Interviews and self reporting Flashcards
1
Q
Self-reports are primarily used to gather information from ____ about their behavior or thoughts, contrasting with ____ which are researchers’ interpretations.
A
participants, observations
2
Q
Interviews can be categorized into three types: ____ interviews, ____ interviews, and ____ interviews, each varying in structure and formality.
A
unstructured, structured, semi-structured
3
Q
In structured interviews, the questions are ____ in advance, while in unstructured interviews, the conversation is more ____ and flexible.
A
fixed, natural
4
Q
Semi-structured interviews aim to combine the validity of ____ interviews with the reliability of ____ interviews, making them more effective but also more challenging.
A
unstructured, structured
5
Q
Questionnaires differ from interviews in that they are not conducted ____ and involve ____ responses from participants.
A
face-to-face, written
6
Q
Open questions in questionnaires allow respondents to answer in any way they like, while closed questions restrict answers to a ____ of responses.
A
list
7
Q
A Likert scale is used to measure attitudes by offering a statement and asking respondents to indicate their level of ____ or ____.
A
agreement, disagreement
8
Q
Multiple choice questions in questionnaires produce ____ level data, allowing researchers to express results as ____ of responses.
A
nominal, percentages
9
Q
Ranked scale questions provide ____ or ____ level data, allowing each respondent to receive their own score based on their answers.
A
interval, ratio
10
Q
Interviews can suffer from ____ effects, where the researcher’s tone or body language may influence the interviewee’s responses.
A
researcher
11
Q
In a semantic differential scale, the middle option scores ____, while placing yourself to the left or right scores ____.
A
0,-1,-2,+1,+2
12
Q
Questionnaires are more common than interviews in psychology because they allow for ____ numbers of respondents to fill them in at the same time and require ____ skills from the researcher.
A
large, no particular
13
Q
A psychometric test is a type of questionnaire that produces a score to measure a psychological ____, such as ____ traits.
A
characteristic,different personality
14
Q
The Rorschach Test, also known as the ____, is a projective test that reveals a person’s inner character through their interpretation of inkblots.
A
inkblot test
15
Q
Researcher effects can spoil the outcome of the self-report process because respondents may react to the researcher’s ____, ____, or ____ instead of the question itself.
A
appearance,body language,tone
16
Q
A solution to researcher effects is the ____ technique, where the person asking questions is unaware of the true purpose of the research.
A
double-blind
17
Q
Interviews suffer from researcher effects more than questionnaires, especially if the researcher is present when the questionnaire is being ____ or ____ .
A
filled out,completed
18
Q
In clinical interviews, psychologists use ____ questions to gather as much relevant information as possible for diagnosis, especially for mental disorders.
A
open
19
Q
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) is a ____ interview guide designed for making DSM-5 diagnoses.
A
semi-structured
20
Q
Freud organized unstructured interviews with a 5-year-old boy named ____ to explore his phobia of horses.
A
Little Hans
21
Q
Bandura et al. used a questionnaire to rate children for ____, while Becker et al. used the EAT-26 questionnaire to measure unhealthy ____ and ____ involving eating.
A
aggression,attitudes,behaviours
22
Q
Sherif et al. used psychometric tests to measure boys’ feelings about their friends and also conducted ____ interviews to discuss their attitudes.
A
unstructured
23
Q
The limitation of questionnaires is that only people who can ____ and ____ can complete them, which may exclude certain populations.
A
read,write
24
Q
The scoring of a semantic differential scale can produce nominal level data, which reflects the frequency of ____ or ____ responses.
A
positive,negative
25
Researcher effects may make self-reports unreliable if some respondents react to researcher effects and others ____ .
don't
26
A common example of a psychometric test is the ____ Test, which produces quantitative data and measures several psychological characteristics.
IQ
27
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was created by ____ in ____ to measure cognitive factors in ____.
Aaron Beck, 1961, depression
28
The PHQ-9 was created by ____ and ____ in ____ to assess symptoms of ____.
Kurt Kroenke, Robert Spitzer, 2001, depression
29
The Life Events & Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) was used in the Islington study by ____ to rate the severity of ____ events.
Brown et al., stressful life
30
The Beck Depression Inventory consists of ____ questions that assess both cognitive factors and ____ symptoms.
