C4: GEOLOGICAL MAPS AND FOLDS, FAULTS, AND JOINTS

Question 1

provide a visual representation of the geology of a region, including rock types, faults, folds and other geological features.

Answer 1

Geological Maps

Question 2

The purpose of these maps is to help geologists understand the geological history and structure of a given area, which can be used for a variety of purposes, such as mineral exploration, natural resource
management, and hazard assessment.

Answer 2

Geological Maps

Question 3

are mapmakers who design user-friendly maps

Answer 3

Cartographers

Question 4

are specialized mapmakers who use various technologies to build models of the Earth’s surface and its features for the purpose of creating maps.

Answer 4

Photogrammetrists

Question 5

The history of geological maps can be traced back to the late __________, when geologists began to map out the geology of various regions.

One of the earliest geological maps was created by ____in 1815, which depicted the rock layers and coal seams in England and Wales.

Answer 5

18th century
William Smith

Question 6

In the early _______, advancements in
technology, such as aerial photography and seismic surveys, allowed geologists to create more accurate and detailed geological maps.

Answer 6

20th century

Question 7

5 TYPES OF MAPS

Answer 7

1. BEDROCK MAPS
2. SURFICIAL MAPS
3. STUCTURAL MAPS
4. MINERAL MAPS
5. GEOLOGICAL HAZARD

Question 8

These maps show the location and distribution of different types of rock formations at or near the Earth’s surface.
________ can be used to identify the age, composition, and structure of rocks in an area, as well as their potential for use as natural resources.

Answer 8

Bedrock maps

Question 9

These maps show the distribution of different types of surficial materials, such as soils, sediments, and glacial deposits. __________ can be used to study the history of climate change, the location of natural resources like water and minerals, and the potential for soil erosion
and landslides.

Answer 9

Surficial maps

Question 10

These maps show the orientation and location of different types of geologic structures, such as faults and folds. _________ can be used to study the history of tectonic activity in an area, as well as the potential for earthquakes and other natural hazards.

Answer 10

Structural maps

Question 11

These maps show the location and distribution of different types of minerals and mineral resources in an area.___________ can be used to study
the geology of an area, as well as the potential for economic development through mining and other resource extraction.

Answer 11

Mineral maps

Question 12

These maps show the potential for natural hazards, such as earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions, in an area. __________ can be used to identify areas that are at risk for these types of events, as well as to develop strategies for mitigating their effects.

Answer 12

Geologic hazard maps

Question 13

10 COMPONENTS OF MAPS

Answer 13

1. LEGEND/KEY
2. SCALE
3. NORTH ARROW
4. CONTOUR LINES
5. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS
6. STRUCTURAL FEATURES
7. CULTURAL FEATURES
8. GRID LINES
9. MARGINAL INFORMATION
10. EXPLANATORY NOTES

Question 14

A list or diagram that explains the symbols and colors used on the map, including rock formations, geological structures, and other features.

Answer 14

Legend/Key

Question 15

indicates the relationship between distances on the map and actual distances on the ground.

Answer 15

Scale

Question 16

A symbol that shows the orientation of the map, usually
pointing to true north.

Answer 16

North Arrow

Question 17

Lines that connect points of equal elevation, used to depict the topography of the area

Answer 17

Contour Lines

Question 18

Different rock units that are shown using distinctive colors or patterns, with each formation labeled according to its age and type.

Answer 18

Geologic Formations

Question 19

Faults, folds, and other features that show how the rock layers have been deformed over time.

Answer 19

Structural Features

Question 20

Lines that connect points of equal elevation, used to depict the topography of the area.

Answer 20

. Cultural Features

Question 21

Lines that divide the map into sections to help with navigation and measurement.

Answer 21

Grid Lines

Question 22

Additional information about the map, such as the date it was created, the name of the geologist who made it, and the source of the data used to create it.

Answer 22

Marginal Information

Question 23

Additional information about the geology of the area, including the geological history, mineral resources, and other relevant details.

Answer 23

10.Explanatory Notes

Question 24

are used to assess the geologic hazards associated with an area, such as landslides, sinkholes, and seismic activity. This information is essential for designing safe and effective infrastructure.

Answer 24

Geological maps

Question 25

are bends or wavelike structures in rock layers caused by compressional forces. They occur when rocks behave plastically (ductile deformation) and do not break

Answer 25

FOLDS

Question 26

4 TYPES OF FOLD

Answer 26

SYMMETRICAL FOLD ASYMMETRICAL FOLD OVERFOLD RECUMBENT FOLD

Question 27

Both limbs of the fold have equal angles relative to the axial plane, indicating uniform compressional forces from both sides.

Answer 27

SYMMETRICAL FOLD

Question 28

The limbs exhibit different angles, suggesting unequal compressional forces during formation.

Answer 28

ASYMMETRICAL FOLD

Question 29

One limb is tilted beyond the vertical, causing the layers to overlap, often due to intense compressional forces.

Answer 29

OVERFOLD

Question 30

The axial plane is nearly horizontal, resulting in a fold lying on its side, typically found in regions with significant tectonic activity, such as mountain belts formed by plate collisions

Answer 30

RECUMBENT FOLD

Question 31

are fractures in rocks along which movement has occurred. They result from brittle deformation and can be classified based on the direction of movement.

Answer 31

FAULTS

Question 32

3 TYPES OF FAULTS

Answer 32

1. NORMAL FAULT 2. REVERSE FAULT 3. STRIKE-SLIP FAULT

Question 33

Occur due to tensional forces; the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall - Typically associated with divergent plate boundaries.

Answer 33

NORMAL FAULT

Question 34

Form under compressional forces; the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall. - Often associated with convergent plate boundaries.

Answer 34

REVERSE FAULT

Question 35

A strike-slip fault is a geological fault where the movement of tectonic plates occurs predominantly horizontally, parallel to the fault plane, in opposite directions, typically due to horizontal shearing forces. - Are primarily associated with transform plate boundaries

Answer 35

STRIKE SLIP FAULT

Question 36

are fractures in rocks where there is little to no movement. They form due to cooling, unloading, or tectonic stress. Unlike faults, _______ do not show significant displacement. They can occur in parallel sets and often influence weathering, erosion, and fluid movement in rocks.

Answer 36

joints

Question 37

6 TYPES JOINTS

Answer 37

TECTONIC EXTENSION HYDRAULIC EXFOLIATION UNLOADING COOLING

Question 38

Formed by tectonic stresses and movements in the Earth's crust.

Answer 38

Tectonic Joints

Question 39

Form when rocks are subjected to tensile stress, pulling the rock apart, leading to the opening of cracks.

Answer 39

Extension Joints

Question 40

Formed by the action of water, such as erosion or pressure

Answer 40

Hydraulic Joints

Question 41

Formed by the release of pressure on rocks, such as when overlying rocks are removed.

Answer 41

Unloading Joints

Question 42

Formed by the cooling and contraction of rocks, such as columnar jointing.

Answer 42

Cooling Joints