Burger (2009) Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today?

Question 1

In Burger’s 2009 study, he aimed to replicate Milgram’s findings while making it more ____ and testing the ____ in more detail.

Answer 1

ethical, hypotheses

Question 2

Burger’s study incorporated elements from Milgram’s Variation #5 and Variation #17, including a learner with a ____ and a second teacher who ____ the main participant to stop.

Answer 2

heart condition, encourages

Question 3

The significance of Burger’s study lies in its demonstration of how scientific research can be ____ and how it explores both ____ and individual differences.

Answer 3

replicated, social behavior

Question 4

In the Milgram study, participants experienced distress at high voltage levels, but Burger found that those who rebelled did so by ____ volts, marking the ____ of no return.

Answer 4

150, point

Question 5

Burger’s study illustrates the power of the experimental method by manipulating an ____ and drawing conclusions about ____ from differences in the DV.

Answer 5

independent variable, cause and effect

Question 6

To ensure ethical standards, Burger argues that continuing the experiment beyond ____ volts is unnecessary, as it causes ____ distress to participants.

Answer 6

150, unnecessary

Question 7

The design of Burger’s study is significant because it uses an ____ Groups design, which helps in understanding the effects of ____ on obedience.

Answer 7

Independent, variables

Question 8

Burger’s research is important for students as it shows how research can be time-locked, meaning conclusions may not hold ____ over time.

Answer 8

true

Question 9

In evaluating Burger’s study, one might consider aspects such as methods, findings, reliability, validity, and ____.

Answer 9

ethics

Question 10

The study by Burger is a partial replication of Milgram’s work, which is significant for illustrating the importance of ____ in psychological research.

Answer 10

ethical considerations

Question 11

In Burger’s study, the two personality traits he focused on were ____ and ____.

Answer 11

empathy, locus of control

Question 12

The main independent variable in Burger’s study was the base condition compared to the ____ condition.

Answer 12

model refusal

Question 13

Burger aimed to see if personality variables like empathy and locus of control influence ____.

Answer 13

obedience

Question 14

Participants in Burger’s study were aged between ____ and ____ years old.

Answer 14

20, 81

Question 15

The dependent variable in Burger’s study was measured by how many volts the last shock was before the participant ____, exhausted all the prods, or reached ____V.

Answer 15

refused to go on, 150

Question 16

Burger’s study was conducted in the year ____ and aimed to replicate Milgram’s study from ____ .

Answer 16

2009, 1963

Question 17

The sample for Burger’s study consisted of ____ participants who were a mixture of men and ____ .

Answer 17

70, women

Question 18

Participants were recruited through newspaper ads and ____ left in libraries for Burger’s study.

Answer 18

online fliers

Question 19

Burger’s study included a two-step screening process for participants with ____ knowledge and those with ____ issues.

Answer 19

psychological, drug or emotional

Question 20

The presence of a disobedient ‘model’ in Burger’s study was expected to influence levels of ____.

Answer 20

obedience

Question 21

In the experiment, the teacher watches the learner being strapped into the electric chair and then sits at the ____ generator in an adjacent ____.

Answer 21

shock, room

Question 22

The test shock that the participant receives in Burger’s experiment starts at ____ and goes up in ____ intervals.

Answer 22

15V, 15V

Question 23

The learner indicates he has a slight heart condition, but the experimenter assures the teacher that the shocks are ____ and not ____.

Answer 23

not harmful, painful

Question 24

In the ‘model refusal’ condition, a second confederate pretends to be a second teacher and at ____ volts, he refuses to go on, prompting the naïve participant to take over.

Answer 24

90V, take over

Question 25

Burger used the Interpersonal Reactivity Index to measure ____ and the Desirability of Control Scale to measure ____ in participants.

Answer 25

empathy, locus of control

Question 26

Burger implemented ethical controls such as a two-step screening process and warning participants that they could ____ at any point and still keep the ____ .

Answer 26

withdraw, $50

Question 27

The experimenter in Burger's study was a clinical psychologist skilled in spotting and reacting to ____ during the experiment.

Answer 27

distress, experiment

Question 28

In Burger's results, ____% of participants in the baseline condition were prepared to go past 150V, compared to ____% in Milgram’s Variation #5.

Answer 28

70%, 82.5%

Question 29

Burger found no significant difference in obedience between ____ and ____ participants in his study.

Answer 29

men, women

Question 30

The 'test shock' experienced by participants in Burger's study was only a mild ____V, unlike Milgram's painful ____V.

Answer 30

15V, 45V

Question 31

In the 'model refusal' condition, women were slightly less likely to obey, but this was not statistically _____.

Answer 31

significant

Question 32

Empathy did not significantly affect obedience, but those who stopped at 150V had a higher locus of _____ in the base condition.

