C3: Revolution and CW Flashcards
England, Scotland, Ireland and the reasons for royalist defeat (117 cards)
1
Q
CW1: What was the first battle of the English Civil War?
A
The Battle of Edgehill.
2
Q
CW1: What was the result of the Battle of Edgehill?
A
It was a draw.
3
Q
CW1: What opportunity was open to Charles after the Battle of Edgehill?
A
He had the opportunity to advance to London.
4
Q
CW1: Did Charles advance to London after the Battle of Edgehill?
A
No.
5
Q
CW1: What did Charles do instead of advancing to London?
A
He captured Oxford.
6
Q
CW1: Who took control of London during the Civil War?
A
Parliament.
7
Q
CW1: What was the second major battle of the Civil War, fought just outside London?
A
The Battle of Turnham Green.
8
Q
CW1: What happened at the Battle of Turnham Green?
A
Charles was reluctant to attack and withdrew his army to Oxford without fighting.
9
Q
CW1: What was the significance of the battles of Edgehill and Turnham Green?
A
Charles lost the opportunity to take London, strengthening Parliament’s position and ensuring the war would continue.
10
Q
CW1: Who was Prince Rupert in the English Civil War?
A
King Charles’s nephew.
11
Q
CW1: Which side was Prince Rupert on during the Civil War?
A
The Royalist side.
12
Q
CW1: What role did Prince Rupert play in the war?
A
He led the cavalry and was commander-in-chief of the Royalist army.
13
Q
CW1: Was Prince Rupert experienced in warfare?
A
Yes, he had fought in the Thirty Years’ War.
14
Q
CW1: What was Prince Rupert’s reputation as a fighter?
A
He was dashing and skillful but lacked follow-through.
15
Q
CW1: Who led the Royalist Northern Army?
A
The Duke of Newcastle.
16
Q
CW1: Was the Duke of Newcastle as successful as Prince Rupert?
A
No, he was much less successful.
17
Q
CW1: Who led Parliament’s main field army?
A
The Earl of Essex.
18
Q
CW1: Who led the Eastern Association armies for Parliament?
A
The Earl of Manchester.
19
Q
CW1: Who were the two most powerful Parliamentary commanders from 1643 to 1644?
A
The Earl of Essex and the Earl of Manchester.
20
Q
CW1: What was the third key battle of the First Civil War in July 1644?
A
The Battle of Marston Moor.
21
Q
CW1: Who gained control of York after the Battle of Marston Moor?
A
Prince Rupert.
22
Q
CW1: When was the New Model Army created?
A
Winter 1644.
23
Q
CW1: How were the Earl of Essex and the Earl of Manchester removed from their posts?
A
Through the Self-Denying Ordinance.
24
Q
CW1: Who led the New Model Army?
A
Sir Thomas Fairfax, with Oliver Cromwell commanding the cavalry.
25
CW1: Was it normal for soldiers in Civil War-era armies to be regularly paid?
No.
26
CW1: What spread rapidly in the New Model Army, especially among Cromwell's cavalry?
Independency.
27
CW1: What was the final significant battle of the First Civil War?
The Battle of Naseby.
28
CW1: When did the Battle of Naseby take place?
June 1645.
29
CW1: When was the Battle of Edgehill?
October 1642.
30
CW1: When was the Battle of Turnham Green?
November 1642.
31
CW1: When was the Battle of Marston Moor?
July 1644.
32
CW1: What were the dates of the First Civil War?
1642 to 1646.
33
CW1: What was the decisive battle of the First Civil War?
The Battle of Naseby.
34
CW1: What was discovered after the Battle of Naseby that damaged Charles's position?
Damaging letters from Charles to France and Ireland.
35
CW1: Give some examples of religious radicals during the First Civil War.
Independents, sects, and Anabaptists.
36
CW1: What did the Independents believe during the Civil War?
They believed in religious toleration and wanted self-governing congregations.
37
CW1: What did the sects and Anabaptists believe about church membership?
They believed the church should be made up of like-minded members rather than having beliefs imposed by the state.
38
CW1: Give some examples of political radicals during the Civil War.
The Levellers and the Clubmen.
39
CW1: What did the Levellers believe about human nature and government?
They believed all men were naturally free and equal and wanted electoral reform.
40
CW1: Who did the Levellers believe should have the right to vote?
All men over the age of 25.
41
CW1: Were the Levellers well-organised as a political movement?
No.
42
CW1: Who was a key leader of the Levellers?
John Lilburne.
43
CW1: Who were the Clubmen?
Local people in rural areas who defended themselves against both sides in the war.
