Burgundy Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What is a vigneron?
A
Wine grower
2
Q
What is a Vigneron?
A
Wine grower
3
Q
Who are the Cistercian monks and what did they do?
A
An offshoot of the Benedictines who rose to prominence in the 12th century, and converted them to viticulture by the 14th century (most of the Grand Crus are original cistercian - Clos Vougeot).
4
Q
The Valois Dukes
A
Ruled the region from 1363-1477, & recognized the wines’ status and attempted to enforce controls on quality.
5
Q
Phillip the Bold
A
ordered Gamay grapes to be ripped up in favor of the lower-yielding (and theoretically superior) Pinot Noir
6
Q
Phillip the Good
A
tried to promote hillside viticulture
7
Q
Hôtel-Dieu
A
1443 - Nicolas Rolin, a nobleman of the Valois, created charitable hospital provided free respite to the infirm poor in a plague-ridden era, and over time became the beneficiary of many donated vineyards in and around Beaune. Today, the Hospices de Beaune wine auction is held annually every third Sunday of November, with proceeds still benefitting the sick, and the domaine of the Hospices de Beaune has become one of the largest vineyard owners in the Côte de Beaune.
8
Q
Napoleonic Code
A
1804 - requiring inheritances to be split equally among heirs. This edict greatly fractured vineyard ownership over time and laid the foundation for the current division of Burgundy holdings. Today’s vineyards are a patchwork: the grand cru Clos Vougeot alone claims over 80 growers.
9
Q
Négociants
A
French term for a merchant and one used particularly of wine merchants who buy in grapes, must, or wine, blend different lots of wine within an appellation, and bottle the result under their own label. Négociant wines are generally less expensive than their domaine counterparts, but may lack excitement in comparison. On the other hand, négociants typically have more fruit at their disposal and more options for correction in difficult vintages.
The closer the lots are together, the more prestigious the AOP used - Burgundy AOP vs Nuits St. George AOP.
10
Q
Métayage and Fermage
A
Sharecropping, and Leasing. The landowners used to be Bourgeoisie, who leased to growers and gave them rights to crops, housing, and small production. Leads to poorly made wine from outstanding parcels, leases are 9 years long, and cannot be rescinded unless landowner prepared to work land themselves.
11
Q
DRC
A
Domaine de la Romanee Conti: the most famous Domaine, producing upwards of 8,000 cased from 8 grand cru sites.
12
Q
Domaine Bottling
A
Typically a vine-growing and winemaking estate. More exciting and expressive, high risk in bad vintages.
13
Q
Top Negociants
A
Domaine Faiveley
Bouchard Pere et Fils (Largest Land owner)
Remoissenet (commands Domaine Pricing for small production)
Lucien le Moine (commands Domaine Pricing for small production)
14
Q
Top Domaine and Negociant Houses
A
Aka, they produce both.
Domaine Leroy
Domaine Dujac
Hubert Montille
15
Q
What are the five main growing regions of Burgundy?
A
Chablis Cote d'Or Cote Chalonnaise Maconnais Beaujolias
16
Q
What are the departments of Burgundy?
A
Similar to counties
Yonne Department (Chablis)
Cote d’Or Department (Cote d’Or)
Chalon-sur-Saone Department (Chalonnaise & Maconnais)
Rhone Department (Beaujolais)
17
Q
What is the capital of Cote d’Or?
A
Dijon
18
Q
Grand Auxerrois
A
Yonne communes like Vézelay, Irancy, Tonnerre, and Joigny, pepper the landscape around Chablis - the land surrounding Auxerre, capital of the Yonne.
19
Q
What is the Baseline AOP in burgundy?
A
Bourgogne AOP
- White, Red, and rose
20
Q
Coteaux Bourguingons AOP
A
A little-used regional appellation, rechristened to revitalize.
- same general broad dimensions as Bourgogne AOP, but gamay is allowed in blends.
