C4: TYPES OF WAVE THEORY Flashcards
-It is a series of vibrations or oscillations traveling from one
point to another.
- It carries energy without transferring matter.
-A small drop of water on a calm water surface can create ripples.
Wave
These waves require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to propagate. They involve the transfer of energy through the oscillation of particles within that
medium.
Mechanical Waves
vibrations of particles are perpendicular to the direction of travel. (Examples: waves on a string, S-waves from earthquakes)
Transverse Wave
vibrations of particles are parallel to the direction of travel. (Examples: sound waves, P-waves from earthquakes)
Longitudinal Wave
waves that occur at the interface between two media. (Examples: water waves, gravity waves)
Surface Wave
These waves do not require a medium and can propagate through a vacuum (space). They travel at the speed of light and include a broad spectrum of
waves such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Electromagnetic Waves
This wave theory applies to subatomic particles, and it is rooted in quantum mechanics. Matter at the microscopic level exhibits wave-like behavior
according to the de Broglie hypothesis, where particles like electrons exhibit wave properties.
Matter Waves
(longer wavelength, lower frequency)
slower wave
(shorter wavelength, higher frequency)
faster wave
the distance travelled by a periodic or cyclic motion per
unit of time (in any direction).
- the product of the wave’s wavelength (λ) and frequency
(ƒ) and is independent of its intensity.
Wave Velocity
- distance between identical points on consecutive waves
Wavelength (λ)
number of waves that pass a point per unit of time
Frequency (ƒ)
- ___AND ___ are both moving fast through the more rigid material and move slow through the more dense material.
- Only the_____ are directly proportional to the compressibility of the material.
P-waves and S-waves
P-waves
According to Wave Theory, the
_____ may influence the velocity of waves.
wave type
According to Condie (2016), there’s an average compressional wave velocities (at 600MPa and 300 °C) in variety of rocks.
- Note that the order of increasing velocity is not a simple function of increasing metamorphic grade.
Rock Material
Seismic wave velocities increase with depth in the continental crust from 6.0- 6.2 km/s at depths of less than 10-6.6 km/s at 25 km depth.
- Lower crustal velocities range from 6.8-7.2 km/s.
- In some continental crust, there is evidence of a small discontinuity at mid-crustal depths, known as Conrad
discontinuity, in which wave velocity increases in intervals.
Depth
is directly proportional to elasticity and temperature, but inversely proportional to density.
Wave velocity
are the two basic physical properties that govern the velocity of sound waves through the medium.
Elasticity and density
is an example of compressional wave
Sound wave
the ratio of stress to strain.
Elasticity
the mass per unit volume of the medium or substance.
Density
degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object.
Temperature
the ratio of P- to S-wave velocity.
Poisson’s ratio
__________ rises with density as rock composition shifts from felsic to mafic, as well as with temperature, since S-wave velocity falls faster than P-wave velocity as temperature rises.
Poisson’s ratio
