonly used meters: A. Compound. B. Positive displacement. C. Turbine. D. Yoke? ```
D. Yoke.
727
``` A72. The best meter to use to register small amounts of flow is the: A. Compound. B. positive displacement. C. Turbine. D. Yoke? ```
B. positive displacement.
728
A73. Positive displacement meters operate by means of an oscillating piston in one type and ... disc in another type?
Nutating.
729
A74. The use of a magnetic drive adapter in a water meter eliminates the need for ... ?
Stuffing boxes.
730
A75. Outside meter installation are protected by a ... ?
Meter box and cover or volts.
731
A76. When rates of flow vary because of low and peak load periods, a meter is usually installed: T or F?
F.
732
A77. The primary reasons for selecting a manifold meter are lower weight and cost: T or F?
T.
733
A78. In meter with magnetic drive adapters, the gears are in direct contact with the water: T or F?
F.
734
A79. Larger meter yokes usually includes a by-pass: T or F?
T.
735
A80. A compound meter is two meters in one: T or F?
T.
736
A81.... Is caused by the abrupt alteration of flowing water?
Water hammer.
737
A82. The condition that develops when water at high velocity makes an abrupt change in direction is called ... ?
Cavitation.
738
A83. List four things you could do to reduce velocity and maintain flow?
1. Increase the pipe size. 2. Use fewer fittings. 3. Use reducer instead of bushings. 4. Change the type of valve/reaming pipe.
739
A84. It is a common practice to make an air chamber connector ... the supply pipe?
The same nominal size of the supply pipe.
740
A85. When lacking an insufficient quantity of air, an air chamber is termed ... ?
Water lagged.
741
A86. The choice of piping material to be used is based on specific use, state, local or provincial code requirements, economics, and ... ?
Chemistry of the water.
742
A87. To reduce velocity while maintaining rate of flow, use reducers instead of bushings: T or F?
T.
743
A88. Rushing noises in water supply systems are the result of high pressure: T or F?
F.
744
A89. Pressure in a building water supply system can never be too high: T or F?
F.
745
A90. A hydrostatic test is one where the system is filled with water and then pressure equal to 1 1/2 times the normal operating pressure is pumped into the system: T or F?
T.
746
``` A91. Hot water is water to which heat: A. Is removed. B. energy has been added. C. Can not be added. D. Is relative? ```
B. energy has been added.
747
``` A92. Domestic hot water temperatures should be between: A. 100*F and 120*F. B. 105*F and 120*F. C. 105*F and 140*F. D. 140*F and 180*F? ```
C. 105*F and 140*F.
748
``` A93. When water is heated it(s): A. Expands. B. volume decreases. C. Circulates. D. Both a and c? ```
D. Both expands and circulates.
749
A94. A temperature and pressure relief valve is: A. Not required by most codes. B. a dual type safety valve. C. Designed for use on cold water piping only. D. Installed on 100 gallon water heaters only?
B. a dual type safety valve.
750
``` A95. When a non-return barrier is present on the cold water supply to a domestic hot water heating system it becomes a/an: A. Open system. B. dual purpose system. C. Bypass type system. D. Closed system? ```
D. Closed system.
751
A96. As water is heated it immediately starts to ... ?
Expands.
752
A97. A thermal expansion tank features a ... air cushion ... To the minimum system pressure before recovery starts?
Sealed-in, pre-charged.
753
A98. Pressure increases from thermal expansion occur occasionally: T or F?
F.
754
A99. The volume of hot water supply is governed by the recovery rate of a hot water heater: T or F?
T.
755
A100. Water is almost incompressible: T or F?
T.
756
``` A101. Specific heat is the amount of heat required to rise the temperature of 1 lb of substance: A. 1*F. B. 100*f C. 20*F. D. 75*F? ```
A. 1*F.
757
A102. The definition of specific heat indicates you must know the ... of the water to be heated?
Weight.
758
A103. Water can be heated using the direct and ... Heating methods?
Indirect.
759
A104. List four types of direct methods for heating domestic hot water?
1. Oil-fired hot water heater. 2. Electric water heater. 3. Gas-fired water heater. 4. Instantaneous tankless water heaters.
760
A105. Point of use heaters are small under-fixture ... type water heaters?
Storage.
761
A106. Heat is a form of ... Capable of producing work or motion?
Energy.
762
A107. Convection is always associated with solids: T or F?
F.
763
A108. A solar domestic hot water heating system is an example of direct heating method: T or F?
F.
764
A109. Water weights 8.33 lb per gallon: T or F?
T.
765
A110. There is no difference in the construction of residential and commercial/industrial hot water heaters: T or F?
F.
766
A111multiple water heater flues are designed so that ... or more flues pass through the tank?
Two.
767
A112. A ... Conveys cold water to the bottom of the storage tank of a hot water heater?
Dip tube.
768
``` A113. Gas-fired water heaters use: A. Manufacture gas. B. Propane gas. C. Natural gas. D. All of the above? ```
D. All of the above: manufactured gas, propane, natural gas.
769
A114. Gas-fired heaters have ... Burners, forced draft burners or ... Burners?
Atmospheric burners, condensing-type burners.
770
A115. The heating elements in electric water heaters are available in a variety of standard ... and wattages?
Voltages.
771
``` A116. The most common lining applied to the interior of water heater tanks is made from: A. Copper. B. galvanizing. C. Glass. D. Stone. ```
C. Glass.
772
A117. Magnesium ... are used to protect the interior surfaces of a steel tank?
Anodes.
773
A118. Galvanic action is corrosion caused by the flow of electrical current generated by dissimilar metals in contact with an electrolyte: T or F?
T.
774
A119. A dip tube can be installed in either the cold water inlet or the outlet (hot) side of a water heater: T or F?
F.
775
A120. The length of a dip tube is important as long as an anti-siphon hole is located near the top of the tube: T or F?
F.
776
A121. Domestic hot water supply system can be best classified by the type of service they perform, that is, one temperature and ... temperature?
Multiple.
777
A122. One temperature systems with storage are often called ... systems?
Recovery.
778
A123. Food service application are the most common examples of ... temperature domestic hot water supply systems?
Multiple.
779
``` A124. The minimum temperature needed for commercial dishwasher sanitizing rinse is: A. 120*F. B. 140*F. C. 160*F. D. 180*F? ```
D. 180*F.
780
A125. List the names of the major parts of a domestic hot water supply system?
1. Mains. 2. Risers. 3. Major branches. 4. Minor branches. 5. Terminal points. 6. Circulating lines.
781
A126. Forced ... Requires the use of a circulating or booster pump?
Circulation.
782
A127. Gravity circulation is more efficient than forced circulation: T or F?
F.
783
A128. Balancing valves can be used to equalize circulation throughout an entire domestic hot water supply system: T or F?
T.
784
A129. Check valves are used to prevent backflow and back pressure in a hot water supply system: T or F?
T.
785
A130. Heat always travels from a cooler substance to a warmer substance: T or F?
F.
786
A131. A 10" line tested at 100 psig has a total thrust of?
TT = AxP = .7854x10x10x100 = 7,854 lb.
787
A132. A 6" main operating at 90 psig develops a total thrust of?
TT = .7854x6x6x90 = 2,544.7 lb.
788
A133. What is the pressure at the base of a column of water 37 1/2' high?
P = H'x.433 = 37 1/2x.433 = 16.24 psi.
789
A134. How much pressure is required to raise water 90'?
P = H'x .433 = 90x.433 = 38.97 psi.
790
A135. If the pressure entering a building is 40 psi. How many feet will the water be raised in the building?
P= H'x.433; H' = P/.433 = 40/.433 = 92.4'
791
A136. If a water service pipe supplies water to a building at 50 psi. The pressure at a riser tee on the eighth floor 80 feet above the water service, is approximately?
``` HL = .433x H' = .433x80 = 34.64 psi. P8 = P - HL = 50-34.64 = 15.36 psi. ```
792
A137. Calculate the volume of tank in gallons if D = 8'-0", H = 9'-0" ?
Vg = 7.5xV' = 7.5x.7854xD'xD'xH' = 7.5x.7854x8x8x9 = 3,393 gal.
793
A138. What is the weight of the water 3,393 gallon tank?
W = 8.34xVg = 8.34x3,393 = 28,298 lb.
794
A139. Determine the total force at the bottom of the tank with 28,298 lb of water?
28,298 lb.
795
Q58. A tee shall be placed on all meters 1 1/4" or larger for the purpose of ... ?
Testing.
796
Q59. A hot water supply system must maintain its temperature to the farthest fixture when it exceed a distance of ... ?
20'.
797
Q60. In a hot water supply system using a mixing valve you must route the circulated water to the ... Of the mixing valve and the ... Of the water heater?
Cold water side.
798
Q61. Water pipe buried in NYC ... ?
3'-6" to 6'-0".
799
G1. Absorber?
The blackened surface in a solar collector that absorbs the solar radiation and converts it tonheatbenergy.
800
G2. Acid ?
The name of a group of organic or inorganic compounds with common characteristics. One of the characteristics is that orb will ionize in water to produce hydrogen ions.
801
G3. Active system?
A solar heating or cooling system that requires external mechanical power to move the collected heat.
802
G4. Aeration?
An artificial method in which water and air are brought into direct contact with each other. One purpose is to release certain dissolved gases which often cause water to have obnoxious odor or disagreeable tastes. Also used to furnish oxygen to water that is oxygen deficient. The process may be accomplished by spraying the liquid into the air, bubbling air through the liquid or by agitation of the liquid to promote surface absorption of the air.
803
G5. Air gap?
A free air space between the bottom of a spout and the overflow rim of a fixture; vertical space between a potable water outlet and a source of possible contamination.
804
G6. Algae?
A group of aquatic plants such as seaweed and scums on ponds.
805
G7. Alkali?
Any base or hydroxide which is soluble in water, neutralizes acids and forms salts with them and turns red litmus blue; sometimes differentiated as mild sodium, potassium, ammonium, etc., and caustic corresponding hydroxides.
806
G8. Alkaline?
Containing more alkali than normal. Having a pH factor of more than 7.3 having a relatively low concentration of hydrogen ions.
807
G9. Alum?
Aluminum Sulfate - a colorless salt usually made by treating bauxite with sulfuric acid. Used in making paper, water purification, and tanning.
808
G10. Ampere?
A unit of electric current produced by an electromotive force of one volt through a resistance of one Ohm.
809
G11. Anode?
The electrode at which electrons leave a device to enter the external circuit - opposed to cathode. In a water heater, a rod of magnesium metal, anodic to the other metal in the tank, therefore, protective against corrosion.
810
G12. Aqueduct?
A conduit used to carry a large quantity of flowing water.
811
G13. ASME?
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
812
G14. Atmospheric pressure?
The weight of air bearing down on the surface of the earth which causes pressure of about 14.7 lbs to be exerted on each square inch at sea level.
813
G15. Auxiliary heat?
The extra heat provided by a conventional heating system for periods of cloudiness or intense cold , when a solar heating system cannot provide enough heat.
814
G16. Backfill?
Term used to describe the material that is used to refill a trench or excavation after water or sewer services are installed.
815
G17. Backflow?
The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable water supply, from any source or sources other than its intended source.
816
G18. Backwash?
The process used to regenerate water softeners by reversing the flow of water within the softener itself.
817
G19. Bacteria, aerobic?
Bacteria living, active, or occurring only in the presence of oxygen.
818
G20. Bacteria, anaerobic?
Bacteria living or growing in the absence of free oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria get their oxygen by decomposing compounds containing oxygen.
819
G21. Bacteria, coliform group?
A group of bacteria, predominantly inhabitants of the intestines of man but also found on vegetation, including all aerobic and facultative anaerobic gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacilli that ferment lactose with gas formation.
820
G22. Bacterium?
Any of a class of microscopic plants having round, rodlike, spiral or filament pus single called or non-celled bodies often aggregated into colonies or mobiles by means of a flagella, living in soil, water, organic matter, or bodies of plants and animals, and being antotrophic, saprophytic, or parasitic, in nutrition and important to man because of their chemical effects and as athogens.
821
G23. Baffle?
A device used to deflect or regulate the flow of air, air-gas mixture, flue gases or liquids.
822
G24. British thermal unit (Btu)?
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
823
G25. Carbonaceous?
Containing or composed of carbon.
824
G26. Cation?
The positively charged ion in an electrolytic corrosion of an underground or underwater metallic structure by the application of an electric current in such a way that the structure is made to act as the cathode instead of the anode of an electrolytic cell. The use of materials and liquid to cause electricity to flow to avoid corrosion.
825
G27. Cavitation?
A formation of partial vacuums in a swiftly moving liquid which causes the pitting and wearing away of solid surfaces as a result of the collapse of these vacuums in the surrounding liquid.
826
G28. Chlorinate?
To treat, or cause to combine with chlorine or chlorine compounds. To apply chlorine (to water or sewage) for purposes of sterilization, oxidation, of organic matter, or retardation of purification.