21
Q
Grapes of Burgundy
A
Pinot Noir
Chardonnay ("Beanois")
Pinot Blanc
Aligote (W)
Gamay
Rare Grapes:
Beurot (Pinot Gris)
César, Tressot, Sacy
22
Q
What is Chardonnay a cross of?
A
Pinot and Gouais Blanc (ancient varietal)
23
Q
What is the most planted grape in Burgundy?
A
Chardonnay, aka “Beaunois”
24
Q
What is the hierarchy of Appelation systems In Burgundy?
A
régionale - 50% of production
village
premier (1er) cru
grand cru (only in Chablis and Cote d’Or)
25
Explain why 1er cru isn't a different class?
They are technically village wines that qualify for legally defined geographic designation of a much better and more recognized pedigree.
26
Bourgogne AOP
- Baseline AOP covering red, white and rose produced fro m PN and Chard.
27
Coteaux Bourguingons AOP
A little-used regional
28
What were the four liuex-dits approved in the 1990s for Bourgogne AOP?
- la Chapelle Notre Dame
- La Chapitre
- Cote St. Jacques
- Montrecul
29
Cote de Beaune Villages AOP
ONLY RED, sourced only from:
- Volnay
- Pommard
- Aloxe-Corton
- Beaune
30
Cote de Nuits Villages AOP
Usually red (rarely white) and sourced from:
- Fixin (n)
- Brochon (n)
- Prissey (s)
- Corgoloin (s)
- Comblanchien (s)
31
Bourgogne Aligote AOP
- Produced solely from aligote.
- often simple and refreshing, high acid
- usually drank as an aperitif or combined with creme de cassis as the base of a classic Kir cocktail.
32
What are the sparkling AOPs of Burgundy?
- Cremant Bourgogne: Hans harvested, traditional method sparkling white/ rose (chard and PN). Concentrated mostly in Rully in Cote Chalonnaise.
- Bourgogne Mousseaux: older and rare; reserved for sparkling reds made traditional method. Historically, even the famous GC vineyards like Clos Vougeot would produce spark red.
33
Where are the village level vineyards located in Côte d’Or?
Generally:
- a communes eastern side where the angle of slope is slight
- or on the western fringe, next to the forests and ridge caps where slope and elevation are more significant.
34
Generally, where are the Grand Cru and 1er Cru vineyards of Côte d’Or located?
Between the extremes of the slope caps and valley floor.
35
Bourgogne Passe-Tout Grains
Red and rose molded after old field blends.
- PN min 30%
- Gamay min. 15%
MUST be vilified together.
36
Can 1er cru wines blend from different parcels?
Yes! Technically, 1er cru is still a Village level wine and can blend only across village.
37
How many ha is La Romanee?
.85 ha (a football field is .53 ha).
38
What does Monopole Grand Cru AOP laws mandate?
Require hand harvesting
39
How many grand cru AOPs are there?
33
40
What is the smallest GC and the Largest GC?
- La Romanee: .85 ha
| - Corton: 160 ha
41
What is the most northernly region in Burgundy?
Chablis. Closer to the Aube region of champagne than Burgundy.
42
What cities and river is Chablis near?
- Halfway between Paris and Beaune.
| - Serien River Valley (conduit for cold winds and frost)
43
What is the climate of Chablis?
Cool continental.
44
What are the regions of Chablis?
- Chablis
- Petit Chablis
- Grand Cru Chablis
45
What kind of wines are produced in chablis?
100% white wine made from chardonnay.
46
What is the soil in Chablis?
Kimmeridgian marl: a mix of limestone and clay laces with millions of ancient oyster fossils.
47
What is Burgundy's largest white wine region?
Chablis
48
How many 1er cru Chablis are there?
40 - 17 deemed "major"
49
What are the top 1er cru vineyards of Chablis?
Right bank of the Serien:
- Montee de Tonnerre
- Fourchaume
Left bank of the Serien:
- Vallions
- Montmains
50
How many grand cru are in Chablis?