21, physical
31
The General Pathology Index (GPI) was used to assess the severity of ____ in Carol, rated from ____ to ____ during the study.
schizophrenia, 7, 1
32
The PHQ-8 is a shorter version of the PHQ-9, featuring ____ questions and scoring out of ____.
8, 24, 20 or over major depression
33
Self-reports in psychology can be affected by ____ characteristics, which may lead participants to give answers they think are desired.
demand
34
To improve the reliability of interviews, it is important to have ____ procedures and ensure that all participants are asked the same ____ in the same order.
standardized, questions
35
Social desirability bias can influence self-reports, leading participants to answer in a way that is ____ or ____ to the researcher.
impressive, alienating
36
The Beck Depression Inventory allows psychologists to statistically analyze depression by providing a quantitative score out of ____ for negative cognitions.
63
37
The reliability of questionnaires is generally higher than that of interviews because the questions are ____ in advance.
written down
38
The Public Health Questionnaire (PHQ) includes questions about feelings such as feeling down, feeling like a failure, and ____ problems.
sleep
39
A common issue with self-reports is that they may not yield accurate answers due to factors like ____ and ____ bias.
social desirability, researcher
40
The Life Events & Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) assesses the severity of stressful life events over the past ____ year(s).
1
41
The Beck Depression Inventory includes questions about physical symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of ____ in sex.
interest
42
The PHQ-8 is designed to be ____ and quicker to complete than the BDI, making it more accessible for participants.
shorter
43
To address the issue of low response rates in questionnaires, researchers might offer incentives like a ____ or entry into a ____.
free pen, raffle
44
The General Pathology Index (GPI) was used by Bradshaw to assess the severity of Carol's schizophrenia, initially rated at ____ and later at ____ by the end of the study.
25 / 12
45
Self-reports can exclude individuals with poor ____ skills, who may struggle to understand or express themselves in writing.
literacy
46
The Beck Depression Inventory is a psychometric test that rates answers from ____ to ____ for each question.
0 to 3
47
The PHQ-8 allows psychologists to statistically analyze depression, but turning mood into a score is often seen as very _____.
reductionist
48
Interviews can be made more reliable through training interviewers to ask questions in the same way and ensuring ____ reliability.
inter-rater
49
A solution to demand characteristics in self-reports is to conceal the purpose of the research and include ____ questions that aren't scored.
distractor
50
The Beck Depression Inventory was created to measure cognitive factors such as hopelessness, irritability, and feelings of ____ or being punished.
guilt
51
The PHQ-9 features ____ questions that assess both cognitive factors and physical symptoms related to depression.
9
52
The reliability of self-reports can be compromised by factors such as low response rates and the exclusion of certain ____ groups.
demographic
53
Researchers often try to ensure the researcher is the same ____ and ____ as the interviewee.
sex, race
54
Respondents who are articulate will provide more ____ information in interviews; literate people will respond to ____ at length.
quality, questionnaires
55
Interviews can be semi-structured, allowing the interviewer to ____ questions or ask the interviewee to ____ their answer.
rephrase, clarify
56
Ethical researchers show respect for ____ and ____ by keeping responses confidential.
privacy, dignity
57
To maintain integrity, it's good practice to ____ respondents after they finish the self-report.
debrief
58
Self-reports should be transparent, meaning respondents should not be ____ during the process.
deceived
59
Social responsibility means making it clear what the self-report is ____.
for
60
Self-reports can cause ____ or ____ if questions are socially sensitive.
embarrassment, offence
61
Interviews are more ethical than questionnaires because the interviewer can ____ the question if the interviewee is uncomfortable.
rephrase
62
An example of a semi-structured interview is when Becker et al. interviewed Fijian schoolgirls about their attitudes to ____, ____, and their aspirations.