827
G29. Chlorine?
A halogen element isolated as a heavy greenish yellow irritating gas of pungent odor used especially as a bleach, oxidating agent and disinfectant in water purification. Usually made by electrolysis of aqueous solution of sodium chloride.
828
G30. Coagulation ?
The agglomeration of finely divided suspended matter by the addition to the liquid of an appropriate chemical coagulant, by biological processes, or by other means.
829
G31. Cock?
A valve used as a means of controlling the rate of flow passing through it.
830
G32. Code?
An authoritative book of rules and regulations. Those regulations, subsequent amendments thereto, or any emergency rule or regulation which the administrative authority having jurisdiction may lawfully adopt.
831
G33. Collector?
Any of a wide variety of devices (flat-plate, concentrating, vacuum tube, green-house, etc.) used to collect solar energy and convert it to heat.
832
G34. Combustion?
The act or process of burning.
833
G35. Concentrating collector?
A device that uses reflective surfaces to concentrate the sun's rays onto a smaller area, where they are absorbed and converted to the energy.
834
G36. Conduit?
A natural or artificial channel through which water or other fluid ass or are conveyed .
835
G37. Contaminant?
Something that contaminated or renders water unfit for use, as by the introduction of sewage into the drinking water supply.
836
G38. Contaminate?
To render water unit for use by the introduction of an undesirable substances, or harmful or impure material (water contaminated by sewage).
837
G39. Corporation cock?
A valve installed in a water main to which a building supply (service) pipe is connected.
838
G40. Corporation ferrule?
A tee connection to a water main, either threaded into the sidewall of the main or joined by mating tapers. The water supply connection made into a water main or community supply pipe.
839
G41. Corrosion?
The gradual deterioration or destruction of a substance or material by chemical or electro-chemical action.
840
G42. Corrosion control?
In water correction, the prevention of the discharge of the metallic ions of a conduit from going into solution by increasing the pH-value of the water, removing the free oxygen from the water, and controlling the carbonate balance. The sequestration of metallic ions and the formation of protective films on metal surfaces by chemical treatment.
841
G43. Cover plate?
A sheet of glass or transparent plastic that sits above the absorber in a flat-plate collector.
842
G44. Curb box?
A device usually consisting of a long piece of pipe or tube-like casing placed over a curb cock through which a key is inserted to permit operation of the curb cock.
843
G45. Curb cock?
A valve placed in a water service pipe usually at a point near the street curb.
844
G46. Cysts?
A capsule formed about a minute organism going into a resting or spore stage which is contained in many algae.
845
G47. Degasification?
To treat with chemical agents to destroy a gas or its harmful properties.
846
G48. Demineralization?
The removal from water of those dissolved mineral constitutents which cause it to be unsatisfactory for domestic and industrial use.
847
G49. Diatomite?
A light friable siliceous material derived chiefly from diatom remains and used especially as a filter.
848
G50. Dip tube ?
A water inlet pipe or tube inside a water storage tank or reservoir to convey the incoming water to, or near the bottom.
849
G51. Disinfection?
A process of destroying disease germs or other harmful microorganisms (but not, ordinarily bacteria spores) by means of a an agent that frees from infection, usually a chemical agent.
850
G52. Double-glazed?
Covered by two panes of glass or other transparent material.
851
G53. Earth auger?
A tool for drilling or boring in earth.
852
G54. Electrochemical?
A reaction of a material or substance to chemical changes when an electric current is present.
853
G55. Electrolyte?
A non-metallic electric conductor (as a liquid) in which current is carried by the movement of ions instead of electrons, with the liberation of matter at the electrode. A liquid, electrical conductor.
854
G56. EPA?
Environmental protection agency.
855
G57. Filtrate?
Something that has been filtered, as a fluid which has passed through a filter.
856
G58. Filtration?
The flow or trickling of a liquid downward through a contact or filtering medium, the liquid may or may not fill the pores of the medium.
857
G59. Flat-plate collector?
A solar collection device in which sunlight is converted to heat on a plane surface, usually made of metal or plastic. A heat transfer fluid is circulated through the collector to transport heat to be used directly or to be stored.
858
G60. Floc?
Small gelatinous masses, formed in a liquid by the addition of coagulants thereto or through biochemical processes or by agglomeration.
859
G61. Flocculate?
To cause to aggregate or coalesce into small lumps or loose clusters or into a flocculent mass or deposit.
860
G62. Flow condition?
The condition obtained when the heat transfer fluid is flowing through the collector array under normal operating conditions.
861
G63. Flushometer?
A direct flushing devise which discharges a pre-determined quantity of water sufficient to cleanse the plumbing fixture on which it is installed.
862
G64. Friction?
Resistance of the relative motion be tween two bodies in contact with one another. In the piping systems the resistance creates a decrease in the velocity of a fluid at the surface with which it is in contact.
863
G65. Galvanic action?
When two dissimilar metals are immersed in the same electrolytic solution and connected electrically, there is an interchange of atoms carrying an electric charge between them. The anode with the higher electrode potential corrodes, the cathode is protected.
864
G66. Galvanic cell?
A device such as a flashlight battery containing an electrode and an electrolyte used to produce electricity by chemical action.
865
G67. Glauconite.
A mineral consisting of a dull green earthy iron potassium silicate occurring abundantly in greensand.
866
G68. gpg?
Grains per gallon.
867
G69. gpm?
Gallon per minute.
868
G70. Gravity convection?
The natural movement of heat through a body of fluid that occurs when a warm fluid rises and cool fluid sinks under the influence of gravity.
869
G71. Ground water?
Water that is standing in or flowing through the ground ; seepage water.
870
G72. Hard water?
A condition caused by elements dissolved in solution. Calcium and magnesium are primarily responsible for water hardness. Hard water lathers with difficulty leaving hands rough and will form scum.
871
G73. Head?
The difference in elevation between two points in a body of fluid with the resulting pressure of the fluid at the lower point expressible as the height or pressure of the fluid.
872
G74. Header?
The pipe that runs across the top (or bottom) of an absorber plate, gathering (or distributing) the heat transfer fluid from (or to) the grid of pipes that runs across the absorber surface.
873
G75. Heat exchanger?
A device, such as a coiled copper tube immersed in a tank of water, that is used to transfer heat from one fluid to another through an intervening metal surface.
874
G76. Heat transfer medium?
A medium-liquid, air, or solid which is used to transport thermal energy.
875
G77. Hydrogen?
A non-metallic univalent element that is the simplest and lightest of the elements, is normally a colorless, highly flammable diatomic gas, and used especially in the production of its innumerable compounds.
876
G78. Hydrocarbons?
Organic compounds (as acetylene or benzene) containing only carbon and hydrogen, often present in petroleum, natural gas, and coal.
877
G79. Hydrofluosilicic acid?
An additive used in the public supply system to provide protection for the consumer.
878
G80. Hydrostatic?
A term (in piping systems) used to describe a system under pressure but not flowing-at rest. Type of test used to locate leaks in a pressurized piping system.
879
G81. Impeller?
The blade type device that provides flow within a centrifugal pump by using centrifugal force.
880
G82. Impressed circuit?
Introduction into a circuit by means of an outside source of energy-as with a cathodic protect system.
881
G83. Infrared radiation?
Electromagnetic radiation, whether from the sun or a warm body, that has wavelengths longer than visible light.
882
G84. Inorganic?
Not living composed of inanimate or artificial materials that do not contain hydrocarbons.
883
G85. Ion?
An atom or group of atoms that carry a positive or negative electrical charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons. A free electron or other charged subatomic particle.
884
G86. Insulation?
A material with high resistance or R-value that is used to retard heat flow.
885
G87. Kinetic energy?
Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its being in motion.
886
G88. Laminated glass?
Two or more sheets of glass held together by an intervening layer or layers of plastic material.
887
G89. Liquid-type collector?
A collector with a liquid as the heat transfer fluid.
888
G90. Mag-rods?
Anodes used in water heaters, made of magnesium to provide protection against corrosion.
889
G91. mpl?
Milligrams per liter. A ratio used to describe impurities in water.
890
G92. Negative pressure?
Pressure less than atmospheric pressure.
891
G93. Nomenclature?
A system of names used in describing technical terms or elements of devices.
892
G94. Nutation?
Oscillatory movement or wobble of the axis of a rotating body.
893
G95. Odor control?
In water treatment, the elimination or reduction of odors in a water supply by aeration, algae elimination, super-chlorination, activated carbon treatment, etc.
894
G96. Ohm?
A unit of electrical resistance.
895
G97. Organic?
Pertaining to organisms that are living. A chemical compound that includes any compound of carbon.
896
G98. Oscillate?
Ability of an object or device to swing backward and forward like a pendulum.
897
G99. OS&Y?
Outside screw and yoke.
898
G100. Oxygen?
An element that is found free as a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas in the atmosphere and is used in oxyacetylene and oxyhydrogen flame in welding and cutting metals and other metallurgical processes, in chemical industries, and combustion processes.
899
G101. Passive solar system?
An assembly of natural and architectural components including collectors, thermal storage devices and transfer fluid which converts solar energy into thermal energy in a controlled manner and in which no fans or pumps are used to accomplish the transfer of thermal energy. The prime elements in a passive solar system are usually some form of thermal capacitance and solar energy control.
900
G102. Pathogenic?
Capable of causing disease containing bacteria and viruses.
901
G103. Positive displacement?
A term used to describe a type of pump that delivers the same amount of fluid for each pumping cycle.
902
G104. Potable?
Suitable for drinking.
903
G105. Pollution?
The result of making impure or unclean.
904
G106. ppm?
Parts per million. A ratio usually used to describe impurities within water, air, etc.
905
G107. Pressure?
Force acting on a specific area usually measured in psi.
906
G108. Pressure filter?
A filter used to strain solids from a gas or liquid while the material to be strained is under pressure higher than 29.92" at 59*F.
907
G109. psi?
Pounds per square inch.
908
G110. psig?
Pounds per square inch gage.
909
G111. Pure water?
Water that exist only under laboratory conditions, consists of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.
910
G112. Purification?
The removal, by natural or artificial methods, of objectionable matter from water.
911
G113. Radiation?
The flow of energy across open space via electromagnetic waves, such as visible light.
912
G114. Rate of flow?
Term used to describe the volume of a moving fluid related to time. Measured in gpm, cu. ft./min., etc.
913
G115. Rectifier?
A device that changes alternating current to direct current.
914
G116. Regenerate?
Restore to original strength or properties.
915
G117. Residual pressure?
Pressure available under full flow conditions.
916
G118. Resistance?
A force acting in opposition to another force.
917
G119. Riser?
A pipe that transports water vertically at least one story on height.
918
G120. Sacrificial anode?
A device used to protect a cathode against corrosion, such as a magnesium rod in a water heater.
919
G121. Saline?
Relating to or containing salt.
920
G122. Scrubber?
An apparatus for removing impurities, a filter used in a water treatment plant for the partial removal of turbidity, prior to final filtration.
921
G123. Scum?
Extraneous matter or impurities which rise to, or are formed on the surface of liquid.
922
G124. Soft water?
Water that lathers easily and does not contain excessive amounts of calcium or magnesi.
923
G125. Solenoid?
A coil of wire in the form of a helix within which a field of magnetism can be created when electrical current is passed through the wire.
924
G126. Specific heat?
The ratio of the heat capacity of water to that of an equivalent amount of another substance.
925
G127. Static pressure?
The pressure within a system under no flow conditions at rest.
926
G128. Thermosiphoning?
See gravity comvention.
927
G129. Tilt angle?
The angle that a flat collector surface forms with the horizontal.
928
G130. Turbidity?
In water, cloudiness caused by suspended solids.
929
G131. Ultraviolet light?
Beyond the end that is violet in the visible spectrum. Light rays with very short wave lengths. Can be used to kill living organisms in potable water.
930
G132. Vacuum?
A pressure less than atmospheric pressure. It is usually measured by the number of inches of mercury below atmospheric pressure.
931
G133. Velocity (liquids)?
The rate at which liquids move through a piping system usually measured in feet per second.
932
G134. Voltage?
Electromotive force expressed in volts. The pressure that forces electrical current through a wire.
933
G135. Water hammer?
A manufactured device, other than an air chamber, containing a permanently sealed cushion of gas or air, designed to provide protection against excessive shock pressure without maintenance.
934
G136. Water main?
A principle water supply pipe to one or more buildings or premises including water for fire protection. A pipe used to convey public water supply.
935
G137. Water meter?
A mechanical device used to measure volume of water.
936
G138. Water service pipe?
The pipe from the water main or principal source of water supply to the water distribution system of the building.
937
G139. Water purveyor?
A term used to describe the entity that supplies potable water through a public water supply system.
938
G140. Wattage?
The amount of power consumed measured in watts: W = V/A.
939
G141. Well point?
A pointed device driven into the ground to tap an underground source of water.
940
G142. WSFU?
Water supply fixture unit. The amount of water delivered to a lavatory equals one WSFU.
