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Viral and Parasitic Infections > C3. Plasmodium and Malaria > Flashcards

C3. Plasmodium and Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important tropical disease?

A

Malaria

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2
Q

Who mainly dies from malaria?

A

Children under 5

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3
Q

True or false?

Malaria is preventable and treatable if diagnosed earlier

A

True

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4
Q

What is the meaning of an endemic area ?

A

Where malaria is commonly found

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5
Q

Who should be assessed with malaria ?

A

Any body who has recently traveled to an endemic country or has been in an international airport, presenting with a fever

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6
Q

Who is at risk of developing malaria ?

A

Anybody regardless of age, gender, ethnicity or country of brith

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7
Q

How long after travel can malaria be made apparent ?

A

Up to one year

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8
Q

Should malaria be reported to the local authorities ?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What are the causative agents of malaria ?

A

Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium viva
Plasmodium Malariae

Plasmodium Knowlesi

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10
Q

What causative agents of malaria is zoonotic ?

A

Plasmodium Knowlesi

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11
Q

What genus of mosquito spreads plasmodium? (Vector)

A

anopheles

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12
Q

Briefly describe the lifecycle of malaria ?

A
  1. A single female mosquito lays 50-200 eggs.
  2. Eggs lay onto still water and develop into aquatic larvae in 2-3 days
  3. Over 8-10dyas the larvae go through 4 stages of development called instar
  4. During the last larval instal. the larvae develop into pupae
  5. After 1-2 days the adult mosquito emerges from the water
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13
Q

What is the meaning of anthropophilic ?

A

Mosquitos that have the tendency to bite humans

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14
Q

True or false ?

The saliva contains anti-coagulants that prevents blood clots

A

True

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15
Q

Who are the two hosts that plasmodium lives in ?

A

Female mosquito and humans

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16
Q

Briefly describe the lifecycle of a mosquito

A
  1. Mosquito takes a blood meal and injects sporozoites
  2. Sporozoites migrate to and infect our liver cells where they mature into schizonts . These liver cells can rupture and release merozoites
  3. Merozites infect RBCs
  4. Rig-form trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture and release merazoites
  5. Some differentiate into gametocyte enables formation of male and female gametocytes which are taken up by mosquitos next meal and allows the propagation of the lifecycle
17
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria ?

A

No symptoms accosted with the liver stage

Symptoms occur when red blood cells rupture and release malaria toxins and pyrogens

Common symptoms are:

  • Fever
  • Anaemia
  • Slenomegaly
  • Jaundice
  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting
18
Q

Are fever pattens regular ?

A

They are irregular in the first initial weeks and then turns into a regular patten called tertian, subtertiana and quartan

19
Q

What are the classical stages of fever

A

Cold stage
hot stage
sweating stage

20
Q

True or false?

There can be cases of severe malaria whiteout fever

A

true

21
Q

What species of malaria usually causes tertian fever curve?

A

P.vivax/p.ovale

22
Q

What species of malaria usually cause quartan fever curve ?

A

P.malariae

23
Q

What species of malaria usually causes subtertiana fever curve ?

A

P.falciparum

24
Q

What complications can arise with P. falciparum if left untreated ?

A

Altered consciousness and coma caused by hypoglycaemia, acidosis, seizures or very severe anaemia

25
Q

What is the main cause of malaria death?

A

Cerebral malaria

Large number of red blood cells containing mature parasites found in capillaries and venues of brain and other organs

26
Q

What is the underlining mechanism of hypoglycaemia and malaria ?

A

Caused by impairment of body to undergo gluconeogenosis that is triggered by cytokines in the body. The parasites are additionally taking up large amounts glucose. Also quinine therapy can induce insulin production resulting in low glucose.

27
Q

What is the underlining mechanism of amaemia and malaria ?

A

Direct distruction of RBC when shizonts rupture and immune mediated haemolysis occurs. in addition the cytokines produce affect RBC formation in the bone marrow

28
Q

What is the underlining mechanism of acidosis and malaria ?

A

Tissue anoxia (oxygen depletion in tissue)linked with severe anaemia leads to anaerobic metabolism and releases lactic acid. Low blood pressure can also cause anoxia therefore drop in blood pressure can occur

29
Q

What are the key facts associated with malaria and pregnant women ?

A
  • Risk of abortion
  • Can cause anaemia and low birth weight
  • Parasitre not normalt transmitted From mother to new born baby in endemic areas
  • Not all drugs can be used in pregnant women
30
Q

What is the meaning of recrudescence ?

A

Malaria caused by a small number of parasites permitting in RBCs

31
Q

What is the meaning of reinfection?

A

Malaria attack caused by new inoculation of parasite from infected vector

32
Q

What is the meaning of relapse ?

A

When hypnozoites in liver are reactivated and initiate a new cycle of RBC infection been after elimination of all parasites from blood

33
Q

Why are some people immune to malaria ?

A

People who live in endemic area people have protection as they may have parasite-specific IgG. This means that frequent exposure to parasite must be made

34
Q

What is the link between HIV and malaria ?

A

T-cell count progressively decrease in HIV-infected individuals this means that people with HIV are more likely to have a high number of parasitaemia than immunocompetent people who are infected

Malaria increases plasma viral load in GIV infected people

Reinforce each other

35
Q

What os the link between climate change and malaria ?

A

Most affected by global warming. Temperatures will rise and plasmodium parasite will beagle to survive in other ears that they usually do not survive in

Viral and Parasitic Infections (18 decks)

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