- 7
| - comprising the southwest-facing slopes just north of the town itself
51
What are the 7 grand cru of Chablis?
- Les Clos
- Vaudesir
- Valmur
- Preuses
- Blanchot
- Bourgros
- Grenouilles
- La Moutonne (unofficial #8. monopole over lapping Vaudsier and Presuses. Permitted by INAO.)
52
Taste profile of 1er chablis
Benchmark stye; classic examples show pronounced acidity, medium weight, lees character, and an intensely mineral, steely character unencumbered by new oak
53
Taste profile of grand cru chablis
The wines are richer and riper, with significant new oak. Yet even with top wines some producers, convinced that the influence of wood compromises the classic expression of Chablis, prefer to ferment and age wines solely in stainless steel. Whether grand or premier cru, the finest Chablis wines are austere in their youth but rewarding with age. Classic descriptors include hazelnuts, oyster shells and lemon.
54
What are the other Yonne department AOPs?
- Irancy AOP: light PN based reds
- St. Bris AOP: the only SB appellation in Burgundy
- Verzeley AOP: 100% chard, promoted from Bourgogone level in 2017.
55
Where is the Cote d'Or located?
Occupies the Eastern slopes (cotes) on the western edge of the Saone River.
56
Piece
traditional 228L barrel used for aging wines in burgundy.
57
Battonage
tradition of stirring less during aging adding texture, aroma, and flavor. An oxidative practice that van round out young wines, but not necessary for wines intended for longevity.
58
Elevage
Aging
59
Clos
A walled in vineyard parcel, often times within a Grand Cru.
60
What direction are most of the Cote de Nuits vineyards facing?
East
61
What are the villages of Cote de Nuits, and what type of wine is made?
- Marsannay*
- Fixin*
- Gevrey-Chambertin
- Morey-Saint-Denis*
- Chambolle-Musigny
- Vougeot*
- Vosne-Romanee
- Nuits-St-Georges*
*White produced in small quantity.
62
How many grand cru vineyards are there in Cote de Nuits, and what kind of wine do they produce?
- 24 total produce red
| - Musigny is the ONLY GC allowed to produce white.
63
Gevrey is the ________, Chambertin is the ________.
Village; vineyard
64
Morey is the ________, Saint-Denis is the ________.
Village; vineyard
65
Chambolle is the ________, Musigny is the _______.
Village; vineyard.
66
Vosne is the ______, Romanee is the _________.
Village; vineyard
67
What are the best PN vineyards in Gevrey?
Chambertin and Chambertin-clos de Beze.
68
What is the top 1er cru in Gevrey
Clos Saint-Jacques
69
How many Grand Cru are in Gevrey?
- 9; the most in one village.
70
How may 1er cru are in Gevrey?
- 7
71
Name the Grand Cru vineyards in Gevrey
- Chambertin
- Clos de Beze
- Chapelle-Chambertin
- Charmes-Chambertin
- Mazoyeres-Chambertin
- Griotte-Chambertin
- Latricieres-Chambertin
- Mazis-Chambertin
- Ruchottes-Chambertin
72
What is the style in Gevrey?
Masculine, brooding, concentrated and weight with black fruits.
73
What are the top Domains in Gevrey?
- Armand Rousseau
- Claude Dugat
- Jean-Marie Fourrier
74
What are the two Grand Cru in Chambolle?
- Musigny
| - Most off Bonnes-Mares
75
What is the exceptional 1er cru of Chambolle?
- Les Amoureuses
76
How does the style of Chambolle contrast to Gevrey?
Silky, elegant, perfumed, bright red fruits. "Gulpable"
77
Name the Grand Cru vineyards in Gevrey
- Chambertin
- Clos de Beze
- Chapelle-Chambertin
- Charmes-Chambertin
- Mazoyeres-Chambertin
- Griotte-Chambertin
- Latricieres-Chambertin
- Mazis-Chambertin
- Ruchottes-Chambertin
78
What are the two Grand Cru in Chambolle?