TV, dieting
63
Psychometric tests are questionnaires that produce ____ data to give a score to a psychological characteristic.
quantitative
64
Self-reports provide information about what a person is thinking and feeling, which is more valid than just observing their _____.
behavior
65
Both the social and learning approach benefit from self-reports as they help understand ____ and ____ of individuals.
motives, feelings
66
Self-reports can be invalid if the answers aren't ____ due to socially-sensitive topics.
truthful
67
Interviews allow the interviewer to be more respectful of feelings, unlike ____ which can cause offence.
questionnaires
68
The interview method in psychology involves asking structured or ____ questions to gather information.
open-ended
69
Interviews help researchers understand subjective perspectives and gain a deeper understanding of ____ and psychological processes.
human behavior
70
In a 12-mark answer, you need a conclusion to achieve a mark in the ____ band.
top
71
An example of a psychometric test is the Desirability of Control Scale, which assesses if participants are motivated by a need to be in ____ of situations.
control
72
Interviews differ from questionnaires as they involve social ____, requiring researchers to have training.
interaction
73
Becker used translators in interviews to ensure the girls could answer in their preferred ____ instead of English.
language
74
In research, closed questions provide a fixed set of responses, while open questions allow people to express their thoughts in their own ____ and ____.
words, phrases
75
Structured interviews involve a set of prepared closed-ended questions that are read out in a ____ order and follow a ____ format.
specific, standardized
76
Unstructured interviews are often referred to as 'discovery interviews' and are more like a ____ conversation than a strictly ____ interview.
guided, structured
77
The main advantage of unstructured interviews is that they enable researchers to probe social actors’ ____ points of view and analyze their ____ and values.
subjective, attitudes
78
Interviewer self-disclosure can increase rapport but risks changing the dynamics away from focusing on the interviewee’s ____ and ____.
account, responses
79
Structured interviews are easy to replicate and quick to conduct, allowing for a large ____ to be obtained and findings to be ____ to a large population.
sample, generalized
80
One limitation of structured interviews is that they lack ____ because only closed questions are asked, generating ____ data.
detail, quantitative
81
Unstructured interviews generate qualitative data through the use of ____ questions, allowing respondents to talk in some ____ about their experiences.
open, depth
82
A key distinction between structured and unstructured interviews is the extent of ____; structured interviews follow a strict schedule while unstructured ones are more ____.
structure, flexible
83
Excessive informality and self-disclosure in interviews can risk the interview becoming more of an ordinary conversation and producing ____ accounts.
consensus
84
In a focus group interview, the role of the moderator is to ensure that the group stays ____ and interacts with each other while avoiding ____ topics.
focused, off-topic
85
Focus group interviews are primarily used to gain an in-depth understanding of ____ issues and are conducted with a ____ group of respondents.
social, selected
86
The strengths of group interviews include generating qualitative data through ____ questions and allowing respondents to express their ____ in depth.
open, thoughts
87
Semi-structured interviews allow for a mix of prepared questions and the ability to ____ beyond the initial answers, making them useful for exploring ____ questions.
probe, complex
88
One limitation of focus group interviews is the potential for ____ behavior, which can lead to participants giving ____ answers to conform to the group.
conformity, false
89
The interviewer effect can influence the responses of participants based on the interviewer's ____ and perceived ____ in the interaction.
appearance, status
90
In semi-structured interviews, the interviewer prepares a set of questions but can also ask ____ questions to clarify or expand on topics.
additional
91
Focus groups are considered cost-effective for gathering consumer views, but they also require the researcher to maintain ____ and respect participants' ____ during discussions.
confidentiality, privacy
92
The flexible nature of semi-structured interviews allows for the introduction of new ideas based on the respondents' ____ during the conversation.
answers
93
One of the challenges of conducting focus group interviews is ensuring that all participants feel ____ to share their thoughts without fear of ____ from others.
comfortable, judgment
94
In interviews, the interviewer’s ____ and ____ can greatly influence the responses of participants.
assumptions, interests
95
The choice of interview location can affect the ____ and ____ between the interviewer and interviewee.
relationship, power dynamic
96
When designing an interview, it is important to consider the ____ and ____ of the interviewer.
gender, age
97
Remote interviews became necessary due to the ____ pandemic, allowing for increased ____ across distances.
