C&D GENDER Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is the % difference in gender conviction rates?
Heinderson By 40, 9% of women had criminal conviction but 32% of males.
Pollak
Chivalry Theosis - men have a protective attitude towards women and are less like to arrest or convict them.
Chivalry Theosis evidence
Graham and Bowling; self report studies
Flood
Women more likely to be cautioned
Evidence against chivalry thesis;
Women tend to commit less violent crimes and therefore receive less harsher.
Farrington; men 2x shoplifting in observation but the stats were equal in genders
Feminist view on Chivalry;
Disagree - women get cautioned more harshly.
Heidensohn - women punished more harshly as they have also deviated from gender norms
Double standards for promiscuity.
Carlen; judged not only for their crime but for being wives and mothers.
Functionalism; Sex Role Theory
Parsons; gender roles in the nuclear family. Boys reject feminine models of behaviour and seek masculinity through peer groups - delinquency.
Functionalism; Sex Role Theory
- how can socialisation be more difficult for boys?
Cohen; men have less of a socialising role in the family and therefore lack a male role model. They turn to gangs for identity
Feminist; Control Theory
Heidensohn; Women are conformist as they are under control which reduces oppotunities to offend
How are women controlled the home?
- Domestic Role
- Dobash and Dobash DV
- Lack of finances = lack of leisure
- Bedroom culture - confined to home
How are women controlled in public?
- Fear of male crime, 54% of women avoided going out after dark.
- Sensational reposting adds to this fear
How are women controlled at work?
- Glass ceiling
- Sexual harassment
Carlen
Class and Gender deals; women more likely to conform to social norms by the reward of deals.
Hirschi
as humans we act rationally and are controlled by being offered a deal. The deal is the rewards we received from conforming to social norms.
If people believe there are no rewards from conforming they will turn to crime.
The class deal;
women who work offered material rewards of a decent SoL and leisure if they avoid criminality
The gender deal;
patriarchal ideology promises women material and emotional rewards from family life - they conform to domestic gender role.
Liberation Thesis
Adler; women are less subject to patriarchal social forces due to equality. The new structure of society led to changes inn women’s crime.
Evidence to support Liberation thesis.
Denscombe; teenage girls increasing risk behaviour and adopting traditional male characteristics like looking hard
AO3 of Liberation Thesis;
Female crime rate rise in 1950 but liberation movement was 1960s
Hunt; female gang members still conform to gender norms
What hss happened to female violent crime?
It has risen - suggesting women are doing more “male” crimes.
Net Widening
Schwartz - increase in statistics reflects the CJS widening the net. Arresting females for less serious crimes than before
Young; “defining deviance up”
Moral panic about girls
Girls are depicted as drunk and disorderly
Sharpe for CJS was influenced by the Ladette Stereotype.
= SFP and Amplification Spiral
Victimisation Statistics
70% homicide victims are men
Less women are victims of violence than men.
10x women reported SA
8% of females who have experienced SA repot it to police.
Messerschmitt
Hegemonic masculinity; is social construction or accomplishment men strive to achieve and present others.
The idea of what a real man is.