44
CW1: What did the Clubmen want during the Civil War?
To prevent soldiers from either side from entering their territory.
45
CW1: How did John Pym ensure Parliament had enough money to fight the war?
He created a system of weekly and monthly assessments to tax counties and improve parliamentary finances.
46
CW1: How did John Pym ensure Parliament had sufficient manpower during the war?
He implemented an Impressment Ordinance allowing Parliament to conscript men.
47
CW1: Name the three main political factions after the First Civil War.
The Peace Party, the War Party, and the Middle Party.
48
CW1: What did the Peace Party want after the Civil War?
A quick settlement with Charles.
49
CW1: What did the War Party believe was necessary to reach a settlement with Charles?
That Charles would only negotiate after being fully defeated.
50
CW1: What was the position of the Middle Party after the Civil War?
They were between the Peace and War parties.
51
CW1: After John Pym’s death in December 1643, what faction did most MPs begin to support?
The War Party.
52
CW1: By 1645, which group was gaining influence in Parliament, causing tension with the Presbyterian majority?
The Independents.
53
CW1: Who did Parliament replace in local administration during the war?
The ruling elite.
54
CW1: Why did the Clubmen favour the New Model Army?
Because Fairfax negotiated with them.
55
CW1: Why was London a key strength for Parliament during the Civil War?
It had a high population, a large port, an established administration centre, it was the chief industrial centre for shoes, clothes and arms, a printing centre for propaganda, and had access to resources like city loans.
56
CW1: Who controlled the navy during the English Civil War?
Parliament.
57
CW1: Why was control of the navy important in the Civil War?
It supplied forces and strongholds and hampered Royalist supplies.
58
CW1: Give some examples of how Parliament raised money to fund the Civil War.
Weekly and monthly tax assessments, excise (tax on goods), the Committee of Both Kingdoms, compulsory loans, and sequestration.
59
CW1: What was the excise tax used by Parliament during the Civil War?
A tax on goods.
60
CW1: What was sequestration during the Civil War?
The confiscation of Royalist land by Parliament.
61
CW1: What event marked the beginning of the First Civil War?
Charles raised his standard at Nottingham in August 1642.
62
CW1: What allies did King Charles seek during the Civil War?
He negotiated with the Irish.
63
CW1: What happened to the Irish troops Charles had negotiated with?
They were captured by Parliamentarians and switched sides.
64
CW1: When did Charles I make a truce with the Catholic Irish rebels?
1643
65
CW1: How did Charles's supporters respond to the truce with the Catholic Irish rebels?
They were disturbed.
66
CW1: How did Cromwell destroy the Northern Army at Marston Moor?
His cavalry led a surprise attack while Prince Rupert assumed the Parliamentarians would wait until the next day.
67
CW1: Who had an opportunity to win after the Battle of Marston Moor?
Parliament, because Charles had lost the North.
68
CW1: Why did Parliament lose the opportunity for a quick victory after Marston Moor?
There was no coordinated strategy and the different armies moved in separate directions.
69
CW1: Why was the New Model Army created?
As a response to the failure of coordination after the Battle of Marston Moor.
70
CW1: What made the New Model Army better than older Parliamentary armies?
It was better organized, soldiers were regularly paid, it had a policy of meritocracy, and soldiers were motivated by religion.
71
CW1: What was the significance of the Battle of Naseby?
Charles surrendered to the Scots shortly afterward, and Oxford also surrendered soon after.
72
CW1: Why were there still tensions after the First Civil War?
Though Parliament had won, the king remained a crucial part of any possible settlement, and the path was unclear.
73
CW1: What saw massive growth during the First Civil War, especially in the New Model Army?
Religious and political radicalism.
74
CW1: Name six strengths that helped Parliament win the First Civil War.
New structures, John Pym, local administration, control of the navy, control of London, and the New Model Army.
75
CW1: How did areas under Parliamentary control compare to Royalist areas in terms of wealth?
Parliamentary areas were richer.
76
CW1: What foreign powers was Charles I found to be negotiating with, used as propaganda by Parliament?
The French, the Irish, and the Pope.
77
CW1: Why did Parliament win at the Battle of Naseby?
Charles underestimated the New Model Army.
78
CW1: What council did the Royalists create to coordinate military action?
The Royalist Council of War.
79
CW1: Did Charles I have a lot of direct authority over the Royalist war effort?
No, his authority was limited as Northern and Western commanders operated independently.
80
CW1: Who was the commander-in-chief of the Royalist army during the Civil War?
Charles I.
81
CW1: Why was Charles being commander-in-chief of the Royalist army significant?