941
G143. Zeolite?
A chemical compound so imperfectly bound together that its composition will change in accordance with the concentration of chemicals in solution and is used as an ion exchanger in water softeners.
942
724. Minimum size of fixture water supply branch piping?
``` 3/8": 1. Drinking fountain. 2. Lavatory. 3. WC flush tank. 4. WC flushometer tank. 1/2: 1. Bath tub. 2. Combination sink and laundry tray. 3. Dish washing machine. 4. Kitchen sink (domestic). 5. Laundry tray 1-3 compartments. 6. Shower (single head). 7. Service or slop sink. 8. Urinal flash tank. 9. Hose Bibb. 10. Wall hydrant or sill cock. 3/4: 1. Commercial kitchen sink. 2. Flushing rim sink. 3. Urinal (3-4" flush valve). 1": 1. Urinal 1" flush valve. 2. WC flush valve. ```
943
725. Who did recognize procedure on the sizing of water supply systems?
The U.S. bureau of standards and the U.S. department of commerce.
944
726. List an eighteen step procedure for use in sizing a water supply system?
1. Establish the minimum pressure in the street main. 2. Determine the kind of pipe or tube to be used on the job. 3. Make an isometric or schematic drawing of the piping in the building from its plan. 4. Develop a table for determination of water supply fixture units. 5. List each fixture, appliance, and device, show its location, enter the WSFU, and calculate the adjustment. 6. Determine the vertical distance in feet of the highest supply outlet above the water main tap. 7. Establish maximum allowable velocities. 8. Find the equivalent length of the water piping from the tap to the most distant fixture. 9. Determine the residual pressure required by local codes at the highest or most distant outlet. 10. Using table for WSFU read total demand in gpm. 11. Find the pipe or tube size from table of demand in gpm and velocity. 12. Find pressure drop in meter. 13. Determine the friction loss design factor. 14. Determine the friction loss for each cock, valve, and fitting in equivalent length, and add these values. 15. Size the main cold water distribution pipe from the main to the most distant point. 16. Reduce only the size of the main distribution pipe to the size which will keep the friction within the design factor and the velocity limit required for the new size of pipe. 17. Size each water branch. 18. Size the hot water distribution system.
945
727. How shall you make an isometric drawing of the piping in the building from its plan?
Use not less than 8 1/2" x 11" paper. Show elevations and horizontal branches from the main. If horizontal lines are more than 12' from the main, and if an isometric drawing is not used, show a horizontal plan as well as elevation. For dwellings up to two stories and small commercial and industrial buildings, one sketch is usually satisfactory.
946
728. How shall you fill up the table for determination of water supply fixture units?
Start at the meter. Enter the WSFU (hot and cold) for each fixture, appliance, and device and calculate the adjustment. List the continuous flow for sill cocks, compressors, etc., in gpm. For fixtures which use cold water only, carry the value and record it also in the adjusted cold WSFU column. Total the adjusted WSFU columns for both hot and cold water. There are the total water demands in WSFU for the cold water main and meter.
947
729. How shall you establish maximum allowable velocities in building water distribution piping?
``` Copper tube. Hot water. 4 fps: 3/8", 1/2", 6 fps: 3/4"-2 1/2", 8 fps: 3" and 4". Cold water. 6 fps: 3/8"-1 1/4", 8 fps: 1 1/2"-2 1/2", 10 fps: 3"-4". Galvanized iron and steel pipe may be raised 1 fps per group over copper except the upper limit of velocity in any water piping should not exceed 10 fps. Acid water. 4 fps: 3/8",1/2", 5 fps: 3/4"-2 1/2", 8 fps: 3"-4". ```
948
730. What water is acid?
With a pH value of less than 6.9.
949
731. How shall you determine the equivalent length of pipe and fittings?
L = 3/2x Lp, where Lp is developed length of the pipe or tube. Measure the total developed length of the water piping from the tap to the most distant fixture. Be sure to check the length of piping for the hot water system, including the cold water branch to the water heater. This may be the longest route for the travel of water to the most distant fixture.
950
732. How shall you determine total demand of water supply system in building?
Add the continuous flow to the intermittent flow in gpm. This is the peak demand. Find the intermittent flow using table of a total WSFU and gpm demand. Assume that if garden hoses are used , not more than two will be used simultaneously; therefore you would use only 10 gpm (each gives flow of 5 gpm) unless more exact information can be established. Other common continuous uses of water are water-cooled refrigeration and air conditioning compressors or machines, irrigation systems, industrial cooling equipment, air washers, swimming pools, etc.
951
733. How can you find the trial friction loss design factor (p) per 100' of pipe?
p = [P-(0.433xH+Pm+Pr)]x100/L, where p -the design factor as a pressure loss in psig per 100' of pipe, P - pressure in psig in main or other pint from which you are sizing, Pm-pressure loss through meter in psig, Pr- residual pressure required at faucet or fixture, H-elevation in feet of highest water outlet to point at which you are sizing, L-equivalent length of pipe, fittings, and valves in feet.
952
734. How shall you determine the actual design factor?
Determine the actual friction loss: L = Lp+Lf, where Lf-the friction loss for each cock valve, and fitting; Lp-friction loss in pipes. Substitute L in the trial friction loss design factor and calculate the actual design factors.
953
735. How can you size the hot water distribution system?
Refigure the formula for the design factor if a water softener, an instantaneous hot water heater, or tankless coil type of water heater is used.
954
736. Where is an underground drain pit and valve installation used?
On water services to seasonal type facilities such as bath houses, summer cottages, park restrooms, fountains and pools that one are unused in freezing weather.
955
737. Typical underground valve box parts?
1. Cast iron valve box base - securely fastened to the valve body with the use of welded bars or set screw. 2. Adjustable cast iron valve box sleeve with cover. 3. Cover with name of service cast in.
956
738. The most common type of hydrant?
The standard type with a 5 1/3" barrel, 6" inlet connection, two 2 1/2" hose outlets and one 4" pumper connection.
957
739. How can you protect fire hydrant against reactive trusts?
Steel rodding and/or thrust blocks are required at all turns.
958
740. Three basic categories for appliance by NFPA?
1. Low-heat. 2. Medium-heat. 3. High-heat.
959
741. What is low heat appliances?
1. Low-pressure boilers (not over 50 psig). 2. Furnaces. 3. Heaters. Maximum stack gas temperatures lower than 550*F.
960
742. How are flues sized?
``` Methods consider 1. The Btu input of appliances; 2. The method of firing; 3. Overall length of the flue. Many manufacturers recommend that flues be extended through a roof from their equipment and be the same size as their connection. ```
961
P1. What is a pump?
A device through which an external source of power is used to apply a force to a fluid in order to move the fluid from one place to another.
962
P2. What are three ends of pump?
1. Power end. 2. A suction fluid end. 3. A discharge fluid end.
963
P3. List six examples of the use of pumps in piping systems?
1. Move water from a well to plumbing fixtures. 2. To transfer fuel oil from a storage tank to a boiler. 3. To circulate chilled water. 4. To circulate water in a hot water heating system. 5. To rise water or sewage from sumps up to a point of gravity drainage. 6. To return steam condensate back to a boiler.
964
P4. What are two ways liquids can be raised?
1. By suction. | 2. By pushing with positive pressure.
965
P5. What is the maximum practical suction lift on pumps?
1. Positive displacement - 22'. | 2. Centrifugal pumps - 15'.
966
P6. What are two factors of a maximum suction lift?
1. The vertical distance the pump is above a liquid known as static suction lift. 2. Frictional resistance in these suction pipe.
967
P7. Examples of how and where pumps are used in open systems?
1. Water pumped from a well. 2. Condensate from steam systems that is pumped from condensate receivers (which are vented to the atmosphere) back to a boiler. 3. Drainage which has accumulated in a vented sump and is lifted by a pump to a higher point of entry into a drainage system. 4. Dishwasher water which is pumped during the washing cycle.
968
P8. What is closed piping system?
That one are completely sealed from atmospheric pressure throughout the entire system.
969
P9. What is the difference between pounds of pressure and pounds of weight?
Pounds of weight is the measure of total heaviness of a substance as it is read on scale. Pounds of pressure is the designation for pounds of weight bearing on a specific area.
970
P10. What relationship do the terms head and total head have to pumps?
The term head is used to describe the amount of force required to lift a column of water. Total head equals the total suction lift plus the total discharge head of a pump.
971
P11. Describe the various head pressures of open system - supply below pump?
1. Static suction lift is the vertical distance liquid is raised by atmospheric pressure, from the surface of the supply reservoir to the centerline of the pump suction connection. 2. Static discharge head is the vertical distance the liquid is being pushed, as measured from the centerline of the pump discharge connection to the point of open discharge into the upper reservoir. 3. Total static head is the overall vertical distance the liquid is being raised, from the level of the lower reservoir to the point of open discharge at the upper tank.
972
P12. Direr mine the total static head of the open system - supply below pump, if static suction lift is 4' and static discharge head is 56'?
``` C = A+B, where C - total static head; A - static suction lift; B - static discharge head. C = 4'+56' = 60'. ```
973
P13. Describe the various head pressure open system - supply above pump?
1. Static suction head is the vertical distance between the surface of the liquid in the supply reservoir and centerline of the pump suction connection and therefore creates a positive pressure. 2. Static discharge head is the vertical distance the pump pushes the liquid from the center line of the pump discharge connection to the point of open discharge at the upper reservoir (similar to the corresponding discharge line). 3. Total static head is the net vertical distance the liquid is being raised from the supply reservoir to the point of open discharge at the upper reservoir.
974
P14. What is the total static head (in psig), if the static suction head is 4', and static discharge head is 56'?
``` C = B-A, where C - total static head; B - static discharge head; A - static suction head. C = 56'-4' = 52' or 52x.433 = 22.52 psig. ```
975
P15. What does the difference in pressure between the two gages on suction and discharge side of pump?
The total static head.
976
P16. What would happen to the open pump supply system pressures if a significant flow were to be established while the levels of the reservoirs remain constant?
The suction gage will show a lower pressure and the discharge higher due to friction loss within piping system because of higher flow rates.
977
P17. What is the relationship between the reading on the suction and discharge gages on a closed system?
If there is no flow the pressure on both sides of the pump will the same. As flow occurs there is a corresponding friction loss which must be overcome by the pump and the discharge pressure increase, the suction pressure would decrease.
978
P18. What can you tell from these changes in pressure at the suction and discharge gages of a closed pump system?
In the closed loop system the additional head developed under flow conditions due to friction losses within the system.
979
P19. What is the pressure on the suction and discharge gages of the close pump loop system 60' static discharge head and pump on the bottom of the loop under static conditions?
The static discharge head and static suction head are equal and the reading on both gages would be the same equals 60' head in psig: 60x0.433 = 25.98 psig.
980
P20. What is total change in head, if the closed system width pump on the bottom of loop is under flow conditions and the suction gage reads 7 psig and the discharge gage reads 10 psig?
It will be the sum of the two changes in pressure: 7+10 = 17 psig.
981
P21. How can the friction loss within the close system with pump on the bottom be calculated without knowing the static pressure?
Simply calculate the difference between the operating pressure indicated on the suction head gage and the operating pressure on the discharge head gage: ^P/0.433 = FL, where FL - is friction loss in feet, ^P - pressure change in psig.
982
P22. What is very useful tool during start-up, testing, and balancing and in troubleshooting pump performance?
TDH - total dynamic head.
983
P23. What is TDH?
The head produced by the pump to overcome friction head (loss) in a closed system.
984
P24. How do variations in head pressure affect the flow rate of a pump?
As total head increases, flow rate decreases and as the total head becomes lower, the flow rate increases.
985
P25. What is a pump curve?
The relationship of flow to system pressure is described graphically for each individual pump through a diagram.
986
P26. What is the flow rate within the close system ^P 39.26' and the given pump curve?
First plot the 39.26' ^P on the total head scale and then read across the chart until the head reading intersects with the pump curve. From that point of intersection, read down to the flow scale. The flow rate is 35 gpm.
987
P27. How can the actual close system resistance be determined ?
The pressure change (^P) across the pump is also a direct measurement of the actual system resistance being developed at the particular flow rate pump is producing.
988
P28. How can the performance of a centrifugal pump be altered to provide the specified flow?
1. By changing the rotational speed (RPM). 2. By changing the diameter of the impeller. 3. By changing the style of the impeller.
989
P29. List different styles of centrifugal pumps?
1. Close coupled in-line circulator. 2. Close coupled base-mounted pump. 3. Base-mounted flexible coupled vertical split case pump. 4. Wet pit pumps. 5. Multistage pump with horizontally split case. 6. Packaged water pressure booster pumping system. 7. Mechanical seal type centrifugal pump. 8. In-line. 9. Base mounted - end suction. 10. Base mounted - end suction. 11. Bottom-side suction/top-side discharge. 12. Base mounted centrifugal pump. 13. Regenerative turbine pump.
