C3 structure and bonding

Question 1

The three states of matter are…

Answer 1

solid, liquid, gas

Question 2

How are the particles in a solid arranged?

Answer 2

Packed together in a regular arrangement. Vibrate around a fixed point.

Question 3

How are the particles in a liquid arranged?

Answer 3

Irregular arrangement but close together. Particles free to move.

Question 4

How are the particles in a gas arranged?

Answer 4

Irregular arrangement, with lots of space between the particles. Move around freely.

Question 5

Is melting and boiling exo or endothermic?

Answer 5

Endothermic - heat energy is taken in from the surroundings.

Question 6

Is Freezing and condensing exo or endothermic?

Answer 6

Exothermic - heat energy is given out to the surroundings.

Question 7

What are the limitations of the particle models used for solids, liquids and gases?

Answer 7

The simple model assumes particles are made up of solid spheres with no forces operating between them. Particles that make up substances are not all one size and also atoms are mostly empty space, not solid spheres.

Question 8

Compound

Answer 8

Contains 2 or more elements, which are chemically combined.

Question 9

When metal atoms lose outer electrons….

Answer 9

Positive ions are formed

Question 10

When non-metals gain electrons…

Answer 10

Negative ions are formed.

Question 11

Why do atoms lose or gain electrons when they react?

Answer 11

To achieve a stable, full outer shell of electrons (noble gas configuration)

Question 12

What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?

Answer 12

Covalent

Question 13

What type of bond is formed when ions bond together by gaining or losing electrons?

Answer 13

Ionic

Question 14

What ions would a group 1 metal form?

Answer 14

+1

Question 15

What ion would a group 2 metal form?

Answer 15

+2

Question 16

What ion would a group 3 metal form?

Answer 16

+3

Question 17

What ion would a group 5 non-metal form?

Answer 17

-3

Question 18

What ion would a group 6 non-metal form?

Answer 18

-2

Question 19

What ion would a group 7 non-metal form?

Answer 19

-1

Question 20

What is the bonding formed between a metal and a non-metal?

Answer 20

Ionic

Question 21

Structure of ionic compounds

Answer 21

Giant ionic lattice

Question 22

Bonding in an ionic compound

Answer 22

Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged IONS.

Question 23

Can solid ionic compounds conduct electricity?

Answer 23

No - Their IONS are fixed so cannot move to carry an electric charge

Question 24

Can molten ionic compounds conduct electricity?

Answer 24

Yes - their IONS are free to move and so can carry an electric charge.

Question 25

What does aqueous mean?

Answer 25

A compound dissolved in water

Question 26

Can aqueous ionic compounds conduct electricity?

Answer 26

Yes - their IONS are free to move and can carry an electric charge

Question 27

How are covalent bonds formed?

Answer 27

When atoms of non-metals share pairs of electrons with each other

Question 28

Do ionic substances have high or low mp?

Answer 28

High - have to break strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 29

Do simple molecules have high or low mp?

Answer 29

Low - strong covalent bonds but weak forces between the molecules which don't need much energy to overcome.

Question 30

Do giant covalent structures have high or low mp?

Answer 30

High - have to break strong covalent bonds

Question 31

Do simple molecules conduct electricity?

Answer 31

No - they have no overall charge, so cannot carry electrical charge

Question 32

What happens to the mp and bp as simple molecules increase in size?

Answer 32

Increase - intermolecular forces increase as the size of the molecule increases.

Question 33

3 giant covalent structures

Answer 33

Diamond, graphite, SiO2 (silicon dioxide)

Question 34

Structure of diamond

Answer 34

Each covalent bond is covalently bonded to 4 other C atoms. Tetrahedral shape.

Question 35

Structure of graphite

Answer 35

Each C atom is covalently bonded to 3 other C atoms. Layered structure with delocalised electrons free to move between the layers.

Question 36

Why is graphite soft?

Answer 36

Weak forces between the layers, meaning layers can slide over each other.

Question 37

Can graphite conduct electricity?

Answer 37

Yes - delocalised sea of electrons between the layers that can move.

Question 38

What is a Fullerene?

Answer 38

Hollow-shaped molecules, usually based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms

Question 39

Use of Fullerenes

Answer 39

Drug delivery in the body. Cage like structure can be used to delivery drugs around the body to specific sites.

Question 40

Carbon nanotubes

Answer 40

Cylindrical fullerenes. High tensile strength (tennis rackets) and high electrical conductivity (electronics)

Question 41

Type of bonding in metals?

Answer 41

Metallic

Question 42

Structure of metals

Answer 42

Giant metallic lattice

Question 43

Bonding in metals

Answer 43

Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons

Question 44

Do metals have high mp?

Answer 44

Yes - need to break strong forces between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons - needs lots of energy

Question 45

Can metals conduct?

Answer 45

Yes - delocalised sea of electrons that are free to move

Question 46

Alloy

Answer 46

A mixture of two or more elements, at least one is a metal

Question 47

Why are alloys harder than metals?

Answer 47

The regular layers are distorted by atoms of different sizes. Layers cannot slide over each other.

Question 48

Why are metals malleable and ductile?

Answer 48

Layers of ions can slide over each other