It made him more personally responsible for defeats.
82
CW1: Was Charles I considered a good leader during the Civil War?
No.
83
CW1: Why was Charles I considered a poor leader during the Civil War?
He was indecisive and failed to recognize or choose the best advice.
84
CW1: What did Henrietta Maria want Charles I to do during the Civil War?
Refuse negotiation and fight for total victory.
85
CW1: Which two Royalist leaders opposed a settlement and often feuded?
Prince Rupert and Lord Digby.
86
CW1: How did internal disagreements among Royalist leaders affect their strategy?
They caused incoherent Royalist policy.
87
CW1: What did Edward Hyde, a key Royalist figure, want Charles to do?
Settle with Parliament.
88
CW1: What valuable resources was Charles indecisive in using during the Civil War?
Experienced generals and the support of the aristocracy.
89
CW1: Who did Charles rely on for military support, weakening the war effort?
Local men, because he hoped they would rally to defend their local areas.
90
CW1: Give ten reasons why Charles I lost the First Civil War.
He underestimated the New Model Army; he didn’t coordinate Royalist forces well; he failed to take London after Edgehill; Parliament found evidence of his negotiations with foreign powers; the Royalist Council of War was limited; he lacked strong leadership; he was indecisive; his generals were weak; he used local men rather than professionals; and he was personally tied to defeat as commander-in-chief.
91
CW1: What allies did Parliament seek during the Civil War?
They negotiated with the Scots.
92
CW1: What agreement in September 1643 brought the Scots into the war on Parliament’s side?
The Solemn League and Covenant.
93
CW1: What did Parliament promise in return for Scottish support under the Solemn League and Covenant?
To establish a Presbyterian Church in England.
94
CW1: How did the Scottish army contribute to the First Civil War?
They trapped the Northern Army, preventing it from helping Charles in the South.
95
CW2: How long did the Second Civil War last?
Only a few months.
96
CW2: What was the Windsor Prayer Meeting?
A meeting of important New Model Army members held to pray before battle.
97
CW2: What was significant about the Windsor Prayer Meeting?
It was the first articulation of regicide.
98
CW2: What phrase was used at the Windsor Prayer Meeting to articulate regicide for the first time?
That man of blood.
99
CW2: What three regions saw uprisings during the Second Civil War?
Wales, the Southeast, and the North.
100
CW2: Which uprising did Cromwell consider the most serious during the Second Civil War?
The uprising in the North.
101
CW2: What happened on 17 August 1648 during the Second Civil War?
A catastrophic defeat for Hamilton and the Scots by Cromwell.
102
CW2: What castle continued to resist after the end of the Second Civil War?
Pontefract Castle.
103
CW2: In which county was isolated resistance still present after the Second Civil War ended?
Yorkshire.
104
CW2: What year did the Second Civil War begin?
1648
105
CW2: What was the name of Charles I’s agreement with the Scots?
The Engagement.
106
CW2: Where did Charles flee after making his alliance with the Scots?
The Isle of Wight.
107
CW2: What did the Scots agree to do under the Engagement with Charles I?
Send an army into England to restore him to power in exchange for establishing Presbyterianism.
108
CW2: Why was the Scottish army in the Second Civil War less effective than expected?
It suffered from poor leadership and internal divisions.
109
CW2: Why was the Scottish army delayed in entering the Second Civil War?
Divisions in Edinburgh and the leader's secret correspondence with Cromwell.
110
CW2: Who commanded the Scottish army during the Second Civil War?
Duke of Hamilton.
111
CW2: What areas outside of England were involved in the Second Civil War?
There is no specific reference to Ireland in the given content.
112
CW2: How did the Second Civil War compare to the First in intensity?
It was much more bitter.
113
CW2: What did some people do during the Second Civil War that increased bitterness?
They switched sides, leading to greater feelings of betrayal.
114
CW2: What belief did Cromwell hold about the outcome of battles?
That divine providence meant God was on the side of the victors.
115
CW2: What made Independent soldiers in the parliamentary army less likely to show mercy?
Betrayal from people switching sides, Charles abandoning settlements, and belief in divine providence.
116
CW2: What were the seven similarities between the First and Second Civil Wars?
Use of the New Model Army, discipline and pay, assertive victories, importance of Cromwell and Fairfax, sieges, internal divisions, Scots fighting for Presbyterianism.
117
CW2: What were the nine differences between the First and Second Civil Wars?
Parliament was not allied with the Scots, the war was shorter and more bitter, Charles had no base, regicide became a possibility, no Royalist wins or stalemates, Scots were weaker, and it was bloodier.