Answer 32

control

Question 33

Burger concluded that Milgram's results still stand, indicating that people are influenced by _____ factors to obey authority.

Answer 33

situational

Question 34

Burger's assumption was that participants willing to go beyond 150V would also go to _____V, similar to Milgram's findings.

Answer 34

450

Question 35

The 'model refusal' results were not very different from the base condition, which is odd because Social Impact Theory suggests the impact of authority would be _____.

Answer 35

lessened

Question 36

Participants high in empathic concern showed reluctance to continue earlier, but this did not lead to a greater likelihood of _____ to continue.

Answer 36

refusing

Question 37

The presence of a refusing model may undermine the tendency to assert personal _____ in the 'model refusal' condition.

Answer 37

control

Question 38

Locus of control made a difference in obedience, suggesting some people resist the _____ state.

Answer 38

agentic

Question 39

Burger's sample included 70 people, which is larger than Milgram's sample of _____ people.

Answer 39

40

Question 40

Burger's sample covered a wider age range, from 20 to _____ years old, compared to Milgram's 20 to 50 years old.

Answer 40

81

Question 41

Two thirds of Burger's sample were women, while Milgram's sample was composed entirely of _____.

Answer 41

male

Question 42

Burger excluded people with emotional issues and some education in _____, which may have affected the _____ of the results.

Answer 42

Psychology, validity

Question 43

Milgram’s original procedure is reliable because it can be _____ and has been replicated in _____ Variations.

Answer 43

replicated, 19

Question 44

Burger followed Milgram’s script and used the same _____ every time to ensure consistency in his _____ study.

Answer 44

confederates, replication

Question 45

By filming the study, Burger enhances _____ reliability, allowing others to judge participants' _____ for themselves.

Answer 45

inter-rater, behavior

Question 46

The study shows how obedience to authority can be increased in settings like _____, _____, and prisons.

Answer 46

schools, workplaces

Question 47

Authority figures should wear symbols of authority and justify their power with reference to a _____ good.

Answer 47

greater

Question 48

Testing for locus of control might identify those likely to be _____, as those needing control are less likely to take _____ from others.

Answer 48

disobedient, orders

Question 49

Milgram’s study was criticized for lacking _____ validity due to the artificial nature of the task involving electric shocks.

Answer 49

ecological

Question 50

Participants were paid in advance, indicating that _____ pressure influenced their decision to continue shocking, not a _____ calculation.

Answer 50

social, cost/benefit

Question 51

Stopping the study at 150V may be _____ because it assumes participants would not have continued to higher voltages.

Answer 51

invalid

Question 52

Burger screened out participants likely to be _____ by the study, addressing ethical concerns from Milgram’s original experiment.

Answer 52

distressed

Question 53

The Experimenter in Burger's study was a trained _____ psychologist who could identify signs of distress.

Answer 53

clinical

Question 54

The study was approved by the university _____ Panel, which could shut it down if harm was evident.

Answer 54

Ethics

Question 55

Burger reduced the test shock from 45V to a mild _____ to minimize distress among participants.

Answer 55

15V

Question 56

Milgram’s participants were reduced to tears and some even _____ during the original study due to the high voltage shocks.

Answer 56

fainted

Question 57

In Burger's study, participants were deceived about the nature of the study, which was presented as a _____ study, not a _____ study.

Answer 57

memory, obedience

Question 58

Burger's study aimed to replicate Milgram's findings while being more _____ and reducing participant _____ during the experiment.

Answer 58

ethical, distress

Question 59

The BPS Ethical Guidelines state that participants must not experience _____; however, some participants in Burger's study may have felt _____ during the procedure.

Answer 59

distress, discomfort

Question 60

Burger's assumption that participants willing to go beyond 150V would continue to 450V is known as the _____, but this may not be a _____ assumption.

Answer 60

150 Volt Solution, correct

Question 61

To improve the validity of his study, Burger paid participants $50 in advance and informed them they could _____ at any time and still keep the _____ .

Answer 61

withdraw, money

Question 62

Unlike Milgram, Burger screened out individuals with _____ issues to ensure that the experimenter could identify signs of _____ in participants.

Answer 62

emotional, suffering

Question 63

Burger's study has been criticized for its lack of _____ validity, as the act of giving electric shocks is considered _____ in real life.

Answer 63

ecological, artificial

Question 64

The 'model refusal' condition in Burger's study showed that participants might have had second thoughts and _____ out later, challenging Burger's assumptions about their _____ .

Answer 64

backed, obedience

Question 65

Burger's study concluded that empathy did not significantly impact participants' decisions to continue, raising questions about _____ and _____ in obedience studies.

Answer 65

empathy, influence

Question 66

Burger's research was designed to address ethical concerns raised by Milgram's study, particularly regarding the _____ of participants during high-stress situations.

Answer 66

well-being