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Chemistry > C9 > Flashcards

C9 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe 3 things about the earth 4.6 billion years ago.

A
  1. no life
  2. little oxygen
  3. lots of volcanic activity
    - until eventually it decreased
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2
Q

What did the decrease in volcanic activity cause? How were ocean created?

A

the earth’s temperature dropped —> the earth cooled down

water vapour in the atmosphere condensed to water —> caused rain for many years —> creating oceans

—> caused CO2 in the atmosphere as CO2 dissolves in water —> forms limestone

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3
Q

How did oxygen levels later increase and CO2 levels drop?

A

green algae and plants developed photosynthesis which produced more oxygen and used more CO2

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4
Q

what is limestone?

A

a sedimentary rock that is often found at bottom of oceans or in a query
- used to make buildings or statues

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5
Q

what is limestone made from?

A

Marine organisms

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6
Q

what is oil made from?

A

dead sea organisms

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7
Q

which 2 gases did the early volcanic activity produce lots of?

A

CO2 and water vapour
- little nitrogen

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8
Q

which gas condensed to from oceans?

A

water vapour

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9
Q

which gas dissolved into the oceans?

A

CO2

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10
Q

what percentage did CO2 make up in the early atmosphere vs the modern atmosphere?

A

Early atmosphere: the vast majority

Modern atmosphere: 0.04%

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11
Q

what percentage did oxygen make up in the early atmosphere vs the modern atmosphere?

A

Early atmosphere: little/none

Modern atmosphere: 21%

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12
Q

what percentage did nitrogen make up in the early atmosphere vs the modern atmosphere?

A

Early atmosphere: Trace ( very little)

Modern atmosphere: 78%

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13
Q

what percentage did water vapour make up in the early atmosphere vs the modern atmosphere?

A

Early atmosphere: Lots

Modern atmosphere: Trace%

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14
Q

what percentage did ‘other gases’ make up in the early atmosphere vs the modern atmosphere?

A

Early atmosphere: Trace ( very little)

Modern atmosphere: Trace%

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15
Q

(ONA) Exam question: Describe and explain the changes in the composition of gases between the early atmosphere and the modern atmosphere

A
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16
Q

How are fossil fuels made?

A

sea organisms die and are compacted and pressured to form fossil fuels over millions of years

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17
Q

How is limestone made?

A

dead marine organisms die, sand and silt are compacted and pressured over millions of years

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18
Q

why is CO2 given off when fossil fuels are burnt?

A

the carbon in the organisms react with oxygen in the air to form CO2

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19
Q

what is the atmosphere?

A

layers of gases surrounding the earth

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20
Q

How GHGs make the earth warmer?

A

they absorb heat energy—> stops heart energy escaping into space –> so the earth gets warmer

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21
Q

what is it important to have some GHGs?

A

so the earth isn’t cold

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22
Q

Give 4 ways GHGs are produced?

A
  1. burning fossil fuels
  2. farming cattle
  3. rice fields
  4. rotting landfill
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23
Q

Exam question: why should you not leave a dog in the car?

A

Dogs respire, producing CO2 in the car —> the CO2 absorbs heat energy –> so the car heats up dramatically

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24
Q

Steps for the greenhouse effect (6)

A
  1. Electromagnetic radiation passes through the earth’s atmosphere
  2. The earth absorbs most of the radiation and warms up
  3. The earth radiates energy as infrared radiation
  4. Some of the infrared radiation goes into space
  5. Some of the infrared radiation is absorbed by GHGs in the atmosphere
  6. The atmosphere warms up
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25
Q

Exam question: Explain why scientists believe that rising CO2 levels are leading to an increase in global temperatures?

A

If CO2 levels increase more heat energy is absorbed and stops the infrared radiation from escaping to space so stays on earth and causes an increase in global temperatures

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26
Q

what is climate change?

A

a change to average global temperatures of the earth

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27
Q

what are 6 consequences of climate change?

A
  1. sea levels rise
  2. some species become extinct
  3. extreme weather conditions
  4. increase in diseases
  5. water shortages
  6. food shortages
28
Q

how does climate change cause sea levels to rise?

A

ice caps melt, releasing more water into oceans

29
Q

how does climate change cause some species become extinct?

A

they are not adapted to deal with the climate
e.g polar bears not adapted to deal with warmer climates

30
Q

how does climate change cause droughts?

A

if temp increases, the water on the earth evaporates so there is less water –> so droughts happens

31
Q

How does climate change cause flooding?

A

evaporated water –> more water vapour in the atmosphere which falls as rain

32
Q

How does climate change cause an increase in diseases?

A

Malaria —> mosquitos thrive in warmer climates

33
Q

How does climate change cause water shortages?

A

when the temperature increases, water demand for drinking , showers, watering grass, washing cars increase

34
Q

How does climate change cause food shortages?

A

there is not enough water to water crops

35
Q

what is carbon footprint?