- Musigny
| - Most off Bonnes-Mares (Shared with Morey-St-Denis
79
What are the top Domains in Gevrey?
- Armand Rousseau
- Claude Dugat
- Jean-Marie Fourrier
80
What are the two Grand Cru in Chambolle?
- Musigny
| - Most off Bonnes-Mares (Shared with Morey-St-Denis
81
Who are the top producers in Morey?
- Domaine Dujac
| - Ponsot
82
How many growers are in Vougeot?
Nearly 80 = erratic quality but accounts for 80% of Vougeot's production. The only Grand Cru.
83
What are the 4 1er cru of Vougeot?
- Clos de la Perriere
- Les Petits Vougeot
- Les Cras
- Le Clos Blanc
84
Style of Vosne?
Often quality surpasses Gevrey and Chambolle. Express aromatic finesse and richness.
85
What are the 4 Grand Cru of Morey?
- Clos de Tart (monopole)
- Clos de Lambrays
- Clos de la Roche
- Clos St-Denis
- Bonne Mares (the remaining 20% split with Chambolle)
86
What do all the 1er cru vineyards in Vosne have in common (except Close de Reas)?
They all share a border with a GC vineyard.
87
What are the 4 1er cru of Vougeot?
- Clos de la Perriere
- Les Petits Vougeot
- Les Cras
- Le Clos Blanc
88
What are the 6 Grand Cru is Vosne?
- La Romanee (monopole)
- La Tache (monopole of DRC)
- Romanee-Conti ( monopole of DRC)
- La Grand Rue (monopole)
- Richebourg (partly owned by DRC)
- Romanee-Saint-Vivant (part owned by DRC)
89
Top domaines of Vosne?
- Romanee-Conti
- Comtes Liger-Belair
- Domaine Leroy Ann Gros
- Meo-Camuzet
- Sylvain Cathaird
- Emmanuel Rouget
90
Is Flagey an AOP?
NO. It's just a commune. Instead, producers use the Vosne-Romanee AOP in the area.
91
What are the 2 Grand Cru in Flagey?
- Echezeaux: LOTS of owners. Swings of quality like Clos de Vougeot.
- Grands-Echezeaux
92
How many Grand Cru are in Nuits-Saint-Georges?
NONE.
93
What is the Style of Nuits-Saint-Georges?
Sturdy and long lived, but harsh and angular in youth. Northern vineyards produce softer and fruitier, southern produce fuller and richer.
94
Name all 24 Grand Cru in Cote de Nuits
Gevrey:
- Chambertin
- Clos de Beze
- Chapelle-Chambertin
- Charmes-Chambertin
- Mazoyeres-Chambertin
- Griotte-Chambertin
- Latricieres-Chambertin
- Mazis-Chambertin
- Ruchottes-Chambertin
Morey-St.-Denis:
- Clos de Tart (monopole)
- Clos de Lambrays
- Clos de la Roche
- Clos St-Denis
- Bonne Mares (the remaining 20% split with Chambolle)
Chambolle:
- Musigny
- Most off Bonnes-Mares (Shared with Morey-St-Denis
Vougeot:
- Clos de la Perriere
- Les Petits Vougeot
- Les Cras
- Le Clos Blanc
Vosne-Romanee:
- La Romanee (monopole)
- La Tache (monopole of DRC)
- Romanee-Conti ( monopole of DRC)
- La Grand Rue (monopole)
- Richebourg (partly owned by DRC)
- Romanee-Saint-Vivant (part owned by DRC)
Flagey:
- Echezeaux: LOTS of owners. Swings of quality like Clos de Vougeot.
- Grands-Echezeaux
95
What direction do most of the vineyards in Cote de Beaune face?
Southeast
96
How much more land is under vine in Cote de Beaune than in Cote de Nuits?
Nearly twice as much.
97
How does the soil compare in Cote de Beaune to CdN?
