C14 Carboydrates

Question 0

lipids

Answer 0

fats

Question 1

3 types of molecules that provide chemical energy to our cells?

Answer 1

lipids, amino acids, & carbohydrates

Question 2

amino acids

Answer 2

proteins

Question 3

carbohydrates

Answer 3

sugars & starches

Question 4

All carbs have the?

Answer 4

C=O and -OH groups

Question 5

2 types of carbohydrates?

Answer 5

aldose & ketose

Question 6

aldose

Answer 6

aldehyde group

Question 7

ketose

Answer 7

ketone group

Question 8

monosaccharides

Answer 8

single carbohydrate molecules

Question 9

disaccharides

Answer 9

2 sugar linked together

Question 10

oligosaccharides

Answer 10

2-10 linked sugars

Question 11

polysacchardies

Answer 11

long sugar chains

Question 12

common monosaccharides

Answer 12

glucose, fructose, & galactose

Question 13

common disaccharides

Answer 13

sucrose & lactose

Question 14

sucrose is?

Answer 14

glucose and fructose =table sugar

Question 15

lactose is?

Answer 15

glucose & galactose

Question 16

glucose is the main source of energy for?

Answer 16

cellular metabolism

Question 17

What type of tissues don’t store glucose?

Answer 17

nerve tissues

Question 18

What breaks down starches into simpler carbohydrates?

Answer 18

amylase

Question 19

the biochemical pathways that generate ATP?

Answer 19

Embden-Meyerhof pathway & Hexose monophosphate shunt

Question 20

steroisomers

Answer 20

molecules with the same chemical formula but a different spatial orientation

Question 21

reducing sugars:

Answer 21

glucose, maltose, lactose, fructose & galactose

Question 22

glycolysis

Answer 22

breakdown of glucose for energy production

Question 23

glycogenesis

Answer 23

excess glucose is converted & stored as glycogen, high concentrations in liver & skeletal muscles, it is a quickly accessible form of glucose

Question 24

glycogenolysis

Answer 24

breakdown of glycogen into glucose, occurs when plasma glucose is decreased

Question 25

gluconeogenesis

Answer 25

conversion of amino acids into glucose, takes place mainly in the liver

Question 26

lipogenesis

Answer 26

conversion of carbs into fatty acids

Question 27

organs involved in glucose regulation?

Answer 27

pancreas, liver, and endocrine glands

Question 28

pancreas

Answer 28

synthesizes hormones insulin and glucagon

Question 29

liver

Answer 29

glucose > glycogen > glucose

Question 30

endocrine glands

Answer 30

hormones

Question 31

decreased plasma glucose?

Answer 31

glycogenolysis in the liver releases glucose into the plasma

Question 32

plasma glucose is increased?

Answer 32

glycogenesis stores glucose as glycogen

Question 33

insulin

Answer 33

synthesized in the pancreas beta- cells of the Islets of Langerhans, released when plasma glucose is increased

Question 34

Insulin is the only hormone that?

Answer 34

decreases plasma glucose

Question 35

glucagon

Answer 35

2nd most important glucose regulatory hormone, synthesized by pancreas alpha cells

Question 36

glucagon increases?

Answer 36

plasma glucose concentration

Question 37

effects of glucagon

Answer 37

increases glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

Question 38

epinephrine

Answer 38

synthesized by adrenal medulla, "fight or flight", increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 39

cortisol

Answer 39

adrenal medulla

Question 40

growth hormone

Answer 40

anterior pituitary

Question 41

thyroxine

Answer 41

thyroid gland

Question 42

DM 1

Answer 42

insulin deficiency, juvenile onset, autoimmune destruction of beta cells

Question 43

DM 2

Answer 43

Adult onset, NIDDM, no ketoacidosis, insulin resistant

Question 44

diabetes

Answer 44

metabolic disease characterized by increased plasma glucose concentration (hyperglycemia) resulting from inadequate insulin or inadequate response to insulin

Question 45

gestational diabetes

Answer 45

glucose intolerance during pregnancy

Question 46

Criteria for Diagnosing Diabetes

Answer 46

8 hr fasting plasma glucose levels >\= 126 mg/DL, 2 hr post prandial (75 grams) w/ glucose levels >\= 200 mg/DL, random glucose >\=200 w/ symptoms, A1C >6.5%

Question 47

What is the common cause of hypoglycemia?

Answer 47

Insulin overdose

Question 48

Von Gierke Disease?

Answer 48

Glycogen storage disease

Question 49

Decreased CSF glucose values suggest

Answer 49

Bacteria meningitis bc they are consuming glucose as an energy source

Question 50

Normal or increased CSF glucose suggests?

Answer 50

Viral meningitis

Question 51

Glucose Oxidase methodology

Answer 51

Measures the consumption of oxygen

Question 52

Glucosylated hemoglobin

Answer 52

Plasma hemoglobin interacts with hemoglobin to form stable hemoglobin glucose compounds, proportional to average plasma glucose concentration over an 8-12 wk time

Question 53

What is the most commonly measured glycosylated hemoglobin?

Answer 53

Hemoglobin A1c

Question 54

Ketones

Answer 54

By products of lipolysis

Question 55

Microalbuminuria

Answer 55

Associated with early renal damage