A

the total amount of CO2 ( and other GHGs) which are emitted

36
Q

Give 4 ways you add to your carbon footprint

A
  1. charging your phone (energy)
  2. transport
  3. using toaster and kettle
  4. eating beef or rice
37
Q

what is combustion?

A

burning a fuel in oxygen

38
Q

what is an atmospheric pollutant?

A

a substance that pollutes the atmosphere

39
Q

When does complete combustion occur ?

A

when there is plenty of of oxygen

40
Q

what is the word equation for complete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> CO2 + water

41
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

when there is insufficient oxygen

42
Q

what is the word equation for incomplete combustion?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon monoxide + water + carbon

43
Q

Give 3 examples of gas pollutants.

A
  1. carbon monoxide
  2. sulphur dioxide
  3. nitrogen oxide
44
Q

Give examples of solid pollutants.

A

particulates/ carbon / soot

45
Q

when is carbon monoxide formed?

A

when a fuel containing carbon is burnt in insufficient oxygen

46
Q

when is sulphur dioxide formed?

A

formed from the combustion of a fossil fuel which contains sulphur impurities

47
Q

when is nitrogen oxide formed?

A

formed from the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen inside the engine of a car

48
Q

when is particulates/ carbon/ soot formed?

A

incomplete combustion of fuels containing carbon

49
Q

what issue does carbon monoxide (pollutant) cause?

A

is a toxic gas that binds to our red blood cells ( which carry oxygen to our body) –> so prevents oxygen reaching cells in body that need oxygen to respire

  • it’ s difficult to detect, colourless and odourless
50
Q

what issue does sulphur dioxide (pollutant) cause?

A

combines with rain to form sulphuric acid
- sulphur dioxide dissolves in rain water to make acid rain

51
Q

what 2 things does acidic rain cause?

A
  1. harms + kills plants
  2. erodes statues + buildings
51
Q

what issue does carbon monoxide pollutant cause?

A

is a toxic gas that binds to our red blood cells ( which carry oxygen to our body) –> so prevents oxygen reaching cells in body that need oxygen to respire

  • it’ s difficult to detect, colourless and odourless
52
Q

what issue does nitrogen oxide (pollutant) cause?

A

combines with rain to form nitric acid

53
Q

what 2 things does nitric acid cause?

A
  1. major health (breathing) impacts
  2. asthma attacks
54
Q

What issue does carbon/ soot (pollutant) cause?

A
  1. causes global dimming
  2. causes health (respiratory) problems
55
Q
A
  1. Water vapour from volcanoes condensed to form the oceans
  2. Some of the CO2 dissolved in the oceans to from a weak acid. → this reacted with minerals in the sea to form precipitates
  3. Over time this formed sediments of carbonate rock on the sea bed
  4. Some of the cop

in the sea was used to make corals and shells of organisms such as mussels → when these died, they formed the sedimentary rock limestone. This also removed coz from the atmosphere

56
Q

How long ago did photosynthetic algae first evolve in the oceans?

A

2.7 billion years ago

57
Q

Where did oxygen come from?

A

Oxygen came from photosynthesis → increase in trees = more oxygen

58
Q

How is coal made?

A
  • Formed from the remains of ferns and trees→ if they die in marshy wetlands then they do not decompose→ due to lack of oxygen or acidic conditions → these both prevent bacteria from carrying out decomposition

Over time, the plant remains are covered with sediment and compressed
High temperature and pressure creates coal

59
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

From plankton which are tiny plants and animals found in the sea → when they die they settle in mud on the sea-bed
It oxygen is not present then they do not decompose
Overtime they are compressed by sediment, and heat and pressure then convert them into crude oil

60
Q

Natural gas is mainly the..

A

Hydrocarbon methane

61
Q

Where is natural gas mainly found? Why?

A

Near deposits of oil → because it is formed from plankton

62
Q

What do all fossil fuels contain?

A

Trapped carbon→ part of the carbon taken in by photosynthesis

63
Q

What do GHGs do in the atmosphere?

A
  1. Energy from the sun travels to the earth as short wavelength radiation (e-g ultraviolet and visible light)
  2. Some of the short wavelength radio action reflects back into space but of it most passes easily through the atmosphere → because short wavelength radiation does not interact strongly with the gas molecules in the atmosphere
  3. The energy of the radiation is absorbed when it reaches the surface of the earth
  4. The surface of the earth radiates the energy as long wavelength radiation such as infra-red
  5. Some of the long wavelength radiation interacts with the greenhouse gas molecules in the atmosphere
  6. The energy in the long wavelength radiation is absorbed
  7. Because the energy is trapped in the atmosphere, this causes the temperature of the atmosphere to increase
64
Q

How can we decrease our carbon footprint ?

A
  1. Insulating homes → reduces need to burn fossil fuels to heat hones
  2. Public transport
  3. Renewable energy sources
  4. Turning off appliances when not using.
  5. Eat less beef
65
Q
A

Chemistry (13 decks)

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