More marls and less limestone (except in Montrachet).
98
Communes of Corton AOP
- Aloxe-Corton
- Ladoix-Serrigny
- Pernand-Vergelessea
All are Grand Cru Status, located around massive hill of Corton.
99
What are the smaller grand cru appellations within Corton AOP?
- Charlemagne
- Corton Charlemagne
Both ONLY produce white.
100
Legend of Charlemagne
In the late 700s the Frankish King Charlemagne observed snows melting first on this arc of southern slopes, and ordered vines to be planted there. As the king grew older his beard whitened, and his wife, distressed by newly visible wine stains on his beard, persuaded him to switch from red wine to white.
101
What is the capital of Cote de Beaune?
Beaune! The commercial capital of the region and is a center of négociant activity—Joseph Drouhin, Bouchard Père et Fils, and Louis Jadot are headquartered here. It is the largest population center between Dijon and Chalon-sur-Saône, and has more hectares under vine than any other commune in the Côte de Beaune.
102
What are the smaller grand cru appellations within Corton Grand Cru AOP?
- Charlemagne
- Corton Charlemagne
Both ONLY produce white.
103
How many Grand cru are in Beaune?
No grands crus, but there is a multitude of premier cru sites (42) for both red and white wines.
104
Cote de Beaune AOP
Only used for a few vines in the hills above Beaune.
105
Top Vineyards in Beaune
- Les Bressandes
- Greves
- Clos des Mouches
106
What kind of wine is produced in Pommard, and what is the style?
Red wine ONLY
Harder edge and tannic. Full bodied, though not as full as Corton.
107
Top 1er cru of Volnay
- Les Caillerets
- Champans
- Clos des Chênes
- Taillepieds
- Clos des Ducs (monopole)
108
Top producers in Volnay
- Marquis d’Angerville
- Hubert de Montille
- Michel Lafarge.
109
What type of wine is produced in Volnay, and what is the style?
ONLY red
Softer, more fragrant wines with more charm.
110
Top 1er cru in Pommard
- Les Rugiens (Haut and Bas)
- Les Epenots
- Clos des Epeneaux (from Comte Armand)
111
Volnay 1er cru Santenay
A few premiers crus actually shift allegiances depending on the color of the wine: wines from four Meursault vineyards adjacent to the Volnay border may be labeled as Volnay 1er Cru Santenots if planted with Pinot Noir rather than Chardonnay.
112
What AOP produces the most white wine in all of Cote d'Or?
Mersault
113
What is the style of Mersault?
rich and fat with great texture and complexity, honeyed and buttered with softer acidity.
114
What is the style of Mersault?
Rich and fat with great texture and complexity, honeyed and buttered with softer acidity.
115
What is the style of Mersault?
Rich and fat with great texture and complexity, honeyed and buttered with softer acidity. New oak and battonage.
116
Top 1er cru in Mersault
- Perrieres
- Les Genevrieres
- Les Charmes
117
Deuxiemme-Cru in Mersault
A term labeled by the press; Mersault has a history of labeling wines based on vineyard site (Lies Dits). These are simply village wines, not 1er cru. Hence, 2em cru.
118
What style of wine is made in Puligny?
Spectacular, age worthy Chardonnay - and the most expensive. Maintains a balance of richness and acidity, and more depth than any other Grand Cru. Wines are more taught, focused and streamlined than Mersault. Less new oak treatment.
119
What hill is shared between Puligny and Chassagne?
Montrachet
120
What are the Grand Cru of Puligny?
- Chevalier-Montrachet (hilltop)
- Bienvenues-Batard-Montrachet (below slope)
- Batard-Montrachet = Shared with Chassagne
121
What are the Grand Cru of Puligny?
- Chevalier-Montrachet (hilltop)
- Bienvenues-Batard-Montrachet (below slope)
- Batard-Montrachet = Shared with Chassagne
- Montrachet = Shared with Chassagne
122
What are the Grand Cru of Chassagne?
