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Chemistry GCSE > C16-17 FUELS AND ATOMOSPHERE > Flashcards

C16-17 FUELS AND ATOMOSPHERE Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

a compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

crude oil

A

a thick brown liquid made of a mixture of many different hydrocarbons found in deposits underground

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3
Q

molecules in crude oil

A

hydrocarbons in many different forms with carbons joined together into both chain - and ring - shaped molecules

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4
Q

properties of hydrocarbons in crude oil

A

most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are liquids , but each of them has a different boiling point

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5
Q

hydrocarbons in crude oil

A

mostly alkanes

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6
Q

uses of crude oil

A

fuel , feedstock , for the chemical industry

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7
Q

crude oil as a finite resources

A

there is a limited amount : at some point it will run out

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8
Q

non-renewable

A

a resource that will eventually run out

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9
Q

fractional distaltion

A

a type of distillation used to separate mixtures of two or more liquids

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10
Q

separation in fractional distillation

A

fractional distillation separate compounds according to their boiling point

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11
Q

heating crude oil

A

crude oil is passed through a heater to heat it to about 400oC so that nearly everything is a gas

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12
Q

separating crude oil in a fractionalising column

A

the hot gases rise up the fractionalising column until cool enough to condense

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13
Q

fractions of crude oil

A

the separated liquids and gases collected at different temperatures . the main ones are gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil and bitumen

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14
Q

fraction in order

A 
gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel, fuel , bitumen 
smallest to baddest molecule 
lowest to highest boiling point 
lowest to highest viscosity 
easiest to hardest ignition
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15
Q

viscosity

A

how easily a fluid flows =- higher viscosity = runnier

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16
Q

ease of ignition

A

how easily a substance catches fire

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17
Q

gases

A

used for domestic heating and cooking

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18
Q

petrol

A

used as a fuel for cars

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19
Q

kerosene

A

fuel for aircraft

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20
Q

diesel oil

A

fuel for larger vehicles such as lorries and trains

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21
Q

fuel oil

A

fuel for ships and power stations

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22
Q

bitumen

A

surfacing roads and roofs

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23
Q

homologous series

A

a family of closely related compounds with molecular formulae that differ only in the number of H2’s

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24
Q

physical properties in a homologous series

A

vary gradually, for example the boiling point gradually increases

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25
chemical properties in a homologous series
very similar with a gradual variation
26
general formula
describes the number of each atom in any member of a homologous series
27
alkanes
hydrocarbons containing only single bonds. the names end with ane
28
first three alkanes
methane CH4 ethane C2H6 propane C3H8
29
general formula of alkanes
CnH2n+2
30
combustion
when a compound reacts with oxygen producing a flame
31
complete combustion
combustion that produces only water and carbon dioxide and releases the most possible energy
32
complete combustion equation
fuel + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water
33
incomplete combustion
combustion that produces a mixture of carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide, carbon and water and produces less energy
34
why incomplete combustion happens
where there is not enough oxygen for all of the reactants to be fully oxidised
35
carbon monoxide
CO. A colourless odourless a highly toxic gas
36
how carbon monoxide kills
it sticks to haemoglobin in he blood which prevents it from carrying oxygen
37
soot
the small particles of carbon produced by incomplete combustion
38
problems with soot
causes lung problems when breathed in | blackens and dirties buildings
39
preventing incomplete combustion
it is important that boilers at home have a good air supply to prevent incomplete combustion. for this reason a boilers flue pipe should be checked for blockages every year
40
sulfur
an impurity that is naturally present in small amounts in oil an coal
41
sulfur dioxide
S02 A gas formed from the sulphur in oil and coal when it is burnt
42
acid rain
rain with a pH lower Han 5.2
43
formation of acid rain
sulfur dioxide dissolves in water in clouds to form sulphurous acid H2SO3 which oxidises to become sulphuric acid H2SO4
44
nitrogen oxidises
NOx various gases formed at high temperatures inside internal combustion engines
45
problems of nitrogen oxides
can dissolve in clouds to form acid rain no2 causes lung damage noX can cause smog to form
46
cracking
breaking down longer less useful hydrocarbons into shorter more useful ones
47
how to crack hydrocarbons
heat the hydrocarbons and pass the vapours over an aluminium oxide catalyst heated to 650
48
products of cracking an alkane
an alkane and an alkene C6H14 - C4H10+C2H4
49
alkene
A hydrocarbon containing a C=C double bond
50
usefulness of cracking
there is more demand for shorter hydrocarbons - such as petrol and gas - than longer ones such as bitumen . cracking turns the less useful ones into more useful one
51
hydrogen gas as a fuel
H2 hydrogen has the potential to be used as a fuel for cars
52
advantages of hydrogen as a fuel
it only produces H2O when burnt so does not directly contribute to global warming it can be produced using renewable energy
53
disadvantages of hydrogen as a fuel
most of its currently produced in ways that also produced in ways that also produce CO2 which contributes to global warming it is difficult to store
54
the early earth
4.5-3.5 billion years ago the earth was extremely hot and there were many volcanoes
55
the early atmosphere
little or no oxygen a lot of carbon dioxide , water vapour , small amounts of other gases such as nitrogen
56
origin of the early atmosphere
gases from volcanoes
57
evidence for a lack of oxygen
the oldest rocks on earth contain compounds such as iron pyrite that cannot form in the presence of oxygen
58
formation of the oceans
as the earth cooled, water vapour in the air condensed to liquid water, forming the oceans
59
changes to the atomsphere
the amount of carbon dioxide decreased , water vapour decreased , oxygen increased
60
photosynthesis and the atmosphere
photosynthesis - by - cyanobacteria and plants - consumes carbon dioxide (decreasing it)and produces oxygen (increasing it)
61
oceans and carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean and is used by sea creatures to make their shells, enabling even more CO2 to dissolve
62
test for oxygen
a glowing slant (stick) placed in oxygen will relight
63
greenhouse effect
infrared radiation (heat0 from the sun travels though the atmosphere and warms the ground the ground re-emits slightly different infrared radiation that is not able to pass back through the atmosphere and is trapped by gases called greenhouse gases
64
greenhouse gases
gases that trap re-emitted infrared radiation - including carbon dioxide , methane and water vapour
65
importance of the greenhouse effect
the greenhouse effect is extremely important : without it the average global temperature would be 32oC lower and most life could not exist
66
increased greenhouse effect
human activities are increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane , meaning the greenhouse effect is strong and traps more heat
67
global warming
an increased in global temperatures caused by the increased greenhouse effect
68
climate change
change in global weather patterns caused by global warming
69
correlation between carbon dioxide and temperature
in earths history , every time CO2 concentrations have been high , the temperature has also been high this makes scientists think that the current increase in CO2 is what is increasing the temperature
70
uncertainty in the data
scientists measurements of past temperature and co2 are not perfect which makes some people doubt them. however, many different sets of data say similar things, so most scientists believe them
71
two man causes of climate change
carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels | methane produced by farming
72
effects of climate change
rising average global temperature increased sea levels from melting ice increased drought in some areas and flooding in others increase in dangerous weather
73
effect of climate change on life
living organisms are adapted to the conditions where they live. if these conditions change they may struggle to survive. climate change is causing many species to struggle and some to go extinct
74
ocean acidification
the carbon dioxide we produce dissolves in the oceans, lowering the pH making it harder for many sea-creatures to build their shells
75
limiting climate change
reduce emissions of the greenhouse gases by using renewable energy and eating less meat geoengineering - perhpas placing giant mirrors in space to reflect some of the suns heat

Chemistry GCSE (8 decks)

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