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Viral and Parasitic Infections > C1. Common Nematode Infections > Flashcards

C1. Common Nematode Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common nematode infections common seen in pharmacy ?

A

Pins, threads, whip, giant

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2
Q

What is the meaning of nematode ?

A

A worm of the large phylum Nematoda, such as a round work or threadworm

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3
Q

What is the scientific name for Pin worms (classification)?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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4
Q

What is the scientific name for threadworm (classification)?

A

Trichuris trichiura

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5
Q

What is the scientific name for giant worm (classification) ?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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6
Q

Describe three visual features of flatworms (platyhelminths)

A
  1. Flat body plan
  2. No alimentary canal
  3. Suckers present
  4. Hermaphrodites (mostly)
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7
Q

Describe three Visual features of tape worms (cestodes)

A
  1. Tape like, segmented
  2. No alimentary canal
  3. Hermaphrodites
  4. Head has hooks and suckers
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8
Q

Describe three visual features of roundworms (Nematoda)

A
  1. Rounded
  2. Complete alimentary canal
  3. No suckers
  4. Sexually differentiated
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9
Q

What is the definition of geohelminths?

A

Soil transmitted helminths

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10
Q

Where does development usually take place in intestinal nematodes?

A

Outside of the body

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11
Q

How does infection occur in intestinal nematodes ?

A

Through contact with parasite eggs or infective larvae in contaminated soil or food

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12
Q

True or false. Geohelminths are the least common chronic infection of humans

A

False, most common

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13
Q

When should the term infestation be used?

A

When talking about infestation of ticks, fleas and other ectoparasites

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14
Q

What is enterobius vermicularis?

A

Pinworm or thread worm

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15
Q

What is it called when someone is infected with pinworm/threadworm?

A

Enterobiasis or oxyuriasis

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16
Q

Where are pinworms/threadworm often located when someone has been infected ?

A

Cecum: First part of colon (large intestine) after leaving the small intestine

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17
Q

What its the average length that pinworms can grow up to?

A

2-13mm

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18
Q

What is the most common type of infection in the UK and what age group does it usually affect ?

A

Pinworm/threadworm

children

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19
Q

What are the hosts for pinworm/threadworm?

A

Humans are the only host

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20
Q

Do threadworms multiply in the body?

A

No, Mating takes place in the body but reproduction and egg laying takes place externally

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21
Q

Give a brief preview of the lifecycle of enterobius vermicularis

A
  1. Embryonated egg ingested by human
  2. Larvae hatch inside small intestine
  3. Adults found in the cecum.
  4. Mating takes place in cecum
  5. Female migrated to perianal folds to lay eggs
  6. Eggs mature within 4-5 hours
22
Q

What are the modes of transmutation of enterobius vermicularis ?

A
  1. Direct transmission from anal region to mouth by hands and fingernail contamination
  2. indirect transmission form visible eggs on surfaces such as bedsheets and clothes
  3. contamination via airborne eggs entering nose/mouth from contaminated dust
  4. Reinfection: larvae hatch from eggs on anal mucosa and larvae migrate up bowel
23
Q

What are the key symptoms of entrobiasis

A
  1. Pruritus ani
  2. Vulvitis, worms entring vulva
  3. Insomnia and restlessness, loss of appetite
24
Q

Is entrobiasis detectable through blood samples?

A

No, this is because it does not cause anaemia not eosinophilia therefore undetectable though blood sampling

Worms fo not feed off of blood, just deriving nutrient from the intestine

25
Q

How could you diagnose entrobiasis ?

A

Perianal scrapings/swabs from under the nails

frequently sellotape is used on perianal region because eggs adhere to the sticky tape

26
Q

How can you prevent the symptoms of entrobiasis ?

A

Trim fingernails
wear cotton cloths and gloves during sleep
frequently washing of sheets and hands

27
Q

What is the drug of choice to treat entrobiasis ?

A

Mebendazole (drug of choice fro children over 6 months)

  • Single dose
  • Second dose for severe infections after 2 weeks
  • Not sold OTC in pregnant women. must see GP

Albendaole

  • Not licenced in the UK
28
Q

What is Trichuris trichiura commonly known as ?

A

Whipworm

29
Q

Where is Trichuris trichiura most prevalent in?

A

Tropical and humid climates where there is poor sanitation

Not in arid/dry areas

30
Q

What is it called when you are infected with Trichuris trichiura?

A

Trichuriasis

31
Q

Where is whipeworm located in infected patients ?

A

Cecum

32
Q

Do whipworms migrate outside the body to lay eggs?

A

No

33
Q

What is the average size of whipworms ?

A

3-5cm

34
Q

Why do they not leave the body?

A

They burrow to the epithelium of the epithelial cells lining the colon/cecum

35
Q

Briefly deceive the lifecycle of whipworms ?

A
  1. Embryonated eggs are ingested
  2. Larvae hatch in small intestine
  3. adults form in the cecum
  4. Unembryonated eggs pass in faeces
  5. 2-cell stage
  6. Advanced cleavage
36
Q

How long can whipworms live?

A

Up to 1 year

37
Q

What are the symptoms of trichuria?

A

Light infection: Generally no symptoms

Heavy Infections:
- Abdominal pain, stool containing mucus, water and blood
- Rectal prolapsed (rare but can occur in children)
Chronic anemia, growth retardation and impaired cognitive development (can occur in children)

38
Q

Howe would you diagnose trichuriasis ?

A
  • Stool Examination using microscopy Kate-katz technique
  • Egg count reflects severity of infection
  • FLOTAC allowing detection of eggs
39
Q

What is the pathology of trichuriasis ?

A
  • Strongly linked to work load, fewer worms less damage
  • Trichuris dysentery syndrome (TDS)
  • Mucosal damage caused by white worm and can promote infection with other parasites
40
Q

What is are the treatments for trichurasis?

A

Mebendazole and albendazole

41
Q

What is ascaris lumbricoides?

A

Giant roundworm

42
Q

What is the average size for giant round worm?

A

15-35cm

43
Q

What is the most common helminthic infection globally ?

A

Giant round worm

44
Q

Where do adults of giant round worms reside?

A

Lumen of the small intestine

Larvae can also migrate to the lungs via circulation

45
Q

How many eggs do females Giant ring worms lay

A

200,000 eggs per year

46
Q

How long is the egg developmental phase of Giant round worms?

A

20 days with a temp of 25 degrees

47
Q

Briefly describe the lifecycle of ascaris lumbricodides

A

.

48
Q

What are the symptoms of ascariasis ?

A

Generally no symptoms

Heavy infections
similar to asthma or pneumonia due to migration

  • wheezing, shortness of breath, persistent cough
  • severe abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss,
    worms in vomit or stools
49
Q

What is Lofflers syndrome ?

A

Lung damage due to migration of larvae

Eosinophils accumulate in the lungs (white blood cell)

50
Q

What is the treatment for giant roundworms ?

A

Mabendazole
Albendazole
Levamisole

Viral and Parasitic Infections (18 decks)

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