- Criots-Batard-Montrachet
- Batard-Montrachet = Shared with Puligny
- Montrachet = Shared with Puligny
123
Top Producers in Puligny
- Domaine Leflaive
| - Jacques Carillon
124
Which commune in Cote d'Or has the most 1er crus?
Chassagne = 55 1er cru
125
What is the most well known 1er cru in Chassagne?
Morgeot = 15 smaller 1er crus that group together to form a more recognizable name.
126
Top producers in Chassagne
- Pierre-Yves Colin Morey
| - Ramonet
127
Blagney AOP
Small hamlet in Southern Cote d'Or. Produces red wine, and a few ha of white grapes are sold as either Meursault or Puligny-Montrachet depending on location
128
What are the Grand Cru of Cote de Beaune?
- Chevalier-Montrachet = Puligny
- Bienvenues-Batard-Montrachet = Puligny
- Batard-Montrachet = Puligny/Chassagne
- Montrachet = Puligny/ Chassagne
- Criots-Batard-Montrachet = Chassagne
- Charlemagne = Corton
- Corton Charlemagne = Corton
129
What are the Grand Cru of Cote de Beaune?
- Chevalier-Montrachet = Puligny
- Bienvenues-Batard-Montrachet = Puligny
- Batard-Montrachet = Puligny/Chassagne
- Montrachet = Puligny/ Chassagne
- Criots-Batard-Montrachet = Chassagne
- Corton = Corton
- Charlemagne = Corton
- Corton Charlemagne = Corton
130
What are the communes of Cote Chalonnaise, and what style wine do they produce?
- Bouzeron (W ONLY)
- Rully (R/W)
- Givry (R/W)
- Mercury (R/W)
- Montagny (W ONLY)
131
Which appellation is the only AOP to produce white wine from Aligote?
Bouzeron
132
Which commune is the Center of Cremant de Bourgogne?
Rully
133
What kind of wine is produced in the Maconnais?
Red, white and rose.
134
How do the white wines of Maconnais compare to chablis?
Stainless steel ferment and elevate, tends to be fruitier but lacks the sharp mineraity and acidity.
135
What are the village AOPs of the Maconnais?
- Pouilly-Fuissé
- Pouilly-Loché
- Pouilly-Vinzelles
- Saint-Véran
- Viré-Clessé
136
Where is the village of Chardonnay?
In mâconnais where Chard probably got its name from.
137
How much of the vines are dedicated to Gamay in Beaujolais?
- 95%
138
What are the 10 Cru Beaujolais sites?
- St-Amour
- Julienas
- Moulin-a-Vent (dark and tannic)
- Chenas
- Fleurie
- Chiroubles (light and lithe)
- Morgon
- Regnie
- Brouilly
- Cote de Brouilly
139
How much of the production of wine in Beaujolais is dedicated to Nouveau?
50%
140
Where are the Cru Beaujolais located?
The northern granite hillsides of the craggy monts de Beaujolais.
141
When is Nouveau released?
The 3rd Thursday of November, just a few weeks after the harvest.
142
Carbonic Maceration
- Grapes are sealed whole cluster, or whole berry into container
- CO2 is pumped in, O2 pumped out
- The berries undergo intracellular fermentation, metabolizing sugar and Malic acid to produce alcohol and CO2 without the presence of yeast
- Anthocyanins and tannic dissolve into the flesh of the grapes, coloring the juice
- The Alcohol rises to 2%ish, inside of grape before activity stops.
- Grapes either rupture on own, or are crushed to undergo further fermentation with yeast.
143
Semi-Carbonic Maceration
- Most Common
- CO2 is not added, produced naturally
- Whole cluster, or whole berry
- Bottom berries are crushed underweight, and begin normal fermentation that produces CO2 and fills container.
- Uncrushed berries undergo Carbonic maceration, and ferment from within.
144
What are the aromas associated with Carbonic Maceration?
Bubblegum, banana, Pear Drops.