990
P30. Give a brief description of a close coupled in-line circulator?
A pump is mounted directly to the motor on a common shaft. It also mounts directly in the pipeline.
991
P31. Give a brief description of a close coupled base-mounted pump?
Pump mounts on a base rather than being supported by the piping.
992
P32. Give a brief description of a base-mounted flexible coupled vertical split case pump?
Pump has a separate motor shaft which transmits its driving force to the pump shaft through a flexible coupling. It is frequently mounted on a special foundation.
993
P33. Give a brief description of a wet pit pumps?
Pump where the body of the pump is immersed in the liquid in a pit, and is connected by a long shaft to the motor which is mounted above the pit. This type is used for sump pumps, sewage pumps, condensate pumps, etc.
994
P34. Give a brief description of a multistage pump with horizontally split case?
This is a large base mounted pump with the casing split horizontally for easy access to the impeller for service.
995
P35. Give a brief description of a packaged water pressure booster pumping system?
A packaged water pressure booster pumping system which includes two (duplex) centrifugal pumps, control valves, piping and electrical controls. This type of pumping system is used to boost the pressure in domestic water system when the pressure in a public water mains is not high enough to supply the building adequately.
996
P36. Provide an explanation concerning the installation and use of an individual fixture ejector or pump?
The discharge piping from the ejector or pump must have a check valve to prevent the discharged water from returning to the ejector or pump. The discharge piping shall be sized on a hydraulic basis consistent with the ejector or pump capabilities to the point where the discharge enters the gravity drainage system . Direct mounted equipment may be manually or automatically operated. Installation of it is usually not subject to venting requirements, but subject only to venting necessary for proper operation of the equipment; the vent on the fixture side of the trap may terminate locally in the area served. If the equipment provides a proper waters real, additional traps are not required.
997
P37. Provide a list of several types of pumps used in piping systems which are not centrifugal?
1. Drinking fountain pump. 2. Hand pump: A. Pump jack. B. cistern pump.
998
P38. Provide a brief description of drinking fountain pump?
It is used on golf courses, campgrounds, roadside parks and picnic areas. A few strokes of the handle fills a reservoir with water which, without further pumping becomes a smooth flowing drinking fountain.
999
P39. Provide a brief description of pump jack?
It has adjustable strokes. They can be used to depths of 200'. This pump is recommended for shallow wells less than 25', has a 6" stroke only and a multy-position cap.
1000
P40. Provide a brief description of cistern pump?
It has a closed spout and can be used for shallow pumping applications.
1001
P41. Provide a brief description of mechanical seal type centrifugal pump?
If system has not been properly cleaned prior to installation of pump, foreign matter such as dirt, pipe scale, core sand, etc. may clog the impeller and damage the seal. A strainer is recommended in return line to pump. Pump must not be operated dry.
1002
P42. Provide a brief description of in-line mounted centrifugal pump with flange connections?
It is a close coupled pump which features high efficiency, rugged construction and in-line mounting.
1003
P43. Provide a brief description of base mounted end suction centrifugal pump with threaded connections?
It should be placed as near as possible to the source of supply, particularly when operating with a suction lift and located to permit installation with the fewest possible number of bends or elbows in the suction pipe. The maximum suction-lift should not exceed 15', including friction losses.
1004
P44. Provide a brief description of a base mounted end suction centrifugal pump with threaded connections?
It is a close coupled pump which features foot mounting, light weight design, pump casing with top centerline discharge and self flushing mechanical seal. It's stainless steel construction makes it ideal for service with domestic water, fresh water, boiler feed water, condensate, hydronic cooling or heating, pressure boosting, general pumping and bening liquids.
1005
P45. Provide a brief description of a bottom (side) suction with top (side) discharge type centrifugal pump?
If it is not installed in a closed system, it should be placed as near as possible to the source of supply, and located to permit installation with the fewest number of bends or elbows in the suction pipe.
1006
P46. Provide a brief description of a base mounted centrifugal pump with flanged suction and discharge openings?
It can be operated clockwise or counterclockwise and should be located on a concrete floor with subsoil underneath and with plenty of room for inspection, maintenance and service. If the use of a hoist or tackle is needed allow sufficient head room.
1007
P47. Provide a brief description of a turbine pumps?
They are available in single, two, three or four stage models. They are generally used for low flow applications involving high pressures such as boiler feed water systems, etc.
1008
P48. What type pump is used by pipe trades journeyworkers to extract air from a vessel or system?
A vacuum pumps are usually of the piston or vane type. They create a pressure condition below that of the atmosphere and are used to evacuate refrigeration systems.
1009
P49. How can leak testing of a manhole be accomplished?
Using a vacuum pump.
1010
P50. Describe the use of a power driven hydrostatic test pump?
They can be used to test newly installed or repaired water lines, commercial sprinkler systems, reassure vessels, etc.
1011
P51. Describe the operation of a power driven hydrostatic test pump?
1. Read manufacturing data on the engine, relief valve, and surge tank as applicable. 2. Check oil level in crank case. 3. Do not use test pump to fill pipe that is to be tested. The line should be filled by some other means. 4. Do not use water from a muddy ditch or rusty barrel. Do not remove intake line strainer except to clean. Sand and other contaminants will damage pump. 5. When drawing from a drum, be sure the intake hose is not resting against the wall of the drum, restricting the intake suction. 6. Do not use hose or fittings which are rated for less than the test pressure being used. 7. Do not run pump dry. 8. Do not tamper with engine setting. 9. Do not pump chlorine solution unless unit is designed for use with chlorine. Chlorine can damage the pump and valve seals. 10. Connect water to source to intake side and high pressure hose provided with unit to the pressure side. 11. Open all valves and purge air out of system. Prime pump if you are drafting water out of a tank. 12. Start engine. As pressure builds, adjust relief/unloaded valve for desired test pressure, as indicated on the pressure gage. If you turn the relief hand valve screw clockwise, it increases the pressure. If it is turned counterclockwise, it decreases the pressure. 13. When you reach the desired pressure, close the ball valve and shut off engine. 14. System is not isolated and leaks can be detected by watching the gage for pressure drop. 15. Do not use test pressure higher than unit rating.
1012
P52. Describe the use of a hand operated test pump?
Testing residential water lines and pressure testing small pressure tanks, sprinkler, hydronic heating and solar piping systems.
1013
P53. Two methods of hand operated hydrostatic test?
1. Siphon method. | 2. City water method.
1014
P54. Describe the operation of hydrostatic siphon method test?
1. Use a filtered hose. 2. Fill the water line to be tested. 3. Place the intake hose into your source, and pump (the unit is self-priming). Continue to pump until you see water coming out of the outlet, with little or no air mixed with it. 4. Connect the output hose to the water line. 5. Watch the gage while pumping. Close the valve about 90* when approaching the desired pressure. As soon as the desired pressure is reached, shutoff the valve completely. 6. If pressure drops off, there is a leak in the line.
1015
P55. Describe the operation of a hydrostatic city water method test?
1. Connect the output hose to water line being tested. 2. Connect input hose to city water. 3. Open valve and turn on water. 4. Bring line to pressure by pumping handle. 5. Watch the gage while pumping. Close the valve about 90* when approaching the desired pressure. As soon as the desired pressure is reached, shutoff the valve completely. 6. If pressure drops off, there is a leak in the line.
1016
P56. What is the purpose of a pump foundation?
Rigidly support the baseplate to maintain alignment of the installed unit.
1017
P57. Explain why are large pumps often pleased on a foundation sufficiently substantial to absorb vibration caused by the pump?
To eliminate noise in a piping system caused by pump vibration, a concrete foundation on a soil base can be used. Foundation made of reinforced concrete should be poured in advance of the installation to allow proper time for drying and curing. Some circumstances require that vibration elimination devices be placed between the pump base and the concrete foundation. When installing a pump on steelwork or other types of such a structure, it should be placed directly over the supporting members, such as bearing walls or beams.
1018
P58. What should be done when the unit is received?
It should be placed on the foundation and the coupling halves disconnected. The coupling should not be reconnected until the alignment operations have been completed. The baseplate should be supported on metal shims or wedges having a small taper. Some should be pleased close to the foundation bolts. Other should be nearest to the greatest weight and spaced to give uniform support to the base. Adjust these supports until the shafts of the pump and driver are level.
1019
P59. Can a flexible coupling be used to compensate for misalignment of the pump and power unit?
No. Flexible couplings are used to compensate for small movements of the shafts and to compensate for expansion due to change in temperature.
1020
P60. How can the pump and power unit be checked for angular and parallel alignment using a straight edge?
A standard coupling is supplied with pump which use an elastomer member between internally serrated flanges. They have smooth outsides of equal diameter. A straight edge held against one or both surfaces should be used to visually determine both angular and parallel misalignment.
1021
P61.what is the next step after the alignment is correct and the installation of the pump is complete?
The foundation bolts should be tightened evenly but not too firmly . Grout may then be placed between the pump base and the top of the concrete foundation. The underside of the base should be completely filled with grout, and it is desirable to grout the leveling pieces, shims or wedges in place at the same time.
1022
P62. What is a recommended grout mixture?
One part cement to two parts clean, sharp sand, wet enough to flow freely. The grout should be thoroughly stirred during the pour to insure the elimination of all air pockets. At least 48 hours should be allowed for the grout to set before the foundation bolts are given their final tightening.
1023
P63. Explain why shall you take an inventory of tools and materials used during the installation, before connecting piping to a pump?
Quite often, tools are forgotten, and, if left in the suction or discharge nozzles of the pump, they may be drawn into the pump when first started, usually causing damage to the pump. Keep it free from rags, bolts, nuts, welding slag, etc.
1024
P64. What precaution must be taken in pump installation?
Both the suction and discharge pipes should be supported independently and near the pump, so that when the flange bolts are tightened, no strain will be transmitted to the pump.
1025
P65. Arraignment of pump suction piping?
Full line size pipe and trim including valves, strainer and flexible connector should be used with the reduction. This reduction should be made through an eccentric reducer at the pump pump suction with the taper on the bottom. It is desirable to use concentric reducer at the pump discharge to step up to full line size.
1026
P66. Dimension of the pump suction straight run pie?
The length should be at least five diameters of suction pipe size to insure good pump entry conditions.
1027
P67. How can pump be connected to the piping systems?
``` 1. Suction line: A. Eccentric reducer. B. Straight run of pipe. C. Flexible connector. D. Strainer. E. isolation valve. Or: C. Union and spool piece. D. Combination foot valve and strainer. 2. Discharge line: A. Increaser. B. flexible connector or union. C. Check valve. D. Isolation valve: gate valve, butterfly valve. ```
1028
P68. Dimensions of combination foot valve and strainer?
1. Area of foot valve 1 1/2 times pipe area. | 2. Area of strainer 3 to 4 times pipe area.
1029
P69. How can you line up piping to the pump without forcing them into place?
It is best to begin piping at the pump. When the lines are ended at the pump, particularly if the last price is cut a little too short or long, the pump will be forced to meet the pipe and strain or distortion will result.
1030
P70. In-line strainers for pump suction line?
Strainer holes should be not less than 3/16". Be sure that the strainer is installed so that the basket can be removed. Avoid fine mesh strainer baskets.
1031
P71. What can be used in place of a basket strainer on pump suction line?
A suction diffuser.
1032
P72. What precaution must be taken in a suction diffuser installation?
A support leg is required between the suction diffuser and the support foot. Bosses are provided on the suction diffuser to locate the support leg and facilitate mounting the suction diffuser in any of three positions. The support leg can be made of schedule 40 pipe.
1033
P73. Installation of suction diffuser?
Suction diffuser blowdown is best accomplished with the system connection in the 12 o'clock position. The 16 mesh bronze start up strainer must be removed from the suction diffuser after the initial circulation and cleaning of the system. A pressure gage installed in the suction diffuser will warn of a blockage.
1034
P74. Why is the sizing and installation of pump suction piping extremely important?
It must be selected and installed so that pressure losses are minimized and sufficient liquid will flow into the pump when started and operated.
1035
P75. Diameter of pump suction piping?
If it is short, the pipe diameter can be the same size as the suction opening. If longer suction pipe is required, pipes should be one or two sizes larger than the opening depending on the piping length. When refusing the piping to the suction opening diameter use an eccentric reducer with the eccentric side down to avoidbairbpockets.
1036
P76. Distance to the elbow from the suction nozzle?
A suction pipe of the same size as the suction nozzle approaching at any angle other than straight up or down must have the elbow located 10 pipe diameters from the suction flange of the pump.
1037
P77. Slope on a suction lift of pump?
A horizontal suction line must have a gradual rise to the pump.
1038
P78. How can you clean the pump liquid passage without dismantling the pump?
Dutchman or spool piece can be installed adjacent to the suction flange. With this arrangement , any matter clogging the impellernisnaccessiblenby removing the nozzle (or pipe section).
1039
P79. What is spool (Dutchman) piece?