COVID-19, flexibility
98
An interview schedule should include key themes and be organized ____ to follow the interviewee’s ____ .
logically, experiences
99
To ensure effective interviews, questions should be open-ended, non-leading, and focused on ____ .
examples
100
When interviewing vulnerable groups, such as children, it is important to avoid ____ interviews due to their limited ____ span.
lengthy, attention
101
Strategic use of ____ in interviews can help generate data led by the interviewee, but requires careful ____ .
silence, timing
102
The interviewer’s ____ and ____ can shape the framing and task instructions during an interview.
appearance, language
103
In remote interviews, it is crucial to ensure interviewees have access to ____ and an online ____ .
internet, platform
104
Pilot testing an interview schedule helps to ensure it generates ____ data and allows for necessary ____ .
useful, revisions
105
Active listening during interviews allows the interviewer to determine which questions can be ____ based on prior responses.
skipped
106
The flooding of interviews with the researcher’s agenda makes it difficult to separate the participant’s ____ from the interviewer’s ____ .
talk, concerns
107
Interviewers should adapt their language to match the respondents’ ____ , ____ , and ____ .
social background, educational level, ethnicity
108
To build rapport in remote interviews, it is helpful to allow time for ____ conversation at the start.
casual
109
The interviewer must ensure a responsible person knows where they are and when they are due ____ for safety reasons.
back
110
In an interview, leaving a silence after a TCU (turn) (turn construction unit) encourages the interviewee to provide more ____ without being led by the _____.
material, interviewer
111
Using directive questioning can lead to speculation and misinterpretation due to children’s ____ and ____ skills.
immature language, memory
112
Children’s shorter attention spans and fatigue can impact the quality of their ____ and make it challenging to obtain ____ from them.
responses, information
113
To create a child-friendly interview, interviewers should adopt a ____ approach and emphasize ____ questions.
child-centered, open-ended
114
Building rapport with children involves engaging in neutral conversations and using a ____ and ____ tone.
calm, reassuring
115
Interviewers should provide clear instructions and encourage children to ask for ____ if needed to ensure understanding and ____ during the interview.
clarification, honesty
116
Using interview aids like drawings should be done with caution to avoid leading or suggesting ____ to the child.
information
117
Interviewers often need to conduct multiple interviews to allow children time to process information and recall ____ details.
additional
118
Silence in interviews can feel socially awkward but is important for allowing interviewees time to ____ before answering.
think
119
Blunt backchannels like 'mm hm' help avoid interrupting the ____ of the interviewee’s narrative.
flow
120
In qualitative research, weighing up relevant tradeoffs is ____ and ____ for effective analysis.
key, essential
121
Audio recording is standard, but ____ better captures contextual details, which is useful for ____ approaches.
video, analysis
122
Participants may find video ____ for sensitive research, while digital formats enable the sharing of ____ clips.
invasive, anonymized
123
Doing all transcription is time-consuming, but ____ can save researcher effort while ensuring ____ assurances.
outsourcing, confidentiality
124
Online platform auto-captioning can facilitate rapid analysis, but accuracy limitations mean ____ remain ideal.
full transcripts
125
Verbatim transcripts best capture nuanced meaning, but the level of detail needed depends on the ____ approach.
analysis
126
Transcribing interviews involves playing back audio/video files to develop an overall understanding of the ____ and ____ exchange.
interview, verbal
127
When formatting the transcription document, it is important to add ____ and separate interviewer questions from ____ responses.
line numbers, interviewee
128
To highlight key passages in a transcript, use formatting like ____, ____, etc.
bold, italics
129
If translating the interview, use qualified translators and ____ where possible to ensure accuracy.
back-translate
130
The goal of transcription and coding is to systematically transform interview responses into a set of ____ and ____ that capture key concepts.
codes, themes
131
Highlighting insightful participant quotes that capture key concepts is known as ____ codes.
in vivo
132
Creating a codebook helps to organize and define codes with ____ and ____ for clarity.
examples, definitions
133
Ethical issues in research include informed consent, which must provide potential interviewees with a good idea of what is ____ in the research.
involved
134
True informed consent in interview research may require two distinguishable stages: consent to undertake the interview and consent to use the ____ in research.
material
135
Power fluctuates within interviews, as researchers rely on participation while interviewees control their ____ and can undermine data collection.
openness
136
Interviews on sensitive topics may feel like ____; interviewers must refrain from dual roles and provide support service details.
quasi-counseling
137
Some groups, like those with mental health issues, risk being discredited, creating tensions with qualitative approaches that seek to center ____ perspectives.
subjective
138
Analysis should balance openness to offered accounts with critically examining ____ and ____ behind them.
stakes, motivations