A short section of pipe designed that it can be readily dropped out of the line to facilitate cleaning the pump liquid passage.
1040
P80. What precaution shall you observed when installing valves in the suction piping?
A foot valve may be installed to avoid the necessity of priming each time the pump is started. This valve should be of the flapper type, rather than the multiple spring type, sized to avoid excessive friction in the suction line. 2. When foot valves are used, or where there are other possibilities of water hammer, close the discharge valve slowly before shutting down the pump. 3. Where two or more pumps are connected to the same suction line, install gate valves so that any pump can be isolated from the line.gate valves should be installed on the suction side of all pumps with a positive pressure for maintenance purposes. Install gate valves with stems horizontal to avoid air pockets. Globe valves should not be used, particularly where NPSH is critical. 4. The pump must never be throttled by the use of a valve on the suction side of the pump. Suction valves should be used only to isolate the pump or maintenance purposes, and should always be installed in psi tons to avoid air pockets. 5. A pump drain valve should be installed in the suction piping between the isolation valve and the pump.
1041
P81. Where should pressure gages be installed?
On both the suction and discharge nozzles. The gages will enable you to easily observe the operation of the pump, and also determine if the pump is operating in conformance with the performance curve. If cavitation, vapor binding, or other unstable operation should occur widely fluctuation discharge pressure will be noted.
1042
P82. What can cost cavitation on pump system?
Never throttle flow through the pump with the suction valve. It should be fully open.
1043
B83. What is cavitation?
The flashing of a pumped liquid into vapor bubbles and the subsequent violent collapsing of those bubbles as the liquid moves from suction to discharge through a pump.
1044
P84. The cause of pump cavitation?
1. Suction pressure which is too low (insufficient static pressure in the system). 2. Excessive flow through the pump (which can be corrected by throttling the discharge valve). 3. The fluid being too hot.
1045
P85. What are four items which should be checked after a pumping unit is properly installed and piped?
1. Stuffing boxes. 2. Mechanical seals. 3. Oil-lubricated sleeve bearings. 4. Anti friction bearings.
1046
P86. The two most commonly used sealing methods for the point at which the pump shaft enters a pump body?
1. The packing type seal (stuffing box). | 2. The mechanical seal.
1047
P87. Describe the operation of the sealing method stuffing box?
The packing rings are made of graphite impregnated cord or other resilient material formed into properly sized split rings. These are compressed into the stuffing box by means of a packing gland. This packing gland is pulled up by means of a pair of gland nuts which are threaded on their respective swing bolts.
1048
P88. Describe the operation of the sealing methods for pump mechanical seal?
Seal sets consist of a stationary member which is usually made of a very hard ceramic material. This ring fits into a recess in the pump body and has a rubber gasket behind it to form a water-tight seal at that point. This ceramic material is kept from turning by means of a fastener ring pressed into the recess which engages flats on each side of ring. A molded graphite seal ring rotates against the lapped face of the ceramic material and form the actual water seal at this point. The graphite seal ring is backed up by a rubber bellows which fits tightly on the pump shaft and is held tightly forward against the graphite ring by means of the seal spring.This spring keeps the the graphite rotating ring tightly against the stationary ceramic seal and pushes it forward to make up for wear.
1049
P89. Explain how must anti friction bearings be lubricated?
Fill anti friction bearing fully. If grease is the recommended lubricant, use the grade specified by the manufacturer. Do not overfill with grease as overheating may be caused by too much grease. Lubricant containing graphite must not be used.
1050
P90. What are the three steps which should be taken before starting a pump?
1. Make sure pump is primed. 2. Check rotation. 3. Check valve position.
1051
P91. How can improper rotation of an electric driven unit be corrected?
1. Change rotation of motor. | 2. Reverse the suction and discharge nozzles of the pump.
1052
P92. How can you change rotation of a pump motors?
1. Interchange any two leads on three phase motors. 2. Single phase motor will require wiring changes as indicated inside the connection box cover. Some single phase motors may not be reversible. 3. Extreme caution must be taken if it is necessary for you to make the change.
1053
P93. How can you accomplish reversing the suction and discharge nozzles of the pump?
1. Remove the impeller from the shaft, turn it 180* and replace it on the shaft. 2. With the rotating element out of the casing remove the casing from the bed plate and turn 180*. 3. Set the rotating element back in the casing and reassemble the pump. 4. Reassemble the pump and realign the coupling as called for in the alignment instructions. 5. The rotation of the motor must be charged by switching the motor leads.
1054
P94. What is the normal position of the shutoff valve in the pump suction and in the pump discharge pipe?
The valve on the suction side of the pump should be fully open. The discharge valve should also be open. In the case of high head centrifugal pumps, the discharge valve can be closed during start up (less power is required) and then gradually opened.
1055
P95. What method(s) should be used if it is necessary for you to raise or lift a pump with lifting equipment?
1. If lifting of the entire pump is required, do so with slings placed around the pump assembly. 2. Use the same method if you are required to lift a base mounted pump. Place the slings around the entire base.
1056
P96. List of a problem after pump start up?
1. No discharge. 2. Insufficient discharge. 3. Insufficient pressure. 4. Loss of suction following period of satisfactory operation. 5. Excessive power consumption.
1057
P97. What may be caused lack of discharge from a pump?
1. Pump not primed. 2. Speed too low. 3. Discharge head too high. 4. Suction lift higher than that for which pump is designed. 5. Impeller completely plugged. 6. Wrong direction of rotation.
1058
P98. What may be caused insufficient discharge from a pump?
1. Air leaks in suction line or stuffing boxes. 2. Speed too low. 3. Discharge head higher than anticipated. 4. Suction lift too high. Check with gages; check also for clogged suction line or screen. 5. Impeller partially plugged. 6. Not enough suction head for hot or volatile liquids. 7. Mechanical defects: A. Wearing rings worn. B. impeller damaged. C. Foot valve too small. D. Foot valve or suction opening not submerged deeply enough. E. impeller installed backwards. F. Wrong direction of rotation.
1059
P99. What may insufficient pressure from a pump be caused?
1. Speed to low. 2. Air or gases in a liquid. 3. Mechanical defects: A. Wearing rings worn. B. impeller damaged. C. Impeller diameter too small. D. Impeller installed backwards. E. wrong direction of rotation.
1060
P100. What may loss of suction following period of satisfactory operation be caused?
1. Water seal plugged. 2. Suction lift too high. 3. Casing gasket defective.
1061
P101. What may excessive power consumption be caused?
1. Speed too high. 2. Head lower than rating: pumps too much liquid. 3. Specific gravity or viscosity of liquid pumped is too high. 4. Mechanical defects: A. Shaft bent. B. rotating element binds. C. Stuffing boxes too tight. D. Wearing rings worn.
1062
P102. How can you fix the problem caused by the speed being too slow on the pump system?
You must determine whether or not the motor is across the line and receives full voltage when the pump is connected directly to the electric motor. When directly connected th a steam turbine, make sure the turbine receives full steam pressure.
1063
P103. Describe the operating cycle of an automatic water system?
A pressure tank is used for the storage of water. The pump delivers water under pressure to the tank and as the tank fills, air over the water is compressed. If no water is being used, delivery to the tank continues until the pressure reach a set value. A pressure switch then opens the electrical circuit to the motor and the pump stops. When a valve is opened in the system, air pressure in the upper part of the tank forces the water to flow out of the tank and into the system. The pressure falls as the water flows out of the tank. When it drops to the cut-in setting of the pressure switch, the latter closes the circuit and the pump starts.
1064
P104. List four preliminary steps which should be taken when installing a submersible well pump?
1. Remove the pump from its shipping carton and check it for damage. 2. Check the nameplate against the intended specification for the well. 3. Examine the check valve to make certain it will function correctly and close of its own weight or by spring pressure. 4. Check the electrical supply. The power source should be checked for proper fusing and wire size, grounding and transformer size, Allan's recommended by the manufacturer. Be sure to check the color coding of wires on single phase three wire units.
1065
P105. Typical installation of a submersible well pump and automatic water system?
``` Mechanical part. 1. Submersible well pump. 2. Check valve. 3. Drop pipe. 4. Underground discharge coupling (pitiless adapter unit). 5. Well casing. 6. Pitless case. 7. Well seal cap cover. 8. Pressure gage. 9. Pressure relief valve. 10. Pressure tank. 11. Water service. Electric part. 1. Power cable taped to drop pipe. 2. Wiring to pump. 3. Pressure switch. 4. Control box. 5. Fused disconnect switch. 6. Power supply. ```
1066
P106. What is seven step procedure which should be followed when installing a submersible well pump?
1. The well should be chlorinated before installing the pump. 2. The top edge of the well casing should be checked for smoothness, sharp or jagged edges could cut or scrape the electric cable and cause it to break. 3. Attach the pump to the drop pipe. 4. Lower the pump into the well. 5. Install an air charger in the pump delivery line in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. 6. Install underground discharge connector. 7. After the pump is installed it should be wired and the electrical work completed in accordance with code requirements.
1067
P107. Why should well be chlorinated?
This prevents contamination and the growth of iron bacteria.
1068
P108. What is recommended in some area when attach the pump to the drop pipe?
An insulated or dielectric union be installed between the pump and the first section of galvanized iron pipe to prevent electrolytic corrosion between a bronze pump head and the iron pipe.
1069
P109. Types of drop pipe?
1. Threaded lengths of galvanized steel pipe. 2. Threaded plastic pipe. 3. One continuous length of flexible plastic pipe.
1070
P110. How shall you lower the pump into the well?
Use an OSHA approved hoist or some other safe method to lower the pump and drop the pipe into the well, making sure it is supported at all times to prevent injury and to avoid dropping the pump. Feed the cable into the well as the pump is lowered, being careful to prevent damage to the cable and make sure it is fastened securely to the pipe every 10' or less.
1071
P111. When isn't an air charger in the pump delivery line need?
Water system use captive-air pressure tanks, which require no recharging to maintain the correct air volume in the tank.
1072
P112. Why do many state, local and provincial plumbing codes, health officials and water quality regulators require the use of underground discharge connectors?
To prevent freezing and to minimize the potential for contamination, physical damage and vandalism above ground.
1073
P113. Other name of underground discharge connector?
Pitless adapter.
1074
P114. What shall you construct if pitless adapter is not required by local codes?
The pipe and cable system at the well head to properly support the pump and comply with all other code requirements.
1075
P115. Give a brief description concerning the installation of a pitless adapter?
The pitless adapter unit extends from below the frost line to above the ground. The unit attaches to the well casing below the frost line. The water service line is attached to the unit and is buried permanently. Electrical wire or conduit is also buried at the well to provide power for the pump. A cap is placed on the top of the unit to keep contaminants out of the well.
1076
P116. Two types of standard domestic pitless adapter units?
1. Unit can be installed using a compression flange and seal ring. 2. Unit can be installed using a threaded well connection along with an O-ring seal and seal protector.
1077
P117. How would the pitless adapter units be installed in a submersible pump installation?
An excavation is made around the well casing and a hole is cut in the casing below the frost line. The casing fitting for either a galvanized or brass unit is then attached to the casing around the hole to provide a water service connection. The pump, suspended from the drop pipe fitting, is lowered into the well with the neck of the drop pipe fitting pointed toward the casing fitting. When the neck reaches the level of the casing fitting , the actuator automatically inserts the neck with an O-ring seal into a socket in the casing fitting and locks it there. This provides both a support for the drop pipe and the pump within the well and a fluid tight conduit between the drop pipe and the discharge pipe.
1078
P118. How can you remove the pump from well?
The drop pipe fitting is first supported with a hoist. Then the neck of the drop pipe fitting is unlocked , and withdrawn from the socket by a manual pull on the control cable. This releases the drop pipe fitting from the casing fitting so that the pump can be lifted out with the hoist.
1079
P119. List five types of fittings which are sometimes used to connect pitless adapter unit to a well casing?
1. Welding nipple. 2. The pitless connector ( female threaded on the top and held in weld casing by a neoprene seal ring which clamps against the casing. 3. The swagged nipple is male threaded both ends and screws into the coupling on the top of the casing to increase casing size. 4. The dresser coupling. 5. The adapter coupling has a collar for welding inside and outside of casing.
1080
P120. What is the purpose of the back tapping of a pitless unit?
When the inner well assembly is removed, a threaded casing of the same diameter as the well casing and about the same length as the pitless unit can be screwed into the back tapping to isolate the well from the upper case. This isolation, during such well operations as jetting, sterilizing, and re drilling, protects the spool sealing surface from mechanical damage and prevents the entry of mud and/or well chemicals into the upper case and connecting passages and pipes.
1081
P121. Parts for pitless unit for use where water rises above frost level?
1. Spool. 2. Cable seals. 3. Hold down pipe. 4. Spider.
1082
P122. Parts of single-pipe deep well jet pump parallel piping installation?
1. Pressure pipe. 2. Back tapping. 3. Spool. 4. Suction pipe. 5. Spool hold down. 6. Well cap.
1083
P123. Parts of shallow well concentric installations?
1. Pressure pipe. 2. Seal cross. 3. Ball elbow. 4. Pressure passage. 5. Discharge body. 6. Spool. 7. Suction pipe. 8. Upper case. 9. Spool hold down. 10. Well cap.
1084
P124. Parts of single-deep well concentric installations?
1. Pressure pipe. 2. Seal cross. 3. Ball elbow. 4. Back tapping. 5. Suction drop pipe. 6. Well casing. 7. Spool. 8. Suction pipe. 9. Suction pipe. 10. Upper case. 11. Spool hold down. 12. Well cap.
1085
P125. What is the difference between a shallow well unit and a single-pipe deep well unit?
On the shallow well pitless unit for jet pump concentric pipe installations the unit spool is tapped for a suction drop pipe. It has a vertical passage which equalizes the upper case and well casing pressures. The discharge body is tapped for the suction and concentric pressure pipes which are respectively connected to the pump suction and pressure ports. There is no passage extending from the pressure pipe to the well casing. The single-pipe deep well unit spool is also tapped for the suction drop pipe. Because the well casing is under system pressure, there is no pressure equalizing passage in the spool. A spool hold down is provided to prevent upward movement of the inner well assembly. The discharge body is tapped for the suction and concentric pressure pipes, which are respectively connected to the pump suction and pressure ports. A passage in the discharge body conducts water from the pressure pipe to the well casing.
1086
P126. What effect does no separation between the air and the water have on the water stored in the galvanized storage tank?
It possible that air under pressure in a well water system storage tank can be absorbed in the system water. The result is the storage tank will become waterlogged and the necessary compression required for the minimum operating pressure in the system is lost. Water logging usually occurs in the storage tanks more rapidly at the high pressure ranges.
1087
P127. What are five advantages in the use of a well-x-Trol tank on a well water system?
1. It prevents waterlogging indefinitely. 2. It allows the use of much smaller well tanks in size 1/4 to 1/5 the size of galvanized tanks. 3. It can utilize varying pressure tanks to accommodate a great variety of applications ( can be used with higher operating pressures and wider pressure differentials). 4. It simplifies installation on large jobs (needs no exterior provision for air volume control or pre charging). 5. It reduce maintenance and replacement cost to a minimum (the water reservoir is completely non-metallic.
1088
P128. Explain why is a vacuum pump of primary importance to a vacuum return heating system?
This pump must be capable of creating a vacuum for moving steam, air and condensate through the system piping. At the same time, it must be able to create the positive pressure needed to return condensate, from radiators, coils, pipe, etc., to a boiler operating at pressures up to 15 psig, or to the receiver of a boiler feed pump.
1089
P129. What vacuum does a vacuum pumps normally maintain on the return piping?
From 3" to 8" Hg.
1090
P130. Parts of jet type vacuum pump?
1. A accumulator tank with float. 2. A air separating tank with float. 3. Pump float switch. 4. Centrifugal pump. 5. Jet nozzles. 6. Connecting pipe of accumulator tank to chamber housing the jet nozzles. 7. Vent pipe of a air separating tank. 8. Discharge valve. 9. Discharge pipe.
1091
P131. Describe the operation of a jet type vacuum pump?
Condensate returning to the accumulator tank by gravity when the vacuum switch turns off the centrifugal pump and could cause the tank to become flooded. To prevent this from happening , float measures the condensate level and condensate flow through float switch, starts and stops the pump. The pump will draw water out of the air separating tank. The water from the pump discharge passes through jet nozzles where the velocity of flow is increased many times. With the increase in velocity there is a decrease in pressure at the nozzle outlet causing air and condensate to flow from the accumulator tank through the connecting pipe and into the chamber housing the jet nozzles. The air and condensate are carried along with the high velocity jets of water and into the air separating tank. Vent pipe allows the air to be vented to the atmosphere and the condensate collects in the tank. As the level of water in the air separating tank increases, float will rise causing discharge valve to open, allowing water to return to the boiler through discharge pipe.
1092
P132. What shall be done when a jet type vacuum pump system is first put into operation?
The air separating tank must be primed.
1093
P133. How can a sump be defined?
As a watertight pit or receptacle at a low elevation into which liquid wastes or liquid carried wastes are drained. It is a tank or pit, sometimes called a sump pit that receives sewage or liquid waste, located below the normal grade of gravity system, and must be emptied by mechanical means.
1094
P134. What is called a sewage ejector?
The pump device used to pump sanitary drainage from plumbing fixtures to a higher elevation.
1095
P135. What is called a sump pump?
The pumping device used to pump non polluted drainage from floor drains or other clear water sources.
1096
P136. What are the similarities between a sewage ejector and a sump pump?
They are basically composed of a receiving basin (or sump) designed to collect the drainage, and to house the pumping equipment used to pump liquids and wastes from the basin to a point of connection with a gravity drainage system. Both use automatic controls which activate the pumping equipment when the basins become filled, and stop it when the basins are emptied to predetermined levels. The design of sewage ejector and sump pumps are generally of the centrifugal type. They are both generally wet-pit mounted vertical pumps.
1097
P137. What is the difference in function, design, and purpose of sewage ejectors and sump pumps?
Sewage ejectors are non clogging-type pumps designed for transferring sewage containing insoluble solids from sanitary lumping fixtures in buildings. They have specially designed impellers and volutes and usually are not furnished with suction strainers. Sump pump usually handle only waste or storm water with few or no solids. Most plumbing codes require vents on sewage ejectors but seldom require them on sump pumps unless they are handling sewage.
1098
P138. What is advantage of submersible-type pumps for sump?
They solve the problem of excessive depth, cost or space and are available for both clean water and sewage applications. The motor and pump are below water level and are usually more efficient in operation because they are usually of close-coupled construction.
1099
P139. Why do some codes require the use of a duplex sewage ejector?
In order to providebforbshortnperiodbofbhigh flow, maintenance, or pump failure, some codes require the installation of two duplex) pumps. According to one recognized plumbing code, a duplex sewage ejector is required whenever a pit or basin services more than 6 water closets.
1100
P140. How does a duplex sewage ejector operate?
Both pump do not operate simultaneously. A control device causes the pumps to be activated alternately. Both pumps operate only if there is more flow into the basin than one pump can handle. Each pump must be large enough to handle the entire flow by itself. This is a safety precaution in the event of failure of one of the pumps. Pumps that will handle solids up to 3" size are recommended.
1101
P141. What are six important factors concerning the installation of the basin?
1. Depth of basin. 2. Distance between top of basin and basin inlet. 3. Size of basin. 4. Solid vibration free foundation. 5. Size of piping. 6. Elimination of noise.
1102
P142. Sizes of sump?
1. Sump depths are determined by the lowest line entering the sump, incremental pump depths (usually 6"). 2. Minimum recommended clearances below the pump suction (usually one and half to two times the pipe diameter. 3. A minimum of 3' should be provided from the invert if the lowest line entering the bottom of the sump. 4. The distance between the maximum liquid level and the basin cover should be 1/3 of the storage area between the high and low liquid levels, but not less than 2'.
1103
P143. Connection of sump pumps or ejectors?
Discharge piping must always be as large or larger than the size of the pump connection, as short and direct as possible and supported independently of the pump. Any refusers required should be eccentric for complete drainage. A check valve should be installed to prevent backflow and a gate valve for maintenance of the pump and check valve. Weighted-lever check valve are used to ensure positive shut-off. Resilient-type or aluminum-flapper check valves can be used where noise may be a problem. In critical areas, the pump base plate should be installed on rubber or another resilient isolation material and flexible connectors Installed in discharge piping.
1104
P144. Parts of a duplex sewage ejector installation?
1. Sump pit (basin) inlet. 2. Check valve. 3. Gate valve. 4. Ejector discharge to gravity drainage system. 5. Vent line to atmosphere. 6. Float switch. 7. High water alarm. 8. Manhole cover.
1105
P145. Why are check valves and gate valves located in the pump discharge piping?
The discharge from the two pumps is yoked together into a single pipe line, check valves must be installed to prevent the discharge from the one pump entering the other discharge line. Gate valves are installed in the discharge piping to aid in pump maintenance. The gate valves location on the discharge side of the check valve assures that the check valve can be isolated from the discharge of the other pump.
1106
P146. Two different types of sewage ejector installations?
1. Wet pit installation. | 2. Dry pit installation.
1107
P147. When are a dry pit sewage ejector installations used and what does additional equipment it require?
Where floor space (on the top of pit) is limited and flooding is marginal and it require a sump pump in the dry section of pit.
1108
P148. Describe the purpose and function of three types controls used to switch the pumps on and off on sewage ejectors?
Generally pumps are floatcontrolled, whereby a floating ball and rod, micro switch, mercury float switch or water-level detector starts and stops the pump at different adjustable water levels. They should not start more often than every 3 to 5 minutes and operate for 10 minutes. In critical applications, a high-water level alarm that activates an alarm device when the water level rises above a predetermined point is used. It may be installed to operate in parallel from one float device, operate separately from different water levels, alternate periodically, or operate in a lead-lag arrangement to prolong the life of each pump.
1109
P149. What does a float switch assembly consist of?
1. A float. 2. Float rod. 3. Rod Guide. 4. Adjusting stops. 5. Gas tight pedestal. 6. Float switch.
1110
P150. What are mechanical alternator of float switch assembly designed to?
Provide a positive means of alternating the operation of the two pumps on a duplex system.
1111
P151. What must be done before a sewage pumping system is put into operation?
1. Be sure that lubrication of the pump and driver is performed. 2. All valves are in their normal operating position . 3. The basin has been cleaned of debris.
1112
P152. Types of boiler feed pump?
1. Low capacity: predominately of the centrifugal type, single diffuser type. 2. For high pressure and high capacity installations: multy-stage.
1113
P153. What is the function of a boiler feed pump?
Supply the water to a boiler in sufficient quantity and pressure to maintain a safe water level in the boiler. The pressure which the pump produces must exceed the boiler pressure. This differential must also take into consideration the various resistances that the water will be subjected to as it leaves the pump outlet. The pumps are controlled bylevel controls on the boiler. They are normally sized to accommodate system surges and also to provide for the addition of a fresh water as required. Low water cut-off switches and alarms are often included in the boiler feed system.
1114
P154. Typical piping diagram for vented boiler feed unit?
1. ! Return to the system line. 2. Inlet strainer. 3. Drain line from return and tank. 4. Boiler feed receiver. 5. Boiler feed pump(s). 6. Pump discharge line. 7. Make-up water supply with manual bypass. 8. Air gap fitting. 9. Overflow loop with loop fill, drain land vent lines. 10. Full size open air vent.
1115
P155. Explain why are any training manual on pumps must also include information about compressors whether they are used in refrigeration systems, in medical gas systems, in compressed air systems, in pneumatic control systems or simply used for testing purposes?
Compressed air is used for automatic controls on heating, cooling, ventilating and air conditioning equipment. The controller , a thermostat for instance, varies the amount of compressed air passing through a circuit of the system. This compressed air operates the controlled devices, valves or damper operators in a building, on demand of the thermostat.
1116
P156. Component of an air compressor for use with a pneumatic control system?
1. Pressure switch. 2. Motor. 3. Drive belt. 4. Compressor. 5. Intake filter. 6. Tank. 7. Drain cock. 8. Outlet filter with drain cock, 9. Reducing pressure valve with high and low pressure gages. 10. Main air line. 11. Branch air line to thermostat. 12. Valve operator.
1117
P157. Describe the operation of the compression cycle of a piston type reciprocating compressor (compression pump)?
On the downstroke of the piston a partial vacuum is created inside the cylinder and atmospheric pressure causes air to force the suction valve open and fill the cylinder. On the upward stroke of the piston, the air is compressed and the pressure inside the cylinder increases. This holds the suction valve closed and forces the air to flow out of the cylinder past the discharge valve and into the discharge pipe.
1118
P158. Explain why is the installation and servicing of medical air compressors one of the most critical tasks a U.A. journeyworker must do?
The main requirement for air compressors in a level 1 (hospital) installation is to supply air with no added contamination. The air is used to support life and when mixed with other gases, the proper results can be achieved. The air in a medical gas system can be used for no other purpose than direct patient therapy. That is why the cleanliness and efficiency is so critical.
1119
P159. What is the accepted authority on medical gas installations in health care facilities in the United States?
The National Fire Protection Association Standard NFPA-99.
1120
P160. Why should not a medical air compressor be used as a compressed air supply source to supply air for other purposes?
Such use could increase service additional opportunities for contamination.
1121
P161. Two basic types of compressors used in medical gas systems?
1. An oil-less. | 2. An oil-free.
1122
P161. What is oil-free compressor?
Type B compressors contain an oil lubricated cross head piston and crank mechanism., and a dry cylinder compression chamber that, are isolated by means of at least two seals. These seals ensure a 99.99% possibility of oil-free air. With wear of the seals, oil migration into the discharge line will possibly increase, therefore the interconnecting shaft be open for visual inspection.
1123
P162. What is conventional lubricated piston compressors?
They have oil-filled crankcases; thus oil vapor is always present in the compression chamber and discharge line. Filtration, the common solution, is expensive and requires constant maintenance. In commercial and industrial application, a conventional lubricated compressor is acceptable; in medical air systems, they are prohibited.
1124
P163. What is an oil-less piston compressor?
It is one way to meet the goal of 100% oil-less air: use self-lubricated pistons and skirts, as well as sealed for life bearings. The crank mechanism operates in what Amounts to a dry state, assuring no oil in the discharge line.
1125
P164. What are methods of delivering 100% oil-less air?
1. An oil-less piston compressor. | 2. A liquid ring compressor.
1126
P165. What is a liquid ring compressor?
There is only one moving part, the impeller, and no metal to metal contact. The service water enters the compressor after passing through a strainer, solenoid valve, flow control valve, backflow preventer and dielectric fitting. The water combined with the spinning impeller compresses the air and discharge both water and air. This system draws air through a filter into the inlet of the compressor and discharges the air through a dryer into a receiver tank, using water to compress the air.
1127
P166. What are requirements for medical air compressors installations?
1. Monitors with alarms to insure against high temperatures, high water levels (in liquid ring compressors), dew point, carbon monoxide and other gases. 2. Two or more compressors , running alternately, with dedicated disconnect switches.
1128
P167. What are some of the installation requirements concerning the use of pipe, pipe fittings and valves in a fire protection system?
Steel pipe must be used above ground. The only exception to this requirement is when you connect to underground suction and underground discharge piping. Where corrosive water conditions Acosta, steel suction pipe shall be galvanized, or painted on the inside, prior to installation, with a paint recommended for submerged surfaces. Thick bituminous linings are not permitted. Section of steel piping are joined by means of screwed, flanged (with flanges welded to pipe preferred), mechanical grooved joints, or other approved fittings.
1129
P168. What is tuberculation?
Small knobs or buttons of rust on the inside of the pipe.
1130
P169. How can pipe breakage caused by movement be lessened?
By increasing flexibility between major parts of the piping. Flexibility between major parts of the piping. Flexibility can be provided by the use of flexible couplings at critical points, and by allowing clearances at walls and floors.
1131
P170. Explain why must a listed check valve be installed in the pump-discharge assembly?
Large systems and systems in high buildings can experience objectionable water hammer when an automatic controlled fire pump shuts down. When such conditions are expected, a listed (approved) check valve must be installed in the pump discharge piping and it should be of the anti-water hammer type. A listed indicating gate or butterfly valve must be installed on the system side of the check valve.
1132
P171. What are connections and fittings are usually needed to complete the installation of a centrifugal fire pump?
1. Pressure gages. 2. Relief valves. 3. Water measuring devices. 4. Hose valves. 5. Meters. 6. Jockey pumps.
1133
P172. Give a brief description of the use of pressure gages in a fire sprinkler system?
1. a pressure gage with a dial not less than 3 1/2" in diameter shall be connected near the discharge casing along with a 1/4" gage valve or cock. The dial must indicate pressure at least twice the rated working pressure of the pump, but not less than 200 psig. 2. A compound pressure and vacuum gage, with a dial not less than 3 1/2" in diameter must be connected to the suction pipe near the pump along with a one-quarter inch gage valve or gage cock. The face of the dial can read in inches of mercury (Hg) or pounds per Square inch for the suction range.
1134
P173. Give a brief description of the use of a circulation relief valve (casing relief valve)?
Each pump driven by an electric motor shall be provided with an automatic relief valve listed for fire pump service and set below its shutoff or churn-pressure at minimum expected suction pressure. It must provide circulation of sufficient water to prevent the pump from overheating when operating with no discharge, which could otherwise cause the bearings to seize.
1135
P174. Give a brief description of the use of relief valves in a fire sprinkler system?
The relief valve must be set to prevent pressure on the fire-protection system exceeding what the system is designed to withstand. The relief valve must be located between the pump and the pump-discharge check valve and be so attached that it can be readily removed for repairs without disturbing the piping.
1136
P175. What is shut off pressure?
Maximum pressure is developed at a zero flow rate by afire pump.
1137
P176. What is the pressure that fire sprinklers can be subject to?
The 175 psig.
1138
P177. Give a brief description of the use of water measuring devices in a fire sprinkler system?
A water-measuring device must be provided to test the pump and the suction supply at the maximum flow available from the fire pump.
1139
P178. Give a brief description of the use of hose valves?
The most common devices for testing pump discharge capacity are listed hose valves mounted on a header. The hose valve piping connects to the pump discharge piping between the discharge check valve and the discharge gate valve. They should be outside the pump room or pump house. The hose valve header may be omitted when its main function is to provide a method of pump and suction pipe testing and if there are other adequate pump testing facilities, such as yard hydrants, wall hydrants, or standpipe hose valves.
1140
P179. Give a brief description of the use of meters in a fire sprinkler system?
Metering device for pump testing shall be listed and capable of water flow of not less than 175% of the pump's rated capacity. The minimum size meter for a given pump capacity may be used where the meter system piping does not exceed one hundred feet equivalent length . Where it exceeds, the next large size piping shall be used to minimize friction loss.
1141
P180. Give a brief description of the use of hickey pump Ina fire sprinkler system?
It is usually required with automatically controlled fire pumps. A jockey pump is a high-pressure, low capacity pump. It is used to replenish system pressure lost through system leaks without undue wear on the fire pump. In a jockey pump system a small pump, motor, and controller/pressure switch is installed in the piping system.
1142
P181. How does a jockey pump sometimes referred to?
As a pressure maintenance or make-up pump.
1143
P182. What is the difference between a horizontal pump and a vertical pump?
Probably the easier way to differentiate between the two is to note that the supply to a horizontal pump is piped from a water source (a city connection or a tank) while the impellers of a vertical pump sit in the supply (a wet pit or a well).
1144
P183. What are designs of horizontal pumps used in fire sprinkler systems?
1. A horizontal-shaft split-case pump. 2. An end-suction pump. 3. An in-line pump.
1145
P184. What is a horizontal-shaft split-case pump?
It is specially tested for fire service applications where reliability of performance is of vital importance. They are characterized by easy access to all working parts, rugged construction, liberal water passages, and efficient operation. It has one flanged fitting for connection to the water supply and another for connection to the fire protection system. A shaft extends out one end to connect to the power source.
1146
P185. What is an end-suction pump?
The water inlet is at the end of the pump rather than on the side. The discharge may be out either side or the top of the pump unit.
1147
P186. What is an in-line pump used in fire sprinkler system?
It is a variation of the end-suction style with the inlet and outlet connection in a straight line for installation in a straight line of piping. The motor is mounted directly on the pump so that no baseplate, coupling, etc. are needed. The motor is mounted vertically over the pump so that a minimum of floor space is required.
1148
P187. What are some of the installation requirements of the suction pipe and fittings?
1. The suction pipe must be capable of maintaining a gage pressure of at least zero at the pump suction flange, with all pumps connected to the supply pipe operating at 150% of their rated capacity. 2. When the suction pipe is not the same size as the pump suction flange, use an eccentric tapered reducer with flat side on the top. 3. Elbows with a centerline plane parallel to the pump shaft must be avoided, unless the distance between the flange of the suction inlet and the elbow is greater than ten times the suction pipe diameter.
1149
P188. What type of control valve must be used on the suction supply?
It must be a listed OS&Y valve. While butterfly valves are permitted on the pump discharge, they must not be installed on the supply side of a fire pump or jockey pump within 50' of the pump suction flange. Turbulence caused in water passing a butterfly valve would cause cavitation. Where the suction supply is from public water mains, the gate valve should be located as far as is practical from the suction flange on the pump. Where it comes from a stored water container, the gate valve should be located at the outlet of the container.
1150
P189. What shall not be installed in the suction piping of fire pump?
Device or assembly that will stop, restrict the starting, or restrict the discharge of a fire pump.
1151
P190. What shall be installed in the suction piping of a fire pump?
1. Shutoff valve. 2. Check valves and back flow prevention devises and assemblies required by other NFPA standards or by the authority having jurisdiction. 3. Pressure sensitive flow control valves listed for fire pump, service where the authority having jurisdiction requires that positive pressure be maintained on the suction piping.
1152
P191. What suitable devices may be installed in the suction supply piping or stored water supply?
As long as they are arranged to activate an alarm if the pump suction pressure or water level falls below a predetermined minimum. Pumps which are automatically controlled must be provided with an approved float-operated air release not less than 1/2" in size to release air from the pump automatically. This is not required for end suction pumps with a top centerline discharge, or on in-line pumps.
1153
P192. How are pumps designated from the view of rotation?
1. A clockwise (CW), or right-hand, rotation. | 2. A counterclockwise (CCW), or left-hand, rotation.
1154
P193. How are Diesel engines commonly stacked and supplied?
With clockwise rotation.
1155
P194. How can the rotation of a horizontal pump be determined?
Stand at the driver end and facing the pump. If the top of the shaft revolves from the left to the right, the rotation is clockwise. If the top of the shaft revolves from right to left, the rotation is counterclockwise.
1156
P195. What is the turbine pump?
A vertical-shaft centrifugal pump with rotating impellers suspended from the pump head by a column pipe. This column pipe also serves as a support for the shaft and bearings.
1157
P196. Where is the turbine pump particularly suitable for fire pump service?
When the water source is located below ground, or where it would be difficult to install any other type of pump below the minimum water level.
1158
P197. Types of a turbine pumps?
1. Oil-lubricated enclosed-line-shaft. | 2. Water lubricated open-line-shaft pump.
1159
P198. When is fire pump suction from wells acceptable?
If the adequacy and reliability of the well is established and the entire installation conforms to the NFPA fire pump standard.
1160
P199. What is mean of providing the necessary submerge nice for vertical-shaft turbine pumps for well installations?
In order to provide for reliable operation of the fire-pump unit, submerge cue of the second impeller from the bottom of the pump-bowl assembly shall be not less than 10' below the pumping water level at 150% of rated capacity. The submergence must be increased by 1' for each 1000' of elevation the installation of above sea level.
1161
P200. What is mean of providing the necessary submergence for vertical-shaft turbine pumps for wet pit installations?
In order to provide submergence for priming the elevation of the second impeller from the bottom of the pump-bowl assembly shall be such that it is below the lowest pumping water level in the open body of water supplying the pit. For pumps with rated-capacities of 2000 gpm or greater, additional submergence may be required to prevent the formation of vortices and/or prevent excessive cavitation. The required submergence shall be obtained from the pump manufacturer.
1162
P201. What does a typical vertical-shaft turbine pump essentially consists of?
1. A motor head or right-angle gear drive. 2. A column pipe and discharge fitting. 3. An open or enclosed drive shaft. 4. A bowl assembly (containing the impellers). 5. A suction strainer.
1163
P202. What is required on a vertical-shaft turbine pump installation?
1. Automatic air-release valve. | 2. Water-level detector.
1164
P203. Describe the automatic air-release valve on a vertical-shaft turbine pump installation?
A 1 1/2" or larger valve is required to vent air from the column and the discharge head upon the starting of a pump. This valve will also admit air to the column to dissipate the vacuum at that location there when the pump stops. It must be located at the highest point in the is charge line between the fire pump and the discharge check valve. A check valve mounted vertically in the inverted position is commonly used. Air will pass through the check valve, but water pressure will close its clapper.
1165
P204. Describe the water-level detector for vertical-shaft turbine pump?
Each well installation shall be equipped with a suitable water-level detector. If a permanently installed air-line is used, it shall be of corrosion-resistant metal, such as copper, and be strapped to the column pipe at ten foot intervals. A satisfactory method of determining the water level involves the use of an air-line of small pipe or tubing with known vertical length, a pressure gage, and an ordinary bicycle pump. The air-line pipe of known length extends beyond the lowest anticipated water level in the well.
1166
P205. The three step method of installing a vertical-shaft turbine pump?
1. Construct a lifting device such as a tripod or portable Derrick and use two sets of installing clamps over the open well or pump house. After the lifting device is in place, the alignment should be checked carefully with the well or wet pit to avoid any trouble when setting the pump. 2. Attach a set of clamps to the suction pipe on which the strainer has already been placed and lower it into the well or wet pit until the clamps rest on a block beside the well casing or on the pump foundation. 3. Attach clamps to the pump-stage assembly and bring it over the well casing. Install pump stages to suction pipe, etc., until each piece has been installed according with the manufacturer's instructions.
1167
P206. Explain how are vertical pump usually driven by electric motors?
Motors mount directly on the top of the pump discharge base fitting. They sit in a vertical position and are bolted directly to the pump. No alignment check is necessary. The position of the impellers in the pump unit is controlled by an adjustment of the coupling at the motor. This is referred to as the lateral adjustment. It must be made prior to start up. Failure to set this properly will cause immediate damage to the pump.
1168
P207. Explain how are vertical pump usually driven by Diesel engines?
A right-angle gear drive is usually used to connect the vertical pump shaft to the horizontal Diesel engine shaft. The right-angle gear mounts on the pump discharge base in the same manner as an electric motor. The lateral adjustment is the same as for an electric motor and must be done prior to start-up or damage to the pump will result. The horizontal shaft of the gear is normally connected to the Diesel engine by a flexible shaft and universal joint arrangement. Alignment of these shafts differs from usual in that perfect alignment is not correct. There should be misalignment of these shafts, as specified by the pump's manufacturer, to ensure proper operation.
1169
P208. Why could all vertical pump be damaged if started while it is in reverse rotation?
The installations are equipped with a non-reverse ratchet. If a pump lacked such a ratchet, receding water in the pump columns when the driving power ceases would cause back-spin.
1170
P209. What precautions must be taken prior to putting a unit in operation?
All field installed electrical connections, as well as the discharge piping from the pump must be checked. With the top drive coupling removed, the drive shaft must be centered in the top drive coupling for proper alignment, and the motor shall be operated for a moment to ensure that it rotates in the proper direction. The impellers must be set for proper clearance. The top drive coupling shall then be reinstalled. Than the pump shall be started and allowed to run. The operation is to be observed for vibration while running and also for any malfunctioning of the pump driver.
1171
P210. List several conditions may be causing excessive vibration in pumping units of vertical fire pump?
1. A bent pump or column shaft. 2. Impellers not properly set within the pump bowls. 3. Pump not hanging freely in the well. 4. Strain transmitted through the discharge piping.
1172
P211. What is generally caused excessive motor temperature?
By either a maintained low voltage of the electric service or an improper setting of impellers within the pump bowls.
1173
PG1. Administrative authority?
The individual official, board, department, or agency established and authorized by a state, county, city, or other political subdivision created by law to administer and enforce the provision of the plumbing code. Also known as authority having jurisdiction.
1174
PG2. Alarm?
1. Any audible or visible signal indicating existence of a fire or emergency requiring evacuation of occupants and response and emergency action on the part of the firefighting service. 2. The alarm device(s) by which fire and emergency signals are received.
1175
PG3. Alarm check valve?
A check valve, equipped with a signaling device, that will annunciate a remote alarm when a sprinkler head(s) is discharging.
1176
PG4. Alignment?
The act of forming a straight line, either horizontal, vertical, or at a given angle.
1177
PG5. Approved testing laboratory or agency?
Refers to an accredited laboratory or agency having capabilities for both the laboratory and field evaluation of backflow prevention assemblies or devices.
1178
PG6. ASHRAE?
Abbreviation for the American society of heating, air conditioning and refrigerating engineers.
1179
PG7. ASME?
Abbreviation for American society of mechanical engineers.
1180
PG8. Atmospheric pressure?
The weight of air bearing down on the surface of the earth that causes pressure of about 14.7 lbs. to be exerted on each square inch at sea level.
1181
PG9. Authority having jurisdiction?
The organization, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, materials, installation, or procedure.
1182
PG10. AWWA?
Abbreviation for American water works association?
1183
PG11. Cavitation?
A forming of partial vacuums in a swiftly moving liquid which causes the ottomh and wearing away of solid surfaces as a result of the collapse of these vacuums in the surrounding liquid.
1184
PG12. Cavitation damage?
Deterioration of a surface caused by cavitation (sadden formation and collapse of cavities in a liquid).
1185
PG13. Centrifugal force?
The force which tends to impel a thing or parts of a thing outward from a center of rotation.
1186
PG14. Circulator?
A pump to force the circulation of liquid in a system.
1187
PG15. Code?
An authoritative book of rules and regulations. Those regulations, subsequent amendments thereto, or any emergency rule or regulation which the administrative authority having jurisdiction may lawfully adopt.
1188
PG16. Compressor?
A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of air or gas.
1189
PG17. Cup washer, leather, rubber?
1. A gasket or washer in the form of a disk with a hole in its center and raised out peripheral edge. 2. Shaped like a cup, may be rubber or other material.
1190
PG18. Department having jurisdiction?
The administrative authority and any other law enforcement agency affected by any provision of a code, whether such agency is specifically named or not.
1191
PG19. Discernible?
To detect or perceive something obscure or concealed?
1192
PG20. Discharge head, dynamic?
Static discharge plus pressure need at the end of a pipe, less the frictional resistance of the discharge pipe.
1193
PG21. Discharge head, static?
The vertical distance from the outlet of a pump to the point at which liquid leaves a pipe.
1194
PG22. Displacement pump?
A pump such as an air lift that raises or transfers a fluid by direct displacement with no transformation of energy due to the fluids motion into pressure.
1195
PG23. Dry-pipe valve?
A valve used with a dry-pipe sprinkler system where water is on one side of the valve and air is on the other side. When a sprinkler head's fusible link melts, releasing air from the system, this valve opens, allowing water to flow to the sprinkler head.
1196
PG24. Can fire pump?
A vertical-shaft, turbine-type pump in a can (suction vessel) for installation in a pipeline to raise water pressure.
1197
PG25. Centrifugal fire pump?
A pump in which the pressure is developed principally by the action of centrifugal force.
1198
PG26. End-suction fire pump?
A single-suction pump having its suction nozzle on the opposite side of the casing from the stuffing box and having the face of the suction nozzle perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft.
1199
PG27. Excess pressure fire pump?
UL-listed and/or FM-approved, low-flow, high-head pump for sprinkler systems not being supplied from a fire pump, the pump pressurizes the sprinkler system so that the loss of water supply pressure will not cause a false alarm.
1200
PG28. Fire pump?
UL-listed and/or FM-approved pump with driver, controls, and accessories used for fire protection service. Fire pumps are of the centrifugal or turbine type and usually have an electric-motor or diesel-engine driver.
1201
PG29. Horizontal fire pump?
A pump with the shaft normally in a horizontal position.
1202
PG30. Horizontal split-case fire pump?
A centrifugal pump characterized by a housing that is split parallel to the shaft.
1203
PG31. In-line fire pump?
A centrifugal pump in which the drive unit is supported by the pump, having its suction and discharge flanges on approximately the same center line.
1204
PG32. Pressure maintenance (jockey) pump?
Pump with controls and accessories used to maintain pressure in a fire protection system without the operation of the fire pump. Does not have to be a listed pump.
1205
PG33. Vertical shaft turbine fire pump?
A centrifugal pump with one or more impellers discharging into one or more impellers discharging into one or more bowls and a vertical educator or column pipe used to connect the bowl(s) to the discharge head on which the pump driver is mounted.
1206
PG34. Friction?
Resistance of the relative motion between two bodies in contact with one another. In piping systems resistance creates a decrease in the velocity of a fluid at the surface with which it is in contact.
1207
PG35. Gage pressure?
The pressure at a point in a fluid above that of the atmosphere; measured where atmospheric pressure is considered as0.
1208
PG36. Gpm?
Gallons per minute.
1209
PG37. Head?
The difference in elevation between two points in a body of fluids with the resulting pressure of the fluid at the lower point expressible at the height or pressure of the fluid.
1210
PG38. Hydrostatic?
A term (in piping systems) used to describe a system under pressure but at rest (not flowing).
1211
PG39. Hydrostatic test?
Type of test used to locate leaks in za pressurized piping system.
1212
PG40. Impeller?
A blade type device that provides flow within a centrifugal pump by using centrifugal force.
1213
PG41. Invert?
The lower portion of the inside of any horizontal pipe.
1214
PG42. Invert elevation?
The elevation of the inside bottom of a pipe or conduit.
1215
PG43. Kinetic energy?
Energy possessed by a body in motion.
1216
PG44. Listed?
Term describing equipment and materials included in a list published by an organization acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned (a listing agency).
1217
PG45. Listing agency?
An agency accepted by the administrative authority that lists or labels certain models of a product and maintains a periodic inspection program on the current production of listed models. It makes available a published report of its listing, including information indicating that the products have been tested, comply with generally accepted standards, and are found safe for use in a specified manner.
1218
PG46. Lubricant?
Any substance which reduces the friction between moving solid surfaces.
1219
PG47. Negative pressure?
Pressure less than atmospheric pressure.
1220
PG48. NFPA?
Abbreviation for "national fire protection association".
1221
PG49. OS&Y?
Outside screw and yoke.
1222
PG50. Piston pump?
A pumping machine in which either pressure or suction is the result of the movement of a piston type plug or plunger.
1223
PG51. Positive displacement?
A term used to describe a type of pump which delivers the same amount of fluid for each pumping cycle.
1224
PG52. Pressure?
Force acting on a specific area usually measured in psig.
1225
PG53. Pressure drop?
Loss of pressure due to friction as a fluid flows through piping.
1226
Pg54. Psi?
Pound per square inch.
1227
PG54. Psig?
Pound per square gage.
1228
PG55. Pump?
1. A device or machine that raises, transfers, or compresses fluids or that attenuated gases especially by suction or pressure or both. 2. Apparatus for raising, exhausting, driving or compressing fluids, air or gases by means of a piston, plunger, or rotating vanes. 3. To work a pump, raise or move a fluid with pump. To move up and down like a pump handle.
1229
PG56. Pump, Jockey?
A small usually high pressure pump used to maintain the design system pressure in a fire protection (sprinkler or standpipe) system.
1230
PG57. Pump gage?
An instrument to measure pressure of flow associated to a pump.
1231
PG58. Pumps, non-positive displacement?
Liquid enters at the center of rotation of a pump impeller and is thrown outward into a casing or volute. (Volute and diffuser centrifugal, multistage, propeller, peripheral).
1232
PG59. Rate of flow?
A term used to describe the volume of a moving fluid related to time. Measured in gpm, cu. ft./min., etc.
1233
PG60. Residual pressure?
Pressure available under full flow conditions.
1234
PG61. Sewage ejector?
A device for lifting and discharging sewage; a device for moving sewage by entraining it on a high velocity stream, air or water jet.
1235
PG62. Siamese connection?
A flush or exposed divider on a building having two or three hose threaded inlets feeding a single outlet, and serves as part of that building's fire protection system.
1236
PG63. Sprinkler system?
An integrated system of underground and overhead piping designed in accordance with fire protection engineering standards. The installation includes one or more automatic water supplies. The oration of sprinkler system above ground is a network of specially sized or hydraulically designed piping installed in a building, structure, or area, generally overhead, and to which sprinklers are attached in a systematic pattern. The valve controlling each system riser is located in the system riser or its supply piping. Each sprinkler system riser includes a device for actuating an alarm when the system is in operation. The system is activated by heat from a fire and discharges water over the fire area.
1237
PG64. Automatic sprinkler system types?
1. Wet-pipe systems. 2. Dry-pipe systems. 3. Re-action systems. 4. Deluge systems. 5. Combined dry-pipe and pre-action systems.
1238
PG64. Static pressure?
The pressure within a system under no flow conditions (at rest).
1239
PF65. Suction lift, dynamic?
Static suction lift less the friction resistance of the suction pipe of a pump.
1240
PG66. Suction lift, static?
The vertical distance from the free surface of a liquid to the inlet of a pump.
1241
PG67. Sump?
Water tight receptacle placed at a low elevation so that liquids or liquid waste can be drained into and retained for removal usually to a higher elevation by use of a pump or pumps.
1242
PG68.. Sump pump?
A mechanical device for removing liquid from a sump or pit.
1243
PG69. Total dynamic head (TDH)?
The pressure or head developed by a pump to overcome friction loss under flow conditions.
1244
PG70. Tuberculation?
Small knobs or buttons of rust on the inside of a pipe.
1245
PG71. Turbulence?
A state of fluid flow in which the instantaneous velocities and pressures exhibit irregular and random fluctuation, as produced by an abstraction of friction.
1246
PG72. Upstream?
Term referring to a location in the direction of flow before reaching a referenced point.
1247
PG73. Vacuum?
A pressure less than atmospheric pressure. It is usually measured by the number of inches of mercury below atmospheric pressure.
1248
PG74. Vapor?
A diffused matter suspended floating in the air and impairing its transparency, a substance in a gaseous state as distinguished from a liquid or solid state, or a gaseous substance that is at a temperature temperature below its critical temperature and, therefore, liquefiable by pressure alone.
1249
PG75. Vaporization?
The pressure of converting a liquid into a vapor ;boiling, evaporation, and flashing).
1250
PG76. Velocity, liquids?
The rate at which liquids move through a piping system usually measured in feet per second.
1251
PG77. Volute?
A spiraling passageway inside of a centrifugal pump discharge casing.
1252
P212. Pump bearing lubrication?
Add 1 oz of a grade #1 or 2 grease at intervals of three to six months. Use the lighter grease for operation at high speed or low room temperature. Mineral grease with a soda base is recommended. The maximum desirable operating temperature for ball bearings is 180*F.

Plumbing (23 